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Battle Of Varna
The Battle of Varna took place on 10 November 1444 near Varna in what is today eastern Bulgaria. The Ottoman army under Sultan Murad II (who did not actually rule the sultanate at the time) defeated the Crusaders commanded by King Władysław III of Poland and Hungary, John Hunyadi (acting as commander of the combined Christian forces) and Mircea II of Wallachia. It was the final battle of the unsuccessful Crusade of Varna, a last-ditch effort to prevent further Ottoman expansion into the Balkans. Background The Hungarian Kingdom fell into crisis after the death of King Sigismund in 1437. His son-in-law and successor, King Albert, ruled for only two years and died in 1439, leaving his widow Elizabeth with an unborn child, Ladislaus the Posthumous. The Hungarian noblemen then called the young King Władysław III of Poland to the throne of Hungary, expecting his aid in defense against the Ottomans. After his Hungarian coronation, he never went back to his homeland again, as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crusade Of Varna
The Crusade of Varna was an unsuccessful military campaign mounted by several European leaders to check the expansion of the Ottoman Empire into Central Europe, specifically the Balkans between 1443 and 1444. It was called by Pope Eugene IV on 1 January 1443 and led by King Władysław III of Poland, John Hunyadi, Voivode of Transylvania, and Duke Philip the Good of Burgundy. The Crusade of Varna culminated in a decisive Ottoman victory over the crusader alliance at the Battle of Varna on 10 November 1444, during which Władysław and the expedition's papal legate Julian Cesarini were killed. Background In 1428, while the Ottoman Empire was fighting a war with the Republic of Venice and the Kingdom of Hungary they achieved a temporary peace by establishing the Serbian Despotate as a buffer state. After the war ended in 1430, the Ottomans returned to their earlier objective of controlling all lands south of the Danube. In 1432, Sultan Murad II began raiding into Tra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Duchy Of Burgundy
The Duchy of Burgundy (; ; ) was a medieval and early modern feudal polity in north-western regions of historical Burgundy. It was a duchy, ruled by dukes of Burgundy. The Duchy belonged to the Kingdom of France, and was initially bordering the Kingdom of Burgundy to the east and south, thus being distinct from the neighboring Free County of Burgundy (modern region of Franche-Comté). The first duke of Burgundy (), attested in sources by that title, was Richard the Justiciar in 918. In 1004, prince Henry of France, a son of king Robert II of France, inherited the Duchy, but later ceded it to his younger brother Robert in 1032. Robert became the ancestor of the ducal House of Burgundy, a cadet branch of the royal Capet dynasty, ruling over a territory that roughly conformed to the borders and territories of the modern region of Burgundy (Bourgogne). Upon the extinction of the Burgundian male line with the death of Duke Philip I in 1361, the duchy reverted to King John ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Franko Talovac
Franko Talovac or Franjo Talovac (in medieval sources: Francho Thallowcz, Tallocz, Tallovec; ; born late 14th century – died 1448) was a Croatian nobleman, a member of the Talovac noble family. He held the dignity of Ban of Severin (1436–1439), Diocesan administrator (Steward) of the Diocese of Zagreb and Archdiocese of Kalocsa (from 1433), Count of Temes (from 1437) and Castellan of Nándorfehérvár in the associated kingdoms Hungary and Croatia. Biography Family Franko Talovac was born in Korčula (at the time within Kingdom of Croatia in personal union with Hungary, following the 1358 Treaty of Zadar) in the late 14th century as the son of Luka (‘’Lucha’’), a patrician from Korčula. He moved with his father and three brothers, Matko, Petar (Perko) and Ivan to Dubrovnik, where they were engaged in trade and eventually acquired citizenship of the Republic of Dubrovnik. Later he moved with his brothers to the north of Croatia. He married Jelena Jakšić o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Michael Szilágyi
Michael Szilágyi de Horogszeg (; c. 1400 – 1460) was a Hungarian general who was Regent of Hungary, Count of Beszterce and Head of Szilágyi–Hunyadi Liga. Family He was born in the early 15th century as vice-ispán of Bács County, son of the captain of Srebrenik, Ladislaus Szilágyi and Catherine Bellyéni. The common noble family derived its name of Horogszegi from its estate in the county of Temes. His sister, Elisabeth, was John Hunyadi's wife. Miguel Szilágyi married Margarita Báthory around 1440 (marriage from which it is known that several children were born, but none reached adulthood). Another sister of Miguel, Sofía Szilágyi married Juan Geréb, Voivode of Transylvania, who were the parents of the influential future Bishop and Archbishop Ladislaus Geréb. Life Michael Szilágyi began his career in his brother-in-law's service as vice-ispán (''vicecomes'') of Torontál County. He was the captain of the Belgrade fortress at the Ottoman siege in 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stephen III Báthory
Stephen III Báthory () (died 11 November 1444, Varna, Bulgaria, Varna) was a Hungarian nobleman and commander. His most prestigious position was Palatine (Kingdom of Hungary), Palatine of Hungary. Stephen belonged to the Ecsed branch of the Báthory family. His parents were John V Báthory and Catherine, daughter of John Zanti. His older brother Bartholomew I Báthory fell in 1432 fighting against the Hussites. Stephen first appears in 1419 as ''dapiferorum regalium magister'' (master of the royal stewards), and later as a judge royal. In 1435 he was appointed Palatine of Hungary by King Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, Sigismund. Sigismund's short-lived successor, King Albert II of Germany, Albert of Habsburg awarded him with the castle Bujak. In 1444 he was the flag-bearer of Władysław III of Poland, Władysław, King of Poland and Hungary, in the Battle of Varna, in which he fell alongside his King. Stephen was married twice: #Ursula, daughter of George de Kis Tapolcsa #Bar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Julian Cesarini
Julian Cesarini the Elder ( It.: ''Giuliano Cesarini, seniore'') (1398 in Rome – 10 November 1444 in Varna, Ottoman Empire) was one of the group of cardinals appointed by Pope Martin V upon the conclusion of the Western Schism. His intellect and diplomacy made him a powerful agent first as part of the Council of Basel and then, after he broke with the Conciliar movement at Basel, of papal superiority against the Conciliar movement. The French bishop Bossuet described Cesarini as the strongest bulwark that the Catholics could oppose to the Greeks in the Council of Florence. One of five brothers of a well-established Roman family of the minor nobility; his brother Giacomo was appointed papal Podestà of Orvieto and Foligno in 1444; his great-nephew, also Giuliano Cesarini Giuliano (1466–1510) was made a cardinal in 1493. He was educated at Perugia, where he lectured on Roman law and had Domenico Capranica among his pupils. When the schism was ended by the general recog ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fruzhin
Fruzhin (; also transliterated ''Fružin'' or ''Frujin''; died ) was a 15th-century Bulgarian noble who fought actively against the Ottoman conquest of the Second Bulgarian Empire. A son of one of the last Bulgarian tsars, Ivan Shishman of the Tarnovo Tsardom, Fruzhin co-organized the so-called Uprising of Konstantin and Fruzhin along with Constantine II of Vidin, the last Bulgarian monarchs. Fruzhin was mainly based in the Kingdom of Hungary, where he was the ruler of Temes County. Neither Fruzhin's birthdate nor his biography prior to the Fall of Tarnovo to the Ottomans in 1393 are known, but from his involvement in the 1404 uprising, the former can be narrowed down to the 1380s, the same decade his parents married, and there's no mention of him having been a bastard. He had a brother, Alexander, who converted to Islam after the Ottoman conquest, adopting the name ''Iskender'' and becoming governor of Samsun and then Smyrna, where he died in 1418. As the capital Tarnovo wa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mircea II Of Wallachia
Mircea II (1428–1447) was the Voivode, or prince, of Wallachia in 1442. He was the oldest son of Vlad II Dracul and brother of Vlad Țepeș and Radu the Handsome. He was the grandson of his namesake Mircea the Elder. He assumed the throne in 1442, while his father was away at the Ottoman court. Mircea was deposed by an invasion led by John Hunyadi, yet he retained a strong army of loyalists. In 1444, he took part in the Battle of Varna and then led the defeated forces of his allies across the Danube. Following another military defeat in 1447, Mircea was captured by members of the Saxon elite of Târgoviște. He was reportedly blinded with a red-hot poker, and then buried alive. Early life Mircea was the eldest son of Vlad Dracul, the future voivode (or prince) of Wallachia. According to the Burgundian crusader, Walerand of Wavrin, Mircea was about 15 years old in 1443, suggesting that Mircea had been born around 1428. The first document to mention Mircea (and his younge ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Hunyadi
John Hunyadi (; ; ; ; ; – 11 August 1456) was a leading Kingdom of Hungary, Hungarian military and political figure during the 15th century, who served as Regent of Hungary, regent of the Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526), Kingdom of Hungary from 1446 to 1453, under the minor Ladislaus the Posthumous, Ladislaus V. According to most contemporary sources, he was the member of a Nobility in the Kingdom of Hungary, noble family of Principality of Wallachia, Wallachian Hunyadi family, ancestry. Through his struggles against the Ottoman Empire, he earned for himself the nickname "Turk-buster" from his contemporaries. Due to his merits, he quickly received substantial land grants. By the time of his death, he was the owner of immense land areas, totaling approximately four million cadastral acres, which had no precedent before or after in the Kingdom of Hungary. His enormous wealth and his military and political weight were primarily directed towards the purposes of the Hungarian– ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karaca Pasha
Karaca Pasha (''Karadja Pasha'') was the ''Beylerbey'' of Rumelia during Mehmed the Conqueror's reign and played a role in the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople. His nickname was ''dayı'', meaning "uncle", as he was the brother of the mother of Cem Sultan, one of Mehmed's sons. He made a reputation for himself in the Battle of Varna during the reign of Murad II. He died during the siege of Belgrade in 1456. Karacabey District in Bursa Bursa () is a city in northwestern Turkey and the administrative center of Bursa Province. The fourth-most populous city in Turkey and second-most populous in the Marmara Region, Bursa is one of the industrial centers of the country. Most of ... is named after him. References Sources * {{Cite book, last=Nicolle, first=David, title=Constantinople 1453: The End of Byzantium, publisher=Osprey Publishing, year=2000, isbn=1-84176-091-9, location=, pages= 1456 deaths Ottoman governors of Rumelia Ottoman people of the Byzantine–Otto ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mehmed II
Mehmed II (; , ; 30 March 14323 May 1481), commonly known as Mehmed the Conqueror (; ), was twice the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from August 1444 to September 1446 and then later from February 1451 to May 1481. In Mehmed II's first reign, he defeated the crusade led by John Hunyadi after the Hungarian incursions into his country broke the conditions of the truce per the Peace of Szeged, Treaties of Edirne and Szeged. When Mehmed II ascended the throne again in 1451, he strengthened the Ottoman Navy and made preparations to attack Constantinople. At the age of 21, he Fall of Constantinople, conquered Constantinople and brought an end to the Byzantine Empire. After the conquest, Mehmed claimed the title Caesar (title), caesar of Roman Empire, Rome (), based on the fact that Constantinople had been the seat and capital of the surviving Byzantine Empire, Eastern Roman Empire since its consecration in 330 AD by Constantine the Great, Emperor Constantine I. The claim was soon reco ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Murad II
Murad II (, ; June 1404 – 3 February 1451) was twice the sultan of the Ottoman Empire, from 1421 to 1444 and from 1446 to 1451. Early life Murad was born in June 1404 to Mehmed I, while the identity of his mother is disputed according to various accounts. According to 15th century historian Şükrullah, Murad's mother was a concubine. Hüseyin Hüsâmeddin Yasar, an early 20th century historian, wrote in his work ''Amasya Tarihi'' that his mother was Şahzade Hatun, daughter of Divitdar Ahmed Pasha. According to historians İsmail Hami Danişmend, and Heath W. Lowry, his mother was Emine Hatun, a Dulkadirids, Dulkadirid princess. He spent his early childhood in Amasya. In 1410, Murad came along with his father to the Ottoman Empire, Ottoman capital, Edirne. After his father ascended to the Ottoman throne, he made Murad governor of the Amasya Sanjak. Murad remained at Amasya until the death of Mehmed I in 1421. He was solemnly recognized as sultan of the Ottoman Sultanate at ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
