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Algerian Constitutional Referendum, 1989
A constitutional referendum was held in Algeria on 23 February 1989. Coming after the 1988 October Riots, the new constitution removed references to socialism and allowed for multi-party democracy. Despite calls for a boycott by radical Islamists and opposition from trade unions and National Liberation Front (Algeria), FLN members, the amendments were approved by 73% of voters with a 79% turnout.Nohlen, D, Krennerich, M & Thibaut, B (1999) ''Elections in Africa: A data handbook'', p55 1990 Algerian local elections, Local elections were scheduled for the following year, with 1991 Algerian legislative election, parliamentary elections to be held in 1991. Results References {{Algerian elections 1989 in Algeria, Constitutional 1989 referendums, Algeria Constitutional referendums in Algeria February 1989 in Africa, Algeria ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Algeria
Algeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is bordered to Algeria–Tunisia border, the northeast by Tunisia; to Algeria–Libya border, the east by Libya; to Algeria–Niger border, the southeast by Niger; to Algeria–Western Sahara border, the southwest by Mali, Mauritania, and Western Sahara; to Algeria–Morocco border, the west by Morocco; and to the north by the Mediterranean Sea. The capital and List of cities in Algeria, largest city is Algiers, located in the far north on the Mediterranean coast. Inhabited since prehistory, Algeria has been at the crossroads of numerous cultures and civilisations, including the Phoenicians, Numidians, Ancient Rome, Romans, Vandals, and Byzantine Greeks. Its modern identity is rooted in centuries of Arab migrations to the Maghreb, Arab Muslim migration waves since Muslim conquest of the Maghreb, the seventh century and the subsequent Arabization, Arabisation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1988 October Riots
The 1988 October Riots were a series of street-level disturbances and riotous demonstrations by Algeria Algeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is bordered to Algeria–Tunisia border, the northeast by Tunisia; to Algeria–Libya border, the east by Libya; to Alger ...n youth, which started on 5 October 1988 and ended on the 11th."La semaine sanglante", ''Jeune Afrique''. 19 October 1988. PP. 10-16. The riots were "the most serious" since Algeria's independence", and involved thousands of youth who "took control of the streets". Kepel, ''Jihad'', 2002: p.160-1 Riots started in Algiers and spread to other cities, resulting in about 500 deaths and 1000 wounded although the official death count reports that 159 were killed with 154 protesters injured. The riots indirectly led to the fall of the country's one-party system ( Front de Libération Nationale (FLN) party had been in power since 1962) a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Socialism
Socialism is an economic ideology, economic and political philosophy encompassing diverse Economic system, economic and social systems characterised by social ownership of the means of production, as opposed to private ownership. It describes the Economic ideology, economic, Political philosophy, political, and Social theory, social theories and Political movement, movements associated with the implementation of such systems. Social ownership can take various forms, including State ownership, public, Community ownership, community, Collective ownership, collective, cooperative, or Employee stock ownership, employee.: "Just as private ownership defines capitalism, social ownership defines socialism. The essential characteristic of socialism in theory is that it destroys social hierarchies, and therefore leads to a politically and economically egalitarian society. Two closely related consequences follow. First, every individual is entitled to an equal ownership share that earns an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Liberation Front (Algeria)
The National Liberation Front (; ), commonly known by its French acronym FLN, is a nationalist political party in Algeria. It was the main nationalist movement during the Algerian War and the sole legal and ruling political party of the Algerian state until other parties were legalised in 1989. The FLN was established in 1954 following a split in the Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties from members of the Special Organisation paramilitary; its armed wing, the National Liberation Army, participated in the Algerian War from 1954 to 1962. After the Évian Accords of 1962, the party purged internal dissent and ruled Algeria as a one-party state. After the 1988 October Riots and the Algerian Civil War (1991–2002) against Islamist groups, the FLN was reelected to power in the 2002 Algerian legislative election, and has generally remained in power until 2007, when it started forming coalitions with other parties. History Colonial era The background of the FLN ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1990 Algerian Local Elections
Local elections were held in Algeria on 12 June 1990, Frank Tachau (1994) ''Political parties of the Middle East and North Africa'', Greenwood Press, p.23 the first multi-party elections since independence in 1962. The result was a victory for the Islamic Salvation Front, which won majorities on more than half of the Popular Communal Assemblies and Popular Wilaya Assemblies, receiving around 70% of the vote in Algiers, Constantine and Oran. The results were considered a decisive defeat for the FLN, which ruled Algeria since its independence in 1962. Results Popular Communal Assemblies Popular Wilaya Assemblies References Algeria Algeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is bordered to Algeria–Tunisia border, the northeast by Tunisia; to Algeria–Libya border, the east by Libya; to Alger ... 1990 in Algeria 1990 June 1990 in Africa {{Algeria-election-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1991 Algerian Legislative Election
Parliamentary elections were held in Algeria on 26 December 1991. They were the first multi-party parliamentary elections since independence, but the second round due to be held on 16 January 1992 was cancelled five days before by a military coup after the military expressed concerns that the Islamic Salvation Front, which was almost certain to win more than the two-thirds majority of seats required to change the constitution, would form an Islamic state. This led to the outbreak of the Algerian Civil War. Of 430 seats contested, 232 were won outright with 50% or more of the first-round vote; the remaining 198 would have proceeded to a second round contested only by the two candidates with the highest number of votes. Voter turnout in the first-round was 59%.Dieter Nohlen, Michael Krennerich & Bernhard Thibaut (1999) ''Elections in Africa: A data handbook'', p54 Results Notes References {{Algerian elections Parliamentary elections in Algeria Algeria Algeria ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1989 In Algeria
1989 was a turning point in political history with the "Revolutions of 1989" which ended communism in Eastern Bloc of Europe, starting in Poland and Hungary, with experiments in power-sharing coming to a head with the opening of the Berlin Wall in November, the Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia and the overthrow of the communist dictatorship in Romania in December; the movement ended in December 1991 with the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Revolutions against communist governments in Eastern Europe mainly succeeded, but the year also saw the suppression by the Chinese government of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, 1989 Tiananmen Square protests in Beijing. It was the year of the first 1989 Brazilian presidential election, Brazilian direct presidential election in 29 years, since the end of the Military dictatorship in Brazil, military government in 1985 that ruled the country for more than twenty years, and marked the redemocratization process's final poin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1989 Referendums
1989 was a turning point in political history with the "Revolutions of 1989" which ended communism in Eastern Bloc of Europe, starting in Poland and Hungary, with experiments in power-sharing coming to a head with the opening of the Berlin Wall in November, the Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia and the overthrow of the communist dictatorship in Romania in December; the movement ended in December 1991 with the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Revolutions against communist governments in Eastern Europe mainly succeeded, but the year also saw the suppression by the Chinese government of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests in Beijing. It was the year of the first Brazilian direct presidential election in 29 years, since the end of the military government in 1985 that ruled the country for more than twenty years, and marked the redemocratization process's final point. F. W. de Klerk was elected as State President of South Africa, and his regime gradually dismantled the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Constitutional Referendums In Algeria
A constitution is the aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organization or other type of entity, and commonly determines how that entity is to be governed. When these principles are written down into a single document or set of legal documents, those documents may be said to embody a ''written constitution''; if they are encompassed in a single comprehensive document, it is said to embody a ''codified constitution''. The Constitution of the United Kingdom is a notable example of an ''uncodified constitution''; it is instead written in numerous fundamental acts of a legislature, court cases, and treaties. Constitutions concern different levels of organizations, from sovereign countries to companies and unincorporated associations. A treaty that establishes an international organization is also its constitution, in that it would define how that organization is constituted. Within states, a constitution defin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
