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Bazargan Chronology
Bazargan chronology refers to an ordering of chapters in the Quran according to the sequence of revelation. It is named after Iranian scholar Mehdi Bazargan who enunciated the chronology in 1976 by publication of his landmark work ''Sayr-i taḥawwul-i Qurʾān''. This chronology is based on statistical procedure, and suggests that roughly half of the chapters, which is 55 out of a total of 114, consisted of collections of proclamations from various time periods. Bazargan proposed that the length of verses tended to grow continuously over time, without reverting back, and based on this concept, he reorganized 'blocks'. In Bazargan chronology, 114 chapters of the Quran are divided into 194 blocks, keeping some as complete single blocks while splitting others into two or more blocks. These blocks are then reorganized roughly according to increasing average verse length. This sequence is suggested to represent the chronological order, with the underlying assumption that the Quran's st ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sura
A ''surah'' (; ; ) is an Arabic word meaning 'chapter' in the Quran. There are 114 ''suwar'' in the Quran, each divided into verses (). The ''suwar'' are of unequal length; the shortest ''surah'' ( al-Kawthar) has only three verses, while the longest ( al-Baqarah) contains 286 verses. Muhammad Mustafa Al-A'zami (2003), ''The History of The Qur'anic Text: From Revelation to Compilation: A Comparative Study with the Old and New Testaments'', p.70. UK Islamic Academy. . The Qur'an consists of one short introductory chapter (Q1), eight very long chapters, making up one-third of the Qur'an ( Q2‒ 9); 19 mid-length chapters, making up another one-third (Q10‒28); and 86 short and very short ones of the last one-third (Q29‒114). Of the 114 ''suwar'' in the Quran, 86 are classified as Meccan (), as according to Islamic tradition they were revealed before Muhammad's migration to Medina (''hijrah''), while 28 are Medinan (), as they were revealed after. This classification is onl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quran
The Quran, also Romanization, romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a Waḥy, revelation directly from God in Islam, God (''Allah, Allāh''). It is organized in 114 chapters (, ) which consist of individual verses ('). Besides its religious significance, it is widely regarded as the finest work in Arabic literature, and has significantly influenced the Arabic, Arabic language. It is the object of a modern field of academic research known as Quranic studies. Muslims believe the Quran was orally revealed by God to the final Islamic Prophets and messengers in Islam, prophet Muhammad in Islam, Muhammad through the Angel#Islam, angel Gabriel#Islam, Gabriel incrementally over a period of some 23 years, beginning on the Night of Power, Laylat al-Qadr, when Muhammad was 40, and concluding in 632, the year of his death. Muslims regard the Quran as Muhammad's most important Islamic view of miracles, miracle, a proof of his prophet ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Revelation
Revelation, or divine revelation, is the disclosing of some form of Religious views on truth, truth or Knowledge#Religion, knowledge through communication with a deity (god) or other supernatural entity or entities in the view of religion and theology. Types Individual revelation Thomas Aquinas believed in two types of individual revelation from God in Christianity, God, ''general revelation'' and ''special revelation''. In general revelation, God reveals himself through his creation, such that at least some truths about God can be learned by the empiricism, empirical study of Physis, nature, physics, cosmology, etc., to an individual. Special revelation is the knowledge of God and spiritual matters which can be discovered through supernatural means, such as scripture or miracles, by individuals. Direct revelation refers to communication from God to someone in particular. Though one may deduce the existence of God and some of God's attributes through general revelation, certain ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mehdi Bazargan
Mehdi Bazargan (; 1 September 1907 – 20 January 1995) was an Iranian scholar, academic, long-time pro-democracy activist and head of Interim government of Iran, 1979, Iran's interim government. One of the leading figures of Iranian Revolution of 1979, he was appointed Prime Minister of Iran, prime minister in February 1979 by Ayatollah Khomeini, making him Iran's first prime minister after the revolution. He resigned his position in November of the same year, in protest at the Iran hostage crisis, takeover of the U.S. Embassy in Iran and as an acknowledgement of his government's failure in preventing it. He was the head of the first engineering department of University of Tehran. Early life and education Bazargan was born into an Iranian Azerbaijanis, Azerbaijani family in Tehran on 1 September 1907. His father, Hajj Abbasqoli Tabrizi (died 1954) was a self-made merchant and a religious activist in ''bazaar'' guilds. Bazargan went to France to receive university education ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Statistical
Statistics (from German language, German: ', "description of a State (polity), state, a country") is the discipline that concerns the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data. In applying statistics to a scientific, industrial, or social problem, it is conventional to begin with a statistical population or a statistical model to be studied. Populations can be diverse groups of people or objects such as "all people living in a country" or "every atom composing a crystal". Statistics deals with every aspect of data, including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of statistical survey, surveys and experimental design, experiments. When census data (comprising every member of the target population) cannot be collected, statisticians collect data by developing specific experiment designs and survey sample (statistics), samples. Representative sampling assures that inferences and conclusions can reasonably extend from the sample ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Geschichte Des Qorāns
''Geschichte des Qorāns'' () is a foundational work in Quranic studies by German scholar Theodor Nöldeke (1836–1930). It was first published in 1860, and then revised and expanded by Nöldeke's students and successors between 1909 and 1938. An English translation came out in 2013. Nöldeke's book represented a major leap forward in the field of Quranic studies, aided by access to collections of manuscripts in Germany and the recent publication of the ''al-Itqān fī ʿulūm al-Qurʾan'', a major 15th-century traditional commentary on the Quran by Jalāl al-Dīn al-Suyūṭī, in 1857. Nöldeke reassessed the traditional chronology of the Quran, placing each surah of the Quran into either a Meccan or a Medinan period, with the Meccan period being earlier. The Meccan period was also split into Early, Middle, and Late Meccan phases. Since its publication, the ''Geschichte'' has exerted a great influence over the field of Quranic studies, and was described by the scholar Angeli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tanzil
''Tanzil'' (), ''anzal'' (), and ''nuzul'' (), and other words based on the Arabic triconsonantal root (, 'downward movement'), refers to the Islamic belief in the descent of God's message from heaven to Earth as speech, and sometimes visual, revelations to the Islamic prophet Muhammad with Gabriel as the conveyor, and occasionally God himself. In the Quran forms of these words are found in verse Q 17:105: *"And with the truth We have sent it .e., the Qur’āndown, and with the truth it has descended." (Arabic: وَبِالْحَقِّ أَنْزَلْنَاهُ وَبِالْحَقِّ نَزَلَ ''wa-bi-l-ẖaqqi `anzalnahu wa-bi-l-ẖaqqi nazal''). Process The Quran refers to its original source as the “mother of the book” (''umm al-kitab'') which is located in the presence of Allah (God). The Quran itself also calls this a “well-guarded tablet” (''lawh mahfuz'') a “concealed book” (''kitab maknun''). It describes the revelation to Muhammad as being dictat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arabica (journal)
''Arabica'' is a peer-review academic journals of Arab studies founded in 1954 by Evariste Lévi-Provençal. The journal has been published by Brill Publishers since 1980. It is currently edited by Jean-Charles Coulon, and was in the past edited by Mohammed Arkoun. Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in the following bibliographic databases: According to Scopus, it has a 2020 CiteScore CiteScore (CS) of an academic journal is a measure reflecting the yearly average number of citations to recent articles published in that journal. It is produced by Elsevier, based on the citations recorded in the Scopus database. Absolute ranki ... of 0.7, ranking 60th out of 845 journals in the category "Literature and Literary Theory". References External links * Academic journals established in 1954 Area studies journals Brill Publishers academic journals English-language journals French-language journals English-French multilingual journals {{are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
