|
Auricularia Americana
''Auricularia americana'' is a species of fungus in the family Auriculariaceae found in North America and East Asia. Its basidiocarps (fruitbodies) are gelatinous, ear-like, and grow on dead conifer wood. Taxonomy The species was originally described in 1987 from Quebec on ''Abies balsamea'', but was not validly published until 2003. Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has shown that ''Auricularia americana'' is a distinct species. The species was formerly confused with ''Auricularia auricula-judae'', which grows on broadleaf wood and is confined to Europe. Description ''Auricularia americana'' forms thin, brown, rubbery-gelatinous fruit bodies that are ear-shaped and across and about thick. The fruitbodies occur singly or in clusters. The upper surface is finely pilose. The spore-bearing underside is smooth. The spore print is white. Microscopic characters The microscopic characters are typical of the genus ''Auricularia''. The basidia a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Erast Parmasto
Erast Parmasto (28 October 1928 – 24 April 2012) was a noted Estonian mycologist, bioscientist and botanist and onetime director of the Estonian Institute of Zoology and Botany. Parmasto was born in Nõmme. He became a member of the Estonian Institute of Zoology and Botany in 1950 and served as its director from 1985 to 1990. His establishment of a mushroom herbarium in 1950 has since seen recognition of 160,000 samples, 37,000 of which Parmasto himself collected. Parmasto published more than 150 papers and 200 articles during his academic career and his works are commonly used in popular scientific and academic journals in Estonia. He issued two exsiccata, exsiccatae, namely ''Eesti seente eksikaat. Mycotheca Estonica. Gerbarij gribov Estonii'' (1957 to 1961) and ''Corticiaceae URSS'' (1965 to 1969). His expertise in the field of mycology has resulted in him being nicknamed "Seenevana", or the "grand old man of mushrooms". As a mycologist, the field with which Parmasto was mo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spore
In biology, a spore is a unit of sexual reproduction, sexual (in fungi) or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for biological dispersal, dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavourable conditions. Spores form part of the Biological life cycle, life cycles of many plants, algae, fungus, fungi and protozoa. They were thought to have appeared as early as the mid-late Ordovician period as an adaptation of early land plants. Bacterial spores are not part of a sexual cycle, but are resistant structures used for survival under unfavourable conditions. Myxozoan spores release amoeboid infectious germs ("amoebulae") into their hosts for parasitic infection, but also reproduce within the hosts through the pairing of two nuclei within the plasmodium, which develops from the amoebula. In plants, spores are usually haploid and unicellular and are produced by meiosis in the sporangium of a diploid sporophyte. In some rare cases, a diploid spore is also p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fungi Of North America
A fungus (: fungi , , , or ; or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as one of the traditional eukaryotic kingdoms, along with Animalia, Plantae, and either Protista or Protozoa and Chromista. A characteristic that places fungi in a different kingdom from plants, bacteria, and some protists is chitin in their cell walls. Fungi, like animals, are heterotrophs; they acquire their food by absorbing dissolved molecules, typically by secreting digestive enzymes into their environment. Fungi do not photosynthesize. Growth is their means of mobility, except for spores (a few of which are flagellated), which may travel through the air or water. Fungi are the principal decomposers in ecological systems. These and other differences place fungi in a single group of related organisms, named the ''Eumycota'' (''true fungi'' or ''Eum ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Auriculariales
The Auriculariales are an order of fungi in the class Agaricomycetes. Species within the order were formerly referred to the " heterobasidiomycetes" or "jelly fungi", since many have gelatinous basidiocarps (fruit bodies) that produce spores on septate basidia. Around 200 species are known worldwide, placed in six or more families, though the status of these families is currently uncertain. All species in the Auriculariales are believed to be saprotrophic, most growing on dead wood. Fruit bodies of several '' Auricularia'' species are cultivated for food on a commercial scale, especially in China. Taxonomy History The order was established in 1889 by German mycologist Joseph Schröter to accommodate species of fungi having "auricularioid" basidia (more or less cylindrical basidia with lateral septa), including many of the rusts and smuts. In 1922, British mycologist Carleton Rea recognized the order as containing the families Auriculariaceae and Ecchynaceae, as well a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Russian Far East
The Russian Far East ( rus, Дальний Восток России, p=ˈdalʲnʲɪj vɐˈstok rɐˈsʲiɪ) is a region in North Asia. It is the easternmost part of Russia and the Asia, Asian continent, and is coextensive with the Far Eastern Federal District, which encompasses the area between Lake Baikal and the Pacific Ocean. The area's largest city is Khabarovsk, followed by Vladivostok. The region shares land borders with the countries of Mongolia, China, and North Korea to its south, as well as maritime boundary, maritime boundaries with Japan to its southeast, and with the United States along the Bering Strait to its northeast. Although the Russian Far East is often considered as a part of Siberia abroad, it has been historically categorized separately from Siberia in Russian regional schemes (and previously during the history of the Soviet Union, Soviet era when it was called the Soviet Far East). Terminology In Russia, the region is usually referred to as simply th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after India, representing 17.4% of the world population. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and Borders of China, borders fourteen countries by land across an area of nearly , making it the list of countries and dependencies by area, third-largest country by land area. The country is divided into 33 Province-level divisions of China, province-level divisions: 22 provinces of China, provinces, 5 autonomous regions of China, autonomous regions, 4 direct-administered municipalities of China, municipalities, and 2 semi-autonomous special administrative regions. Beijing is the country's capital, while Shanghai is List of cities in China by population, its most populous city by urban area and largest financial center. Considered one of six ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Exidia Crenata
''Exidia crenata'' is a species of fungus in the family Auriculariaceae. It has the English name of amber jelly roll. Basidiocarps (fruit bodies) are gelatinous, brown to orange-brown, and turbinate (top-shaped). It typically grows on dead attached twigs and branches of broadleaved trees and is found in North America. Taxonomy The species was originally described from North Carolina in 1822 by German-American mycologist Lewis David de Schweinitz as ''Tremella crenata''. It was transferred to the genus '' Exidia'' by Fries in the same year. ''Exidia crenata'' was widely considered a synonym of the European '' Exidia recisa'' until molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, showed that the American species is distinct. Description The gelatinous fruit bodies are amber, wide, and thick. They can be translucent and tend to be moist and/or glossy. The spore print is white. Similar species Similar species include '' E. recisa'' and members of the genera ''Au ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Auricularia Nigricans
''Auricularia nigricans'' is a species of fungus in the family Auriculariaceae. Basidiocarps (fruitbodies} are gelatinous, ear-like, and grow on dead wood of broadleaf trees. It is found in southern and eastern Asia, North America, South America and the Caribbean. The name ''Auricularia polytricha'', when used by authors from the Americas, is a synonym of ''A. nigricans''. When used by Asian authors, it likely refers instead to ''Auricularia cornea''. Taxonomy The species was first described in 1788 as ''Peziza nigrescens'' by the Swedish botanist Olof Swartz, based on a collection he made from Jamaica. In a later publication he changed the name to ''Peziza nigricans'', which was accepted by the Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries. For abstruse nomenclatural reasons, Fries's sanctioned name takes priority over Swartz's original name. In his monograph of '' Auricularia'' species, American mycologist Bernard Lowy rejected the name as being "doubtful" due to the habitat descri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Basidiospore
A basidiospore is a reproductive spore produced by basidiomycete fungi, a grouping that includes mushrooms, shelf fungi, rusts, and smuts. Basidiospores typically each contain one haploid Ploidy () is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell (biology), cell, and hence the number of possible alleles for Autosome, autosomal and Pseudoautosomal region, pseudoautosomal genes. Here ''sets of chromosomes'' refers to the num ... nucleus (biology), nucleus that is the product of meiosis, and they are produced by specialized fungal cells called basidium, basidia. Typically, four basidiospores develop on appendages from each basidium, of which two are of one Strain (biology), strain and the other two of its opposite strain. In gills under a cap of one common species, there exist millions of basidia. Some gilled mushrooms in the order Agaricales have the ability to release billions of spores. The puffball fungus ''Calvatia gigantea'' has been calculated to produce about ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Auricularia Tibetica
''Auricularia'' is a genus of fungi in the family Auriculariaceae. Basidiocarps (fruit bodies) are typically gelatinous and ear-shaped, with a slightly downy to conspicuously hirsute upper surface and an under surface that is smooth, wrinkled or veined. All species grow on wood. Several ''Auricularia'' species are edible and commercially cultivated on a large scale in China and East Asia. Taxonomy The genus was first introduced in 1780 by French mycologist Pierre Bulliard for a range of different fungi producing fruit bodies with an ear-like shape. In 1822 Christian Hendrik Persoon restricted the genus to two gelatinous species, '' Auricularia mesenterica'' (which became the type species) and ''A. sambuci'' (a synonym of ''Auricularia auricula-judae''). In 1848 Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries accepted ''A. mesenterica'' within the genus but, on the basis of differences in fruitbody appearance, introduced a new genus, ''Hirneola'', for most other species. This division int ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Auricularia Angiospermarum
''Auricularia angiospermarum'' (wood ear or tree ear) is a species of fungus in the family Auriculariaceae. Basidiocarps (fruitbodies) are gelatinous, ear-like, and grow on dead wood of broadleaf trees. It is a North American species and was formerly confused with ''Auricularia auricula-judae'' which is confined to Europe. Taxonomy The species was originally described in 2015 from Connecticut on a fallen oak trunk. It had previously been referred to '' Auricularia americana'' 'deciduous unit', but additional molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has shown that ''Auricularia angiospermarum'' is a distinct species. Description ''Auricularia angiospermarum'' forms thin, brown, rubbery-gelatinous fruit bodies that are ear-shaped and up to across and thick. The fruitbodies occur singly or in clusters. The upper surface is finely pilose. The spore-bearing underside is smooth. Microscopic characters The microscopic characters are typical of the genu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
