Ar-Risala (Hamas)
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Ar-Risala (Hamas)
''Al-Watan'' () was a weekly publication by Hamas until its closure in February 1996 after repeated pressure and suspensions by the Palestinian Authority. History ''Al-Watan'' was one of the most important opposition periodicals published in the Palestinian Authority (PA)-controlled areas. PA officials used the ambiguity of the 1995 Palestinian press law and control over granting news licenses to temper criticism and silence opposition voices, including ''al-Watan''. In 1995, the PA twice suspended ''al-Watan'' for 3-month periods, beginning in May and in August, without explanation. According to the publication's editor, the August suspension followed the publication by ''al-Watan'' of an article stating that Yasir Arafat had accepted money for allowing a European news agency to publish a photograph of his infant daughter. In May 1995, ''al-Watans editor Sayed Musa Abu Musameh was sentenced to prison for 2 years by the state security court in Gaza on charges of incitement again ...
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Hamas
The Islamic Resistance Movement, abbreviated Hamas (the Arabic acronym from ), is a Palestinian nationalist Sunni Islam, Sunni Islamism, Islamist political organisation with a military wing, the Qassam Brigades. It has Gaza Strip under Hamas, governed the Israeli-occupied territories, Israeli-occupied Gaza Strip since 2007. The Hamas movement was founded by Palestinian Islamic scholar Ahmed Yassin in 1987, after the outbreak of the First Intifada against the Israeli occupied territories, Israeli occupation. It emerged from his 1973 Mujama al-Islamiya Islamic charity affiliated with the Muslim Brotherhood. In the 2006 2006 Palestinian legislative election, Palestinian legislative election, Hamas secured a majority in the Palestinian Legislative Council by campaigning on promises of a corruption-free government and advocating for resistance as a means to liberate Palestine from Israeli occupation. In the Battle of Gaza (2007), Battle of Gaza, Hamas seized control of the Gaza S ...
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Palestinian Authority
The Palestinian Authority (PA), officially known as the Palestinian National Authority (PNA), is the Fatah-controlled government body that exercises partial civil control over the Palestinian enclaves in the Israeli occupation of the West Bank, Israeli-occupied West Bank as a consequence of the 1993–1995 Oslo Accords. The Palestinian Authority controlled the Gaza Strip prior to the 2006 Palestinian legislative election, Palestinian elections of 2006 and the subsequent Battle of Gaza (2007), Gaza conflict between the Fatah and Hamas parties, when it lost control to Hamas; the PA continues to claim the Gaza Strip, although Hamas exercises ''de facto'' control. Since January 2013, following United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19, the Palestinian Authority has used the name "State of Palestine" on official documents, without prejudice to the Palestine Liberation Organization, Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) role as "representative of the Palestinians, Palestinia ...
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Journal Of Palestine Studies
The ''Journal of Palestine Studies'' (JPS) is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal which has been published since 1971. It is published by Taylor and Francis on behalf of the Institute for Palestine Studies. History and profile The journal was established in 1971. Burhan Dajani, Walid Khalidi, Fuad Sarruf and Constantin Zureiq were instrumental in its start. The founding editor-in-chief was Hisham Sharabi. It is published by Taylor and Francis, having previously been published by the University of California Press. The editors-in-chief are Rashid Khalidi (Columbia University) and Sherene Seikaly (UC Santa Barbara). The journal covers Palestinian affairs and the Arab–Israeli conflict. Abstracting and indexing ''JPS'' is abstracted and indexed in Scopus and the Social Sciences Citation Index. According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 0.8. See also *''Arab Studies Quarterly ''Arab Studies Quarterly'' (''ASQ'') is an Engli ...
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Yasir Arafat
Yasser Arafat (4 or 24 August 1929 – 11 November 2004), also popularly known by his kunya Abu Ammar, was a Palestinian political leader. He was chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) from 1969 to 2004, President of the State of Palestine from 1989 to 2004 and President of the Palestinian Authority (PNA) from 1994 to 2004. Ideologically an Arab nationalist and a socialist, Arafat was a founding member of the Fatah political party, which he led from 1959 until 2004. Arafat was born to Palestinian parents in Cairo, Egypt, where he spent most of his youth. He studied at the University of King Fuad I. While a student, he embraced Arab nationalist and anti-Zionist ideas. Opposed to the 1948 creation of the State of Israel, he fought alongside the Muslim Brotherhood during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. Following the defeat of Arab forces, Arafat returned to Cairo and served as president of the General Union of Palestinian Students from 1952 to 1956. In the latter ...
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Human Rights Watch
Human Rights Watch (HRW) is an international non-governmental organization that conducts research and advocacy on human rights. Headquartered in New York City, the group investigates and reports on issues including War crime, war crimes, crimes against humanity, Child labour, child labor, torture, human trafficking, and Women's rights, women's and LGBTQ rights. It pressures governments, policymakers, companies, and individual abusers to respect human rights, and frequently works on behalf of refugees, children, migrants, and political prisoners. The organization was founded in 1978 as Helsinki Watch, whose purpose was to monitor the Soviet Union's compliance with the 1975 Helsinki Accords. Its separate global divisions merged into Human Rights Watch in 1988. The group publishes annual reports on about 100 countries with the goal of providing an overview of the worldwide state of human rights. In 1997, HRW shared the Nobel Peace Prize as a founding member of the International C ...
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Palestinian Islamic Jihad
The Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine (, ''Harakat al-Jihād al-Islāmi fi Filastīn''), commonly known simply as Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ), is a Palestinian Islamist paramilitary organization formed in 1981. PIJ formed as an offshoot of the Muslim Brotherhood and was influenced ideologically in its formation by the Islamic Revolution in Iran. It is a member of the Alliance of Palestinian Forces, which rejects the Oslo Accords and whose objective is the establishment of a sovereign Islamic Palestinian state.BBC
Who are Islamic Jihad? 9 June 2003
It calls for the military destruction of Israel and rejects a
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Department Of State
The United States Department of State (DOS), or simply the State Department, is an executive department of the U.S. federal government responsible for the country's foreign policy and relations. Equivalent to the ministry of foreign affairs of other nations, its primary duties are advising the U.S. president on international relations, administering diplomatic missions, negotiating international treaties and agreements, protecting citizens abroad and representing the U.S. at the United Nations. The department is headquartered in the Harry S Truman Building, a few blocks from the White House, in the Foggy Bottom neighborhood of Washington, D.C.; "Foggy Bottom" is thus sometimes used as a metonym. Established in 1789 as the first administrative arm of the U.S. executive branch, the State Department is considered among the most powerful and prestigious executive agencies. It is headed by the U.S. secretary of state, who reports directly to the U.S. president and is a mem ...
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Islamic Salvation Party
The National Islamic Salvation Party () is an offshoot political party formed by members of Hamas in 1996 in response to the signing of the Oslo Peace Accords. History After the signing of the Oslo Peace Accords in 1993 and the creation of the Palestinian Authority (PA) in 1994, Hamas leadership was growing confident in its grassroots support and electoral clout, and Hamas leader Ahmed Yassin did not rule out that Hamas would contest national elections as a political party. The National Islamic Salvation Party was formed in Gaza in March 1996. Despite denying any connection with Hamas, its leadership and members belong to Hamas. The establishment of the party by an element of Hamas chose not to confront Fatah militarily in opposition to the Oslo Accords, but politically instead. Ismail Haniyeh Ismail Haniyeh (, ; 29 January 1962 – 31 July 2024) was a Palestinian politician who served as third chairman of the Hamas Political Bureau from May 2017 until Assassination of Ism ...
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Ghazi Hamad
Ghāzi Hamad (; born 1964) is a senior Hamas member. He was formerly the chairman of the border crossings authority in the Gaza Strip and Deputy Foreign Minister in the Hamas government of 2012.''Hamas seeks to enter the world of diplomacy''
Saleh al-Naami, Asharq Al-Awsat, 5 September 2012
According to the '''', Hamad left Gaza for weeks before the
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Oslo Peace Process
The Oslo Accords are a pair of interim agreements between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO): the Oslo I Accord, signed in Washington, D.C., in 1993; and the Oslo II Accord, signed in Taba, Egypt, in 1995. They marked the start of the Oslo process, a peace process aimed at achieving a peace treaty based on Resolution 242 and Resolution 338 of the United Nations Security Council. The Oslo process began after secret negotiations in Oslo, Norway, resulting in both the recognition of Israel by the PLO and the recognition by Israel of the PLO as the representative of the Palestinian people and as a partner in bilateral negotiations. Among the notable outcomes of the Oslo Accords was the creation of the Palestinian Authority, which was tasked with the responsibility of conducting limited Palestinian self-governance over parts of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip; and the international acknowledgement of the PLO as Israel's partner in permanent-status negotiati ...
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Al Jazeera English
Al Jazeera English (AJE; , ) is a 24-hour English-language News broadcasting, news channel operating under Al Jazeera Media Network, which is funded by the government of Qatar. Al Jazeera introduced an English-language division in 2006. It is the first global English-language news channel to be headquartered in the Middle East. Al Jazeera is known for its in-depth and frontline reporting particularly in conflict zones such as the Arab Spring, the Gaza–Israel conflict and others. Al Jazeera's coverage of the Arab Spring won the network numerous awards, including the Peabody Award. It positions itself as an alternative media platform to the dominance of Western media outlets like CNN and BBC, focusing on narrative reporting where subjects present their own stories. History The channel was launched on 15 November 2006. The channel was initially slated to be named Al Jazeera International, but the name was changed nine months before the launch. This decision was influenced by o ...
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Hosni Mubarak
Muhammad Hosni El Sayed Mubarak (; 4 May 1928 – 25 February 2020) was an Egyptian politician and military officer who served as the fourth president of Egypt from 1981 to 2011 and the 41st Prime Minister of Egypt, prime minister from 1981 to 1982. He was previously the 18th Vice President of Egypt, vice president under President Anwar Sadat from 1975 until his accession to the presidency. Before he entered politics, Mubarak was a career officer in the Egyptian Air Force. He served as its commander from 1972 to 1975 and rose to the rank of air chief marshal in 1973. After Sadat was Assassination of Anwar Sadat, assassinated in 1981, Mubarak assumed the presidency in a single-candidate 1981 Egyptian presidential confirmation referendum, referendum, and renewed his term through single-candidate referendums in 1987 Egyptian presidential confirmation referendum, 1987, 1993 Egyptian presidential confirmation referendum, 1993, and 1999 Egyptian presidential confirmation referendum, ...
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