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Ashcroft V. American Civil Liberties Union II
''Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union'', 535 U.S. 564 (2002), followed by 542 U.S. 656 (2004), was a decision of the United States Supreme Court, ruling that the Child Online Protection Act (COPA) was unconstitutional as a violation of the First Amendment's guarantee of freedom of speech.''Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union'', . Background In 1996 Congress passed the Communications Decency Act (CDA). The CDA prohibited the use of the Internet to purposely send indecent material to those under 18 years of age. In 1997 the Supreme Court unanimously struck down the anti-indecency provisions of the CDA in ''Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union,'' because in the CDA lacked the precision necessary for any regulation of speech. Congress attempted to address the issue of Internet pornography with a new and more specific statute the following year. Child Online Protection Act The Child Online Protection Act (COPA), passed in 1998, was Congress's second attempt to crimina ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Child Online Protection Act
The Child Online Protection Act (COPA) was a United States law, law in the United States, United States of America, passed in 1998 with the declared purpose of restricting access by Minor (law)#United States, minors to any material defined as harmful to such minors on the Internet. The law, however, never took effect, as three separate rounds of litigation led to a permanent injunction against the law in 2009. The law was part of a series of efforts by US lawmakers legislating over Internet pornography. Parts of the earlier and much broader Communications Decency Act had been struck down as unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court, Supreme Court in 1997 (''Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union, Reno v. ACLU''); COPA was a direct response to that decision, narrowing the range of material covered. COPA only limits commercial speech and only affects providers based within the United States. COPA required all commercial distributors of "material harmful to minors" to re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Remand (court Procedure)
Remand is when higher courts send cases back to lower courts for further action. In the law of the United States, appellate courts remand cases to district courts for actions such as a new trial. Federal appellate courts, including the Supreme Court, have the power to "remand cause and ... require such further proceedings to be had as may be just under the circumstances.". This includes the power to make summary "grant, vacate and remand" (GVR) orders.''Lawrence v. Chater'', (per curiam), p. 166. Appellate courts remand cases whose outcome they are unable to finally determine. For example, cases may be remanded when the appellate court decides that the trial judge committed a procedural error, excluded admissible evidence, or ruled improperly on a motion. In common law jurisdictions, remand refers to the adjournment ( continuance) of criminal proceedings, when the accused is either remanded in custody or on bail. Appellate courts are said to remit matters to lower courts ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
People For The American Way
People for the American Way (PFAW ) is a progressive advocacy group in the United States. Organized as a 501(c)(4) non-profit organization, PFAW was registered in 1981 by the television producer Norman Lear, a self-described liberal who founded the organization in 1980 to challenge the Christian right agenda of the Moral Majority. History PFAW was founded by the television producer Norman Lear in opposition to the publicized agenda of the Moral Majority, a prominent and influential American political organization associated with the Christian right. Officially incorporated on September 4, 1980, its co-founders included Democratic Congresswoman Barbara Jordan, University of Notre Dame President Theodore Hesburgh and Time Inc. chairman and CEO Andrew Heiskell. PFAW began as a project of the Tides Foundation, a donor-advised fund that directs money to politically liberal causes. Former presidents of PFAW include Arthur Kropp, Tony Podesta, and Ralph Neas. Soon after its ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Child Pornography Prevention Act Of 1996
The Child Pornography Prevention Act of 1996 (CPPA) was a United States federal law to restrict child pornography on the internet, including virtual child pornography. Before 1996, Congress defined child pornography with reference to the ''Ferber'' standard. In '' New York v. Ferber'', , the Supreme Court held that the government could restrict the distribution of child pornography to protect children from the child sexual abuse harm inherent in making it. In '' Osborne v. Ohio'', , the ''Ferber'' proscription was extended by the Court to the mere possession of child pornography. The Child Pornography Prevention Act added two categories of speech to the definition of child pornography. The first prohibited "any visual depiction, including any photograph, film, video, picture, or computer-generated image or picture" that "is, or appears to be, of a minor engaging in sexually explicit conduct." In Ashcroft case, the Court observed that this provision "captures a range of depictio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ashcroft V
Ashcroft may refer to: Places * Ashcroft, British Columbia, a village in Canada **Ashcroft House in Bagpath, Gloucestershire, England—eponym of the Canadian village * Ashcroft, New South Wales, a suburb of Sydney, Australia * Ashcroft, Colorado, a former U.S. mining town, south of Aspen * Ashcroft (Geneva, New York), a historic house * Ashcroft Technology Academy, a secondary school in London, UK People * Catherine Ashcroft, English musician (Irish Folk) * Charlie Ashcroft, English footballer * Chloe Ashcroft, British television presenter * Christina Ashcroft (born 1964), Canadian sport shooter * Dolores Ashcroft-Nowicki, British occultist * Edgar Arthur Ashcroft (1864–1938), invented zinc extraction process in Australia * Ernest Ashcroft (b. 1925), English professional rugby league footballer * Lee Ashcroft, English footballer * Lee Ashcroft (footballer, born 1993), Scottish footballer * Jay Ashcroft, American politician * Jimmy Ashcroft, English footballer * John As ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of United States Supreme Court Cases, Volume 535
This is a list of all the United States Supreme Court cases from volume 535 of the ''United States Reports The ''United States Reports'' () are the official record (law reports) of the Supreme Court of the United States. They include rulings, orders, case tables (list of every case decided), in alphabetical order both by the name of the petitioner ( ...'': External links {{SCOTUSCases, 535 2002 in United States case law ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Intermediate Scrutiny
Intermediate scrutiny, in U.S. constitutional law, is the second level of deciding issues using judicial review. The other levels are typically referred to as rational basis review (least rigorous) and strict scrutiny (most rigorous). In order to overcome the intermediate scrutiny test, it must be shown that the law or policy being challenged furthers an ''important'' government interest by means that are substantially related to that interest. Intermediate scrutiny may be contrasted with "strict scrutiny", the higher standard of review that requires narrowly tailored and least restrictive means to further a ''compelling'' governmental interest, and " rational basis review", a lower standard of review that requires the law or policy be rationally related to a ''legitimate'' government interest. This approach is most often employed in reviewing limits on commercial speech, content-neutral regulations of speech, and state actions discriminating on the basis of sex. Laws subject ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Free Speech Coalition V
Free may refer to: Concept * Freedom, the ability to act or change without constraint or restriction * Emancipate, attaining civil and political rights or equality * Free (''gratis''), free of charge * Gratis versus libre, the difference between the two common meanings of the adjective "free". Computing * Free (programming), a function that releases dynamically allocated memory for reuse * Free software, software usable and distributable with few restrictions and no payment *, an emoji in the Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement block. Mathematics * Free object ** Free abelian group ** Free algebra ** Free group ** Free module ** Free semigroup * Free variable People * Free (surname) * Free (rapper) (born 1968), or Free Marie, American rapper and media personality * Free, a pseudonym for the activist and writer Abbie Hoffman * Free (active 2003–), American musician in the band FreeSol Arts and media Film and television * ''Free'' (film), a 2001 American dramedy * ''Fre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rational Basis Review
In U.S. constitutional law, rational basis review is the normal standard of review that courts apply when considering constitutional questions, including due process or equal protection questions under the Fifth Amendment or Fourteenth Amendment. Courts applying rational basis review seek to determine whether a law is "rationally related" to a "legitimate" government interest, whether real or hypothetical."Rational Basis Test" Cornell University Law School. Accessed May 13, 2022. The higher levels of scrutiny are and |
Pornhub
Pornhub is a Canadian-owned Internet pornography video-sharing website, one of several owned by adult entertainment conglomerate Aylo. , Pornhub is the 16th- most-visited website in the world and the most-visited adult website. The site allows visitors to view pornographic videos from various categories, including professional and amateur pornography, and to upload and share their own videos. Content can be flagged if it violates the website's terms of service. The site also hosts the Pornhub Awards annually. In December 2020, following a ''New York Times'' exposé of non-consensual pornography and sex trafficking, payment processors Mastercard and Visa cut their services to Pornhub. Pornhub then removed all videos uploaded by unverified users, reducing the total content from 13million to 4million videos. A 2023 documentary, '' Money Shot: The Pornhub Story'', covers the opposition to Pornhub and the views of some pornographic performers. History Pornhub was launche ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stephen Breyer
Stephen Gerald Breyer ( ; born August 15, 1938) is an American lawyer and retired jurist who served as an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1994 until his retirement in 2022. He was nominated by President Bill Clinton, and replaced retiring justice Harry Blackmun. Breyer was generally associated with the liberal wing of the Court. Since his retirement, he has been the Byrne Professor of Administrative Law and Process at Harvard Law School. Born in San Francisco, Breyer attended Stanford University and the University of Oxford, and graduated from Harvard Law School in 1964. After a clerkship with Associate Justice Arthur Goldberg in 1964–65, Breyer was a law professor and lecturer at Harvard Law School from 1967 until 1980. He specialized in administrative law, writing textbooks that remain in use today. He held other prominent positions before being nominated to the Supreme Court, including special assistant to the United States assistant attorney gener ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antonin Scalia
Antonin Gregory Scalia (March 11, 1936 – February 13, 2016) was an American jurist who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1986 until his death in 2016. He was described as the intellectual anchor for the originalist and textualist position in the U.S. Supreme Court's conservative wing. For catalyzing an originalist and textualist movement in American law, he has been described as one of the most influential jurists of the twentieth century, and one of the most important justices in the history of the Supreme Court. Scalia was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2018, and the Antonin Scalia Law School at George Mason University was named in his honor. Scalia was born in Trenton, New Jersey. A devout Catholic, he attended the Jesuit Xavier High School before receiving his undergraduate degree from Georgetown University. Scalia went on to graduate from Harvard Law School and spent six years at Jones Da ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
