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Automatic Calculation Of Particle Interaction Or Decay
The automatic calculation of particle interaction or decay is part of the computational particle physics branch. It refers to computing tools that help calculating the complex particle interactions as studied in high-energy physics, astroparticle physics and cosmology. The goal of the automation is to handle the full sequence of calculations in an automatic (programmed) way: from the Lagrangian expression describing the physics model up to the cross-sections values and to the event generator software. Overview Particle accelerators or colliders produce collisions (interactions) of particles (like the electron or the proton). The colliding particles form the ''Initial State''. In the collision, particles can be annihilated or/and exchanged producing possibly different sets of particles, the ''Final States''. The Initial and Final States of the interaction relate through the so-called scattering matrix (S-matrix). For example, at LEP, , or are processes where the ''initial stat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Computational Particle Physics
Computational particle physics refers to the methods and computing tools developed in and used by particle physics research. Like computational chemistry or computational biology, it is, for particle physics both a specific branch and an interdisciplinary field relying on computer science, theoretical and experimental particle physics and mathematics. The main fields of computational particle physics are: lattice field theory (numerical computations), automatic calculation of particle interaction or decay (computer algebra) and event generators (stochastic methods).https://arxiv.org/abs/1301.1211 ''Computational Particle Physics for Event Generators and Data Analysis'' retrieved 8/24/20https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234060239_Computational_Particle_Physics_for_Event_Generators_and_Data_Analysis ''Computational Particle Physics for Event Generators and Data Analysis'' retrieved 8/24/20https://www2.ccs.tsukuba.ac.jp/projects/ILFTNet/ ''International research network for c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Loop Integral
In quantum field theory and statistical mechanics, loop integrals are the integrals which appear when evaluating the Feynman diagrams with one or more loops by integrating over the internal momenta. These integrals are used to determine counterterms, which in turn allow evaluation of the beta function, which encodes the dependence of coupling g for an interaction on an energy scale \mu. One-loop integral Generic formula A generic one-loop integral, for example those appearing in one-loop renormalization of QED or QCD may be written as a linear combination of terms in the form :\int \frac\frac where the q_i are 4-momenta which are linear combinations of the external momenta, and the m_i are masses of interacting particles. This expression uses Euclidean signature. In Lorentzian signature the denominator would instead be a product of expressions of the form (k+q)^2 - m^2 + i\epsilon. Using Feynman parametrization, this can be rewritten as a linear combination of integrals of the f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parton Distribution Functions
In particle physics, the parton model is a model of hadrons, such as protons and neutrons, proposed by Richard Feynman. It is useful for interpreting the cascades of radiation (a parton shower) produced from quantum chromodynamics (QCD) processes and interactions in high-energy particle collisions. Model Parton showers are simulated extensively in Monte Carlo event generators, in order to calibrate and interpret (and thus understand) processes in collider experiments. As such, the name is also used to refer to algorithms that approximate or simulate the process. Motivation The parton model was proposed by Richard Feynman in 1969 as a way to analyze high-energy hadron collisions. Any hadron (for example, a proton) can be considered as a composition of a number of point-like constituents, termed "partons". The parton model was immediately applied to electron- proton deep inelastic scattering by Bjorken and Paschos. Component particles A hadron is composed of a number of poi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Beamstrahlung
Beamstrahlung (from beam + bremsstrahlung ) is the radiation from one beam of charged particles in storage rings, linear or circular colliders, namely the synchrotron radiation emitted due to the electromagnetic field of the opposing beam. "Beam Blow Up due to Beamstrahlung in Circular e+e − Colliders" as of 8 November 201.9. as of 30 December 2012. Coined by J. Rees in 1978. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Initial State Radiation
In quantum field theory, initial and final state radiation refers to certain kinds of radiative emissions that are not due to particle annihilation. Kim Alwyn. Accessed 08 March 2013. It is important in experimental and theoretical studies of interactions at particle colliders. Explanation of initial and final states Particle accelerators and colliders produce collisions (interactions) of particles (like the or the proton). In the terminology of the |
Vacuum Polarization
In quantum field theory, and specifically quantum electrodynamics, vacuum polarization describes a process in which a background electromagnetic field produces virtual electron–positron pairs that change the distribution of charges and currents that generated the original electromagnetic field. It is also sometimes referred to as the self-energy of the gauge boson (photon). After developments in radar equipment for World War II resulted in higher accuracy for measuring the energy levels of the hydrogen atom, I.I. Rabi made measurements of the Lamb shift and the anomalous magnetic dipole moment of the electron. These effects corresponded to the deviation from the value −2 for the spectroscopic electron ''g''-factor that are predicted by the Dirac equation. Later, Hans Bethe theoretically calculated those shifts in the hydrogen energy levels due to vacuum polarization on his return train ride from the Shelter Island Conference to Cornell. The effects of vacuum polarizat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Computer Algebra
In mathematics and computer science, computer algebra, also called symbolic computation or algebraic computation, is a scientific area that refers to the study and development of algorithms and software for manipulating mathematical expressions and other mathematical objects. Although computer algebra could be considered a subfield of scientific computing, they are generally considered as distinct fields because scientific computing is usually based on numerical computation with approximate floating point numbers, while symbolic computation emphasizes ''exact'' computation with expressions containing variables that have no given value and are manipulated as symbols. Software applications that perform symbolic calculations are called '' computer algebra systems'', with the term ''system'' alluding to the complexity of the main applications that include, at least, a method to represent mathematical data in a computer, a user programming language (usually different from the la ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
C (programming Language)
C (''pronounced like the letter c'') is a General-purpose language, general-purpose computer programming language. It was created in the 1970s by Dennis Ritchie, and remains very widely used and influential. By design, C's features cleanly reflect the capabilities of the targeted CPUs. It has found lasting use in operating systems, device drivers, protocol stacks, though decreasingly for application software. C is commonly used on computer architectures that range from the largest supercomputers to the smallest microcontrollers and embedded systems. A successor to the programming language B (programming language), B, C was originally developed at Bell Labs by Ritchie between 1972 and 1973 to construct utilities running on Unix. It was applied to re-implementing the kernel of the Unix operating system. During the 1980s, C gradually gained popularity. It has become one of the measuring programming language popularity, most widely used programming languages, with C compilers avail ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Matrix Element (physics)
In physics, particularly in quantum perturbation theory, the matrix element refers to the linear operator of a modified Hamiltonian using Dirac notation. The matrix element considers the effect of the newly modified Hamiltonian (i.e. the linear superposition of the unperturbed Hamiltonian plus interaction potential) on the quantum state. Matrix elements are important in atomic, nuclear and particle physics. See also *Fermi's golden rule In quantum physics, Fermi's golden rule is a formula that describes the transition rate (the probability of a transition per unit time) from one energy eigenstate of a quantum system to a group of energy eigenstates in a continuum, as a result of a ... Perturbation theory Quantum mechanics {{quantum-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Matrix Element Calculation Methods
Matrix most commonly refers to: * ''The Matrix'' (franchise), an American media franchise ** '' The Matrix'', a 1999 science-fiction action film ** "The Matrix", a fictional setting, a virtual reality environment, within ''The Matrix'' (franchise) * Matrix (mathematics), a rectangular array of numbers, symbols or expressions Matrix (or its plural form matrices) may also refer to: Science and mathematics * Matrix (mathematics), algebraic structure, extension of vector into 2 dimensions * Matrix (logic), part of a formula in prenex normal form * Matrix (biology), the material in between a eukaryotic organism's cells * Matrix (chemical analysis), the non-analyte components of a sample * Matrix (geology), the fine-grained material in which larger objects are embedded * Matrix (composite), the constituent of a composite material * Hair matrix, produces hair * Nail matrix, part of the nail in anatomy Arts and entertainment Fictional entities * Matrix (comics), two co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Feynman Rules
In theoretical physics, a Feynman diagram is a pictorial representation of the mathematical expressions describing the behavior and interaction of subatomic particles. The scheme is named after American physicist Richard Feynman, who introduced the diagrams in 1948. The interaction of subatomic particles can be complex and difficult to understand; Feynman diagrams give a simple visualization of what would otherwise be an arcane and abstract formula. According to David Kaiser, "Since the middle of the 20th century, theoretical physicists have increasingly turned to this tool to help them undertake critical calculations. Feynman diagrams have revolutionized nearly every aspect of theoretical physics." While the diagrams are applied primarily to quantum field theory, they can also be used in other fields, such as solid-state theory. Frank Wilczek wrote that the calculations that won him the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physics "would have been literally unthinkable without Feynman diagra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
