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Athir Al-Din Akhsikati
Athir al-Din Akhsikati (; 1126–28 – 1211/12) was an Iranian writer, whose ''ghazals'' in Persian played an important role in the development of the genre. A native of Akhsikath in Central Asia, Athir al-Din first started his career at the court of Herat, under the service of the Seljuk sultan Ahmad Sanjar (). Following the latter's death, Athir al-Din went to western Iran, where he stayed at the courts of Hamadan and Tabriz. During this period he is known to have served under the Seljuk sultans of Persian Iraq, the Eldiguzids, and a local dynast, Ala al-Dawla Fakhr al-Din Arab Shah. Athir al-Din spent his last years in the town of Khalkhal, where he chose to live in poverty and in search for spiritual knowledge. It was there that he died in 1211 or 1212. Biography Like most poets of this period, not much is known about Athir al-Din's life. His full name was Athir al-Din Abu'l-Fadl Muhammad ibn Abi Tahir al-Akhsikati. Of eastern Iranian background, he was born between 1126 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mohtasham Kashani
Muhtasham Kashani (1500–1588) () was an Iranian poet of the Safavid era. He was influential in Shi'ite religious poetry, especially ''marsiyah'' poetry mourning the tragedy of Ashura. He was born in Kashan Kashan (; ) is a city in the Central District (Kashan County), Central District of Kashan County, in the northern part of Isfahan province, Isfahan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district. History Earlies ..., where he spent all of his life. He is well-known for his poetry about Imam al-Husayn's martyrdom in the form of ''tarkib band''. His main occupation, like that of his father, was in the cloth industry (in Kashan) before he took up poetry. References 1500 births 1588 deaths 16th-century Iranian poets People from Kashan 16th-century writers from Safavid Iran {{Iran-poet-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muhammad II Ibn Mahmud
Muhammad II ibn Mahmud (1128–1159) was Sultan of Seljuq Empire from 1153 to 1159. He was son of Mahmud II of Great Seljuq, Mahmud II and brother of Malik-Shah III. ''The Cambridge History of Iran'' notes that Sultan Muhammad "tried energetically to restore the slipping authority of his dynasty in Persian Iraq, Iraq". Biography He was raised in Fars province, Fars along with his brother Malik-Shah III. In 1148, their uncle Sultan Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud, who had no heirs and was in a weak position, appointed Malik-Shah III as heir, and gave his daughter in marriage to him. On 13 September 1152, Mas'ud died at Hamadan, and Malik-Shah III ascended the throne. In 1153, Muhammad, who was then in Khuzestan, marched towards Iraq and deposed his brother Malik-Shah III from the Seljuq throne, and ascended the throne himself. Meanwhile, the insurgent Abbasids under caliph al-Muqtafi was seizing the Turks of Iraq, and in 1155 supported a rival claimant to the throne, Suleiman-Shah. Further ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Najm Al-Din Kubra
− Najm ad-Din Kubra () was a 13th-century Khwarezmian Sufi from Khwarezm and the founder of the Kubrawiya, influential in the Ilkhanate and Timurid dynasty. His method, exemplary of a "golden age" of Sufi metaphysics, was related to the Illuminationism of Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi as well as to Rumi's Shams Tabrizi. Kubra was born in 540/1145 and died in 618/1221. Biography Born in 540/1145 in Khiva, Najmuddin Kubra began his career as a scholar of hadith and kalam. His interest in Sufism began in Egypt where he became a murid of Ruzbihan Baqli, who was an initiate of the Uwaisi. After years of study, he abandoned his exploration of the religious sciences and devoted himself entirely to the Sufi way of life. Sufi sheikh Zia al-Din-'Ammar Bitlisi was Kubra's teacher, who tried to present Sufi thought in a new way to provide contemplation and influence for the reader. After receiving his khirka, Kubra gained a large following of gnostics and writers on Sufis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sufism
Sufism ( or ) is a mysticism, mystic body of religious practice found within Islam which is characterized by a focus on Islamic Tazkiyah, purification, spirituality, ritualism, and Asceticism#Islam, asceticism. Practitioners of Sufism are referred to as "Sufis" (from , ), and historically typically belonged to "orders" known as (pl. ) — congregations formed around a grand (saint) who would be the last in a Silsilah, chain of successive teachers linking back to Muhammad, with the goal of undergoing (self purification) and the hope of reaching the Maqam (Sufism), spiritual station of . The ultimate aim of Sufis is to seek the pleasure of God by endeavoring to return to their original state of purity and natural disposition, known as . Sufism emerged early on in Islamic history, partly as a reaction against the expansion of the early Umayyad Caliphate (661–750) and mainly under the tutelage of Hasan al-Basri. Although Sufis were opposed to dry legalism, they strictly obs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kubrawiya
The Kubrawiya order () or Kubrawi order, also known as Kubrawi Hamadani,or Hamadani Kubra, is a Sufi order that traces its spiritual lineage (''Silsilah'') to the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, through Ali, Muhammad's cousin, son-in-law and the First Imam. This is in similar to most other Sufi orders that trace their lineage to Ali. The Kubrawiya order is named after its 13th-century founder Najm al-Din Kubra, who lived in Konye-Urgench under the Khwarazmian dynasty (present day Turkmenistan). The Mongols captured Konye-Urgench in 1221 and killed much of the population including Sheikh Najmuddin Kubra. The Kubrawiya order places emphasis on being a universal approach. It is popular in eastern India, Bangladesh and Mauritius and some areas of Pakistan as well. Branches Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani was the founder of the Kubrawiyyah order and it expanded into parts of South Asia, China, and Central Asia (especially among nomads) from the 14th century onwards. In Iran the Kubrawiya ord ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shirvan
Shirvan (from ; ; Tat: ''Şirvan'') is a historical region in the eastern Caucasus, as known in both pre-Islamic Sasanian and Islamic times. Today, the region is an industrially and agriculturally developed part of the Republic of Azerbaijan that stretches between the western shores of the Caspian Sea and the Kura River, centered on the Shirvan Plain. History Etymology Vladimir Minorsky believes that names such as Sharvān (Shirwān), Lāyzān and Baylaqān are Iranian names from the Iranian languages of the coast of the Caspian Sea. There are several explanations about this name: * Shirvan or Sharvan are corrupted forms of the word "Shahrbān" () which means "the governor". The word "Shahrban" has been used since Achaemenian Dynasty as "Xshathrapawn" (satrap) to refer to different states of the kingdom. * Shervan in Persian means cypress tree (the same as 'sarv' in Middle Persian and in New Persian, as well as in ArabicDehkhoda dictionary). It is also used as a male n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shirvanshah
The Shirvanshahs (Arabic/) were the rulers of Shirvan (in present-day Azerbaijan) from 861 to 1538. The first ruling line were the Yazidids, an originally Arab and later Persianized dynasty, who became known as the Kasranids (also referred to as the Khaqanids). The second ruling line were the Darbandi, distant relatives of the Yazidids/Kasranids. The Shirvanshahs ruled from 861 to 1538, one of the most enduring dynasties of the Islamic world. At times they were independent, often they had to recognize the overlordship of neighbouring empires. The dynasty is known for its patronage of culture, such as during the 12th-century, when their realm served as the focal point for Persian literature, attracting distinguished poets such as Khaqani, Nizami Ganjavi, Falaki Shirvani, etc. In 1382, the Shirvanshah throne was taken by Ibrahim I (), thus marking the start of the Darbandi line. The Shirvanshah realm flourished in the 15th century, during the long reigns of Khalilullah I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shamakhi
Shamakhi (, ) is a city in Azerbaijan and the administrative centre of the Shamakhi District. The city's estimated population was 31,704. It is famous for its traditional dancers, the Shamakhi Dancers, and also for perhaps giving its name to the Soumak rugs. Eleven major earthquakes have rocked Shamakhi but through multiple reconstructions, it maintained its role as the economic and administrative capital of Shirvan and one of the key towns on the Silk Road. The only building to have survived eight of the eleven earthquakes is the landmark Juma Mosque of Shamakhi, built in the 8th century. History Shamakhi was in antiquity part of successive Persian empires and was first mentioned as ''Kamachia'' by the ancient Greco-Roman Egyptian geographer Claudius Ptolemaeus in the 1st to 2nd century AD. Shamakhi was an important town during the Middle Ages and served as a capital of the Shirvanshah realm from the 8th to 15th centuries. Shamakhi maintained economic and cultural re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Khaqani
Afzal al-Dīn Badīl ibn ʿAlī ibn ʿOthmān (), commonly known as Khāqānī (, , – 1199), was a major Persian poet and prose-writer. He was born in Transcaucasia in the historical region known as Shirvan, where he served as an ode-writer to the Shirvanshahs. His fame most securely rests upon the qasidas collected in his '' Divān'', and his autobiographical travelogue ''Tohfat al-ʿErāqayn''. He is also notable for his contributions to the genre of '' habsiyāt'' ("prison poetry"). Life Khaqani was born into the family of a carpenter in Shirvan. Khaqani's mother was originally a slave-girl of Nestorian Christian faith who had converted to Islam. According to Khaqani, she was a descendant of "the great Philippus", which some scholars such as Minorsky (1945) have interpreted as meaning Marcus Julius Philippus, the third-century Roman emperor. Khaqani lost his father at an early age and was brought up by his uncle, Kāfi-al-Din ʿOmar, a physician. Later in lif ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muhammad Ibn Ali Rawandi
Muhammad ibn Ali Rawandi (; died after 1207), was a Persian historian who wrote the '' Rahat al-sudur wa ayat al-surur'' during the fall of the Great Seljuk Empire and the subsequent invasion by the Kharwarzmian empire. The only source that gives details about Rawandi's life is his own book. He was from a scholarly family from Rawand near Kashan, and studied Hanafi fiqh in Hamadan from 1174 to 1184. As a calligrapher, Rawandi was brought to court to craft a ''Quran'' for Toghrul III and gained the sultan's favor. After Toghrul's incarceration, Rawandi gained the patronage of Shihab al-Din al-Kashani, who urged him to write the ''Rahat al-sudur''. Rawandi had intended to dedicate his book to Süleymanshah II, but dedicated it to Kaykhusraw I, following the latter's accession as Sultan of Rum. Later the ''Rahat al-sudur'' was translated into Turkish during the reign of Murad II. Rawandi died after 1207. Modern era In 1921, the ''Rahat al-sudur'' was published by Muhammad Iqbal ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mujir Al-Din Baylaqani
Mujir al-Din Baylaqani (also spelled Bailaqani; ; died 1197/98) was a Persian poet of the 12th-century. As implied by his '' nisba'', Baylaqani was from Baylaqan, a town in Arran. During the 12th-century, Baylaqan served as a frontier between the sphere of influence of the Shirvanshahs, Georgians, Seljuks and Eldiguzids. During this period, the Caucasus region was inhabited by different ethnic groups, as demonstrated by Baylaqani's maternal side, which was Armenian Armenian may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Armenia, a country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia * Armenians, the national people of Armenia, or people of Armenian descent ** Armenian diaspora, Armenian communities around the .... References Sources * * * * * * {{Authority control 12th-century Iranian people Year of birth unknown 1190s deaths Year of death uncertain Iranian people of Armenian descent People from Beylagan District 12th-century Persian-language poets Poets o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Qizil Arslan
Muzaffar al-Din Qizil Arslan Uthman (r.1186–1191, ), better known as Qizil Arslan (), was the ruler (''atabeg'') of the Eldiguzids from 1186 to 1191. He was the brother and successor of Muhammad Jahan Pahlavan, and was later succeeded by his nephew Nusrat al-Din Abu Bakr. Background Qizil Arslan was the son of Eldiguz, a former Kipchak military slave of the Seljuk Empire, who rose to prominence and established the Eldiguzid dynasty, and from 1160 had managed to make the Seljuk Sultan of western Iran his puppet, thus taking control over most of western Iran. However, during the reign of his son and successor, Muhammad Jahan Pahlavan (r. 1175–1186), the dynasty was weakened and lost many of its territories, retaining only control of Azerbaijan and Arran. During this period, Qizil Arslan was in charge of Tabriz and its surroundings. Reign Qizil Arslan ascended the throne in 1186 after Jahan Pahlavan's death, and assumed the title of '' al-Malik al-Mu'azzam'' ("the resp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
