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Ali III Ibn Al-Husayn
Ali III ibn al-Husayn ( ; 14 August 1817 – 11 June 1902) commonly known as Ali III Bey () was the Husainid Bey of Tunis from 1882 until his death. He was the first ruler under the French protectorate. He was named Bey al-Mahalla (Heir Apparent) on 23 August 1863 by his brother Muhammad III as-Sadiq and was made a divisional General and placed at the head of an army column operating in the interior of the country (known in Tunisian Arabic as the ''mhalla'') to assert beylical authority in remote regions, rendering justice in the name of the sovereign and collecting taxes from local tribes. A keen horseman, Ali Bey took personal charge of this work and undertook it thoroughly, twice a year - in the north of the country during the summer in Béja and El Kef, and in the south during the winter, in Kairouan and the towns further south. During the Mejba Revolt in 1864, while his ineffective brother remained in the Bardo palace, Ali put down the rebellion with Generals Ahme ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bey Of Tunis
Bey, also spelled as Baig, Bayg, Beigh, Beig, Bek, Baeg, Begh, or Beg, is a Turkic languages, Turkic title for a chieftain, and a royal, aristocratic title traditionally applied to people with special lineages to the leaders or rulers of variously sized areas in the numerous Turkic kingdoms, emirates, sultanates and empires in Central Asia, South Asia, Southeast Europe, and the Middle East, such as the Ottoman Empire, Ottomans, Timurid Empire, Timurids or the various khanates and emirates in Central Asia and the Eurasian Steppe. The feminine equivalent title was begum. The regions or provinces where "beys" ruled or which they administered were called ''Anatolian beyliks, beylik'', roughly meaning "governorate" or "region" (the equivalent of a county, duchy, grand duchy or principality in Europe, depending on the size and importance of the Anatolian beyliks, beylik). However the exact scope of power handed to the beys varied with each country, thus there was no clear-cut system, ri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Béja
Béja ( ') is a city in Tunisia. It is the capital of the Béja Governorate. It is located from Tunis, between the Medjerdah River and the Mediterranean, against the foothills of the Khroumire, the town of Béja is situated on the sides of Djebel Acheb, facing the greening meadows, its white terraces and red roofs dominated by the imposing ruins of the old Roman fortress. History Etymology Classical era period The city endured brutal assaults by the Carthaginians, the Numidians, the Romans, and, later on, by the Vandals. The Numidian king Jugurtha made the town his governing headquarters. Originally the town was named Waga, which became Vacca and then Vaga under the Romans and eventually Baja under the Arabs and Béja under the French. The Romans destroyed the old Carthaginian citadel and replaced it with a new one; they built fortifications that are still standing today. Under the Roman domination, Béja became prosperous and was the center of a diocese. Acco ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paul Cambon
Pierre Paul Cambon (; 20 January 1843 – 29 May 1924) was a French diplomat and brother of Jules Cambon. Biography Cambon was born and died in Paris. He was called to the Parisian bar, and became private secretary to Jules Ferry in the '' préfecture'' of the Seine. After ten years of administrative work in France as secretary of '' préfecture'', and then as prefect successively of the ''départements'' of Aube (1872), Doubs (1876), Nord (1877–1882), he exchanged into the diplomatic service, being nominated French minister plenipotentiary in Tunis, fulfilling two terms as Resident-General. In 1886, Cambon became French ambassador to Madrid; was transferred to Constantinople in 1890; and in 1898 to London, where he served until 1920. In London, Cambon quickly became an important figure by helping to negotiate the Entente Cordiale between Britain and France in 1904 and serving as the French representative at the London Conference that resolved the Balkan Wars between 191 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of French Residents-general In Tunisia
In 1881, the French conquest of Tunisia, conquest of Tunisia was initiated by the French Third Republic. The invasion began on 28 April 1881, and lasted until 28 October 1881. Meanwhile, the Treaty of Bardo was signed on 12 May 1881. According to the treaty, the Beylik of Tunis would become a French protectorate of Tunisia, French protectorate from 1881 to 1956, when Tunisia Tunisian independence, regained its independence as the Kingdom of Tunisia. List (Dates in italics indicate ''de facto'' continuation of office) See also * Beylik of Tunis * Kingdom of Tunisia * French Algeria ** List of French governors of Algeria * French protectorate in Morocco ** List of French residents-general in Morocco Sources * http://www.rulers.org/rult.html#tunisia * ''African States and Rulers'', John Stewart, McFarland * ''Heads of State and Government, 2nd Edition'', John V da Graca, MacMillan Press (2000) {{DEFAULTSORT:List Of French Residents-General In Tunisia Government of Tuni ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mohammed Aziz Bouattour
Mohammed Aziz Bouattour (; born 1825 in Tunis, died in 1907 in La Marsa), was Prime Minister of the Beylik of Tunis from 1882 to 1907. Early life He was born in the family home of the Rue du Pacha in Tunis, the Dar Ben Achour. He came from a patrician family descended from the third caliph Uthman that had originated in Sfax in the before moving to Tunis at the end of the 18th century. His education at the Zaytuna Mosque began in 1839, and here he studied Arabic and the Sharia from distinguished scholars such as Sidi Ibrahim al-Riahi, Muhammad al-Shazli bin Saleh and Muhammad al-Taher ibn Ashour. His grandfather and his uncles had reach high positions in the society of Tunis as notaries and in the state chancellery (''diwan al-insha’ ''). Bouattour followed their example and became secretary of the chancellery under the direction of the first secretary (bach kateb), Mohamed Lasram IV. When Lasram died in 1861, the private secretary of the young Sadok Bey, Ahmad ibn Abi Diya ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grand Vizier
Grand vizier (; ; ) was the title of the effective head of government of many sovereign states in the Islamic world. It was first held by officials in the later Abbasid Caliphate. It was then held in the Ottoman Empire, the Mughal Empire, the Sokoto Caliphate, the Safavid dynasty, Safavid Empire and Morocco, Cherifian Empire of Morocco. In the Ottoman Empire, the grand vizier held the imperial seal and could convene all other viziers to attend to affairs of the state; the viziers in conference were called "''Kubbealtı'' viziers" in reference to their meeting place, the ''Kubbealtı'' ('under the dome') in Topkapı Palace. His offices were located at the Sublime Porte. Today, the Prime Minister of Pakistan is referred to in Urdu as ''Wazir-e-azam'', which translates literally to grand vizier. Initially, the grand viziers were exclusively of Turk origin in the Ottoman Empire. However, after there were troubles between the Turkish grand vizier Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Younger and S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mohammed Khaznadar
Mohammed Khaznadar (; born around 1810 on the island of Kos (modern Greece)Jean Ganiage, ''Les origines du Protectorat français en Tunisie (1861-1881)'', éd. Maison tunisienne de l'édition, Tunis, 1968, p. 592 and died on 1889 at La Marsa was a Tunisian politician. Biography A Mamluk of Greek origin, he was captured in a raid and bought as a slave by the Bey of Tunis: Hussein II Bey. Later on he became treasurer to Chakir Saheb Ettabaâ and was qaid of Sousse and Monastir from 1838. He remained for fifty years in one post or another in the service of five successive beys. In November 1861 he was named Minister of the Interior, then Minister of War in December 1862, Minister of the Navy in September 1865, Minister of the Interior again in October 1873 and finally Prime Minister and President of the International Financial Commission from 22 July 1877 to 24 August 1878. He retained also the title of minister and the functions of a councillor of state and returned to the vi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mamluk
Mamluk or Mamaluk (; (singular), , ''mamālīk'' (plural); translated as "one who is owned", meaning "slave") were non-Arab, ethnically diverse (mostly Turkic, Caucasian, Eastern and Southeastern European) enslaved mercenaries, slave-soldiers, and freed slaves who were assigned high-ranking military and administrative duties, serving the ruling Arab and Ottoman dynasties in the Muslim world. The most enduring Mamluk realm was the knightly military class in medieval Egypt, which developed from the ranks of slave-soldiers. Originally the Mamluks were slaves of Turkic origins from the Eurasian Steppe, but the institution of military slavery spread to include Circassians, Abkhazians, Georgians, Armenians, Russians, and Hungarians, as well as peoples from the Balkans such as Albanians, Greeks, and South Slavs (''see'' Saqaliba). They also recruited from the Egyptians. The "Mamluk/Ghulam Phenomenon", as David Ayalon dubbed the creation of the specific warrior class, was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an empire, imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries. The empire emerged from a Anatolian beyliks, ''beylik'', or principality, founded in northwestern Anatolia in by the Turkoman (ethnonym), Turkoman tribal leader Osman I. His successors Ottoman wars in Europe, conquered much of Anatolia and expanded into the Balkans by the mid-14th century, transforming their petty kingdom into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the Fall of Constantinople, conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by Mehmed II. With its capital at History of Istanbul#Ottoman Empire, Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) and control over a significant portion of the Mediterranean Basin, the Ottoman Empire was at the centre of interacti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Treaty Of Bardo
The Treaty of Bardo (, ) or Treaty of Ksar Saïd established a French protectorate over Tunisia that lasted until World War II. It was signed on 12 May 1881 between representatives of France and the Tunisian bey Muhammed as-Sadiq, placing Tunisia under the control of the French Resident-General. The treaty allowed France to control certain geographical areas under the guise of re-establishing order and protecting the Bey from internal opposition and also gave France responsibility for foreign-policy decisions of Tunisia. Later, the Conventions of La Marsa of 8 June 1883 gave France a right to intervene in Tunisia's domestic affairs. Thus subject to the Resident-General’s absolute power, the country lost almost all autonomy not only in external but in practice also in internal affairs. Name The names of the treaty originated with the residence of the Tunis court, Ksar Saïd Palace in Le Bardo, where the Husainid beys had established themselves in the early-18th century. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Conquest Of Tunisia
The French conquest of Tunisia occurred in two phases in 1881: the first (28 April – 12 May) consisting of the invasion and securing of the country before the signing of a treaty of protection, and the second (10 June – 28 October) consisting of the suppression of a rebellion. The French protectorate of Tunisia that was established lasted until the independence of Tunisia on 20 March 1956. Context Early contacts Tunisia had been a province of the Ottoman Empire since the Conquest of Tunis (1574), although with great autonomy under the authority of a Bey. In 1770, Brigadier Rafélis de Broves bombarded the cities of Bizerte, Porto Farina and Monastir in retaliation for acts of piracy.. In the 19th century Tunisian commercial contacts with Europe were numerous, and there was a population of French, Italian and British expatriates in the country, that was represented by Consulates. France had also made a major loan to Tunisia in the mid-19th century. The Tunisian gove ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bardo National Museum (Tunis)
The Bardo National Museum (; ) or Bardo Palace is an arts and North African history museum in Le Bardo, Tunisia. It is one of the most important museums in Mediterranean Basin, the Mediterranean region and the second museum of the Africa, African continent after the Egyptian Museum, Egyptian Museum of Cairo by richness of its collections. It traces the history of Tunisia over several millennia and across several civilizations through a wide variety of Archaeology, archaeological pieces. First proposed in the 1860s by Muhammad Khaznadar, the son of the Prime Minister of Tunisia, the museum is housed in an old Bey of Tunis, beylical palace since 1888, it has been the setting for the exhibition of many major works discovered since the beginning of archaeological research in the country. This historic building also serves as the seat of the Assembly of the Representatives of the People, Tunisia's Lower house. Originally called Alaoui Museum (), named after the Ali III ibn al-Husayn, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
