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Battle Of Birten
The Battle of Birten was a 10th century battle important to East Francia, East Frankish (Kingdom of Germany, German) king Otto the Great, Otto I's effort to secure his power in the early years of his reign. The battle took place in March 939 on the left bank of the Rhine at Birten, near the town of Xanten, which now lays in North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany. In this battle, Otto defeated the troops of his brother-in-law, Gilbert, Duke of Lorraine, who had aligned with Otto's younger brother Henry I, Duke of Bavaria, Henry in Henry's fight for control of the kingdom. Along with the Battle of Andernach, which Otto fought against Duke Eberhard of Franconia and Gilbert later that same year, the Battle of Birten paved the way for Otto to assert his royal power over his rivals in the kingdom. Background Otto, due to his father Henry the Fowler's abandonment of the prior Carolingian dynasty, Carolingian rule of division of the kingdom among sons, ascended to the throne as his father' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xanten
Xanten (, Low Rhenish: ''Santen'') is a town in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located in the district of Wesel. Xanten is known for the Archaeological Park, one of the largest archaeological open air museums in the world, built at the site of the Roman settlements '' Colonia Ulpia Traiana''. Other attractions include the medieval town centre with Xanten Cathedral, many museums and large man-made lakes for various watersport activities. Xanten is visited by approximately one million tourists a year. It is also the only German town with a name that begins with ''X''. Geography Xanten is made up of three boroughs ('' Ortsteile''): ''Hochbruch'', ''Niederbruch'', and the ''town centre''. Other localities (''Bezirke'') belonging to the town of Xanten include ''Birten'', ''Lüttingen'', ''Marienbaum'', ''Vynen'', ''Obermörmter'', ''Wardt'', ''Mörmter'', ''Willich'', ''Beek'' and ''Ursel''. Parts of a nature reserve called ''Bislicher Insel'' a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eberhard, Duke Of Bavaria
Eberhard was the eldest son and successor of the Luitpolding duke Arnulf of Bavaria (907–937). His dukedom was short, however, for he was banished by King Otto I of Germany in 938. In 933 or 934, Eberhard, in view of his maternal Unruoching descendance, was offered the Iron Crown of Lombardy by supporters of King Rudolph II of Burgundy in the conflict with rivalling Hugh of Arles. After Rudolph himself had renounced all claims on the Italian throne, the Bavarian duke allied with Bishop Ratherius and marched against Verona, but the campaign failed. In 935, Eberhard was designated by his father as his heir to the duchy. Duke Arnulf reached the consent of King Henry the Fowler and also made the Bavarian nobility pay homage to his son at Reichenhall in July. At about this time, Eberhard married Liutgard. On his father's death, he succeeded without fanfare, but quickly came into conflict with Henry's son King Otto, who opposed the privileges won by late Duke Arnulf from his ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bernard Bachrach
Bernard Stanley Bachrach (May 14, 1939 – July 14, 2023) was an American historian. He taught history at the University of Minnesota from 1967 until his retirement in 2020. He specialized in the Early Middle Ages, mainly on the topics of medieval warfare, medieval Jewry, and early Angevin history (he wrote a biography of Fulk Nerra). He also wrote an important article about the treatment of Jews in the Visigothic kingdom. Bachrach was born on May 14, 1939. He received the CEE Distinguished Teaching Award from the University of Minnesota in 1993 and entered the College of Liberal Arts Scholars of the college at Minnesota in 2000. He was also the recipient of a McKnight Research Award. He has translated the from Latin into English. Bernard Bachrach died on July 14, 2023, at the age of 84. Works *''Merovingian Military Organization, 481-751'', University of Minnesota Press, 1972. *''Early Carolingian Warfare: Prelude to Empire'', University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Old French
Old French (, , ; ) was the language spoken in most of the northern half of France approximately between the late 8th [2-4; we might wonder whether there's a point at which it's appropriate to talk of the beginnings of French, that is, when it was deemed no longer make to think of the varieties spoken in Gaul as Latin. Although a precise date can't be given, there is a general consensus (see Wright 1982, 1991, Lodge 1993) that an awareness of a vernacular, distinct from Latin, emerged at the end of the eighth century.] and mid-14th centuries. Rather than a unified Dialect#Dialect or language, language, Old French was a Dialect cluster, group of Romance languages, Romance dialects, Mutual intelligibility, mutually intelligible yet Dialect continuum, diverse. These dialects came to be collectively known as the , contrasting with the , the emerging Occitano-Romance languages of Occitania, now the south of France. The mid-14th century witnessed the emergence of Middle French, the lang ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Widukind Of Corvey
Widukind of Corvey (c. 925after 973; , in italian ''Vitichindo Sacco di Corvey'', in Latin VVITICHINDI SAXO) was a medieval Saxon chronicler. His three-volume '' Res gestae Saxonicae sive annalium libri tres'' is an important chronicle of 10th-century Germany (Germania) during the rule of the Ottonian dynasty. Life In view of his name, he possibly was a descendant of the Saxon leader and national hero Widukind, mentioned in the ''Royal Frankish Annals'', who had battled Charlemagne in the Saxon Wars from 777 to 785. Widukind the Chronicler entered the Benedictine abbey of Corvey in the Westphalian part of Saxony around 940/42, probably to become a tutor. It is widely assumed that he had reached the age of 15 upon his access, though it has been recently suggested that he may have joined the Order as a child. In 936 Henry the Fowler, the first East Frankish king of the Saxon ducal Ottonian dynasty had died and was succeeded by his son Otto the Great. Otto's rise as undisputed rule ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crucifixion Of Jesus
The crucifixion of Jesus was the death of Jesus by being crucifixion, nailed to a cross.The instrument of Jesus' crucifixion, instrument of crucifixion is taken to be an upright wooden beam to which was added a transverse wooden beam, thus forming a "cruciform" or T-shaped structure. It occurred in 1st-century Roman Judaea, Judaea, most likely in AD 30 or AD 33. The event is described in the four canonical gospels, referred to in the New Testament epistles, and later attested to by #Other accounts and references, other ancient sources. Scholars nearly universally accept the Historicity of Jesus, historicity of Jesus's crucifixion, although there is no consensus on the details.Christopher M. Tuckett in ''The Cambridge companion to Jesus'' edited by Markus N. A. Bockmuehl 2001 Cambridge Univ Press pp. 123–124 According to the canonical gospels, Jesus was Arrest of Jesus, arrested and Sanhedrin trial of Jesus, tried by the Sanhedrin, and then Pilate's court, sentenced by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Holy Lance
The Holy Lance, also known as the Spear of Longinus (named after Longinus, Saint Longinus), the Spear of Destiny, or the Holy Spear, is alleged to be the lance that pierced the side of Jesus as he hung on the cross during his Crucifixion of Jesus, crucifixion. As with other Arma Christi, instruments of the Passion, the lance is only briefly mentioned in the Christian Bible, but later became the subject of extrabiblical traditions (Apocrypha) in the Christianity in the Middle Ages, medieval church. Relics purported to be the lance began to appear as early as the 6th century, originally in Jerusalem. By the Late Middle Ages, relics identified as the spearhead of the Holy Lance (or fragments thereof) had been described throughout Europe. Several of these artifacts are still preserved to this day. Holy Lance relics have typically been used for religious ceremonies, but at times some of them have been considered to be guarantees of victory in battle. For example, Henry the Fowler's l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amalek
Amalek (; ) is described in the Hebrew Bible as the enemy of the nation of the Israelites. The name "Amalek" can refer to the descendants of Amalek, the grandson of Esau, or anyone who lived in their territories in Canaan, or North African descendants of Ham, the son of Noah. Etymology Most scholars regard the origin of the term, "Amalek" to be unknown but in some rabbinical interpretations, it is etymologized as , 'a people who lick (blood)'. Richard C. Steiner has suggested that the name is derived from the Egyptian term ''*ꜥꜣm rqj'' "hostile Asiatic", possibly referring to Shasu tribesmen from around Edom. In the Hebrew Bible According to the Hebrew Bible, Amalek was the son of Eliphaz (himself the son of Esau, ancestor of the Edomites and the brother of Israel) and Eliphaz's concubine Timna. Timna was a Horite and sister of Lotan.; According to a midrash, Timna was a princess who tried to convert. However, she was rejected by Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. She replied ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Liutprand Of Cremona
Liutprand, also Liudprand, Liuprand, Lioutio, Liucius, Liuzo, and Lioutsios ( – 972),"LIUTPRAND OF CREMONA" in ''The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium'', Oxford University Press, New York & Oxford, 1991, p. 1241. was a historian, diplomat, and the bishop of Cremona born in northern Italy, whose works are an important source for the politics of the 10th-century Byzantine court. Early life and career Liutprand was born into a prominent family from Pavia, of Lombard origins, around 920. In 931 he entered service as page to Hugh of Arles, who kept court at Pavia as King of Italy and who married the notorious and powerful Marozia of Rome. Liutprand was educated at the court and became a Deacon at the Cathedral of Pavia. After Hugh died in 947, leaving his son and co-ruler Lothair on the throne as King of Italy, Liutprand became confidential secretary to the actual ruler of Italy, Berengar II, marchese d'Ivrea, for whom he became chancellor. Mission to Constantinople In 949, Bere ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Burgvogt
The ''Burgvogt'' was the administrator of a castle in the Holy Roman Empire.Dimitz (2013), p. 346. Duties and powers The ''Burgvogt'' organized life in a castle, its general operation, husbandry and military defence. He was also in charge of jurisdiction within a castle district, i.e. within the castle and the surrounding area belonging to it. His office was known as a ''Burgvogtei''.Ebers (1796), pp. 502–503. History Castles had been administered since the Early Middle Ages by castle commanders, captains or governors (''Burghauptmänner''), also known as castellans (''Kastellane''). This led to the development of the terms ''Burgvoigt'', the man specifically in charge of organisation and jurisdiction, and ''Burggraf'' (English: burgrave), who ruled over the wider territory around a castle, the ''Burggrafschaft'' (English: burgraviate Burgrave, also rendered as burggrave (from , ), was since the medieval period in Europe (mainly Germany) the official title for the ruler ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dortmund
Dortmund (; ; ) is the third-largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia, after Cologne and Düsseldorf, and the List of cities in Germany by population, ninth-largest city in Germany. With a population of 614,495 inhabitants, it is the largest city (by area and population) of the Ruhr as well as the largest city of Westphalia. It lies on the Emscher and Ruhr (river), Ruhr rivers (tributaries of the Rhine) in the Rhine-Ruhr, Rhine-Ruhr Metropolitan Region, the List of EU metropolitan regions by GDP#2021 ranking of top four German metropolitan regions, second biggest metropolitan region by GDP in the European Union, and is considered the administrative, commercial, and cultural centre of the eastern Ruhr. Dortmund is the second-largest city in the Low German dialect area, after Hamburg. Founded around 882,:File:Boevinghausen erwaehnung.jpg, Wikimedia Commons: First documentary reference to Dortmund-Bövinghausen from 882, contribution-list of the Werden Abbey (near Essen), North-Rhine ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
