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African Union Support And Stabilization Mission In Somalia
The African Union Stabilization Support Mission in Somalia (AUSSOM) is a peacekeeping operation which started in 2025 authorized by the African Union (AU) to replace the African Union Transition Mission in Somalia (ATMIS). The mission aims to support Somali security forces in stabilizing the country and combating Al-Shabaab, while facilitating a gradual handover of security responsibilities to the Somali government. AUSSOM’s formation has been shaped by financial constraints and, political tensions, particularly concerning Ethiopia’s role. The mission is to consist of 11,900 personnel, including military, police, and civilian staff, contributed by Uganda, Ethiopia, Djibouti, Kenya, and Egypt. Concerns over human rights violations committed by the previous AU operations, including extrajudicial killings and sexual violence, have raised scrutiny over troop selection and oversight. AUSSOM has been criticized for the legal immunity AU personnel operate under, which has hindered ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mohamed El-Amine Souef
Mohamed El-Amine Souef (born July 28, 1962) is a Comorian diplomat and former foreign minister, ambassador to Egypt, and Permanent Representative to the Arab League (1995–1998). He has been appointed deputy Foreign Minister in charge of the Arab World by president Mohamed Taki Abdulkarim in 1998. He first became foreign minister in 1999, following the military coup of Azali Assoumani Azali Assoumani (; born 1 January 1959) is a Comorian politician and military officer who has served as the seventh President of the Comoros from 2002 to 2006 and again since 2016, except for a brief period in 2019. He became head of state after .... He resigned briefly in January 2002, along with Azali Assoumani, to make way for a transitional government, but he was reappointed a few months later when Assoumani won elections and regained power. He lost his post again in July 2005 during a cabinet reshuffle. After the reshuffle, Mr. Souef was named Ambassador and Permanent Representative of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Legal Immunity
Legal immunity, or immunity from prosecution, is a legal status wherein an individual or entity cannot be held liable for a violation of the law, in order to facilitate societal aims that outweigh the value of imposing liability in such cases. Such legal immunity may be from criminal prosecution, or from civil liability (being subject of lawsuit), or both. The most notable forms of legal immunity are parliamentary immunity and witness immunity. One author has described legal immunity as "the obverse of a legal power":Dudley Knowles, Political Obligation: A Critical Introduction' (2009), p. 26. Criticism Legal immunities may be subject to criticism because they institute a separate standard of conduct for those who receive them. For example, as one author notes: Types Immunity of government leaders Many forms of immunity are granted to politician, government leaders to Reign, rule over the world, continent, nation, province, urban area and Rural, rural area without fear of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2024 Ethiopia–Somaliland Memorandum Of Understanding
On 1 January 2024, a memorandum of understanding (MoU) was signed between Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed and Somaliland President Muse Bihi Abdi. Reportedly, this MoU stated that Somaliland would lease of its Gulf of Aden coastline to Ethiopia. This agreement follows recent tensions surrounding Prime Minister Ahmed's stated desire for Ethiopia to have access to the Red Sea. In return, the MoU reportedly includes a provision stating Ethiopia would recognize Somaliland as an independent state in the future, which would make it the first UN member state to do so. The deal has received condemnation and opposition from Somalia, Eritrea and Egypt, with Somalia recalling its ambassador to Ethiopia in protest. Somalia previously demanded Ethiopia make a public withdrawal from the MoU before the two countries could engage in any dialogue. The dispute has also put Ethiopian participation in the new African Union Support and Stabilization Mission in Somalia (AUSSOM) in question. Fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ethiopian–Somali Conflict
The Ethiopian–Somali conflict is a territorial and political dispute between Ethiopia, Somalia, and Insurgency, insurgents in the area. Originating in the 1300s, the present conflict stems from Menelik II's conquests, the Ethiopian Empire's expansions into the Somali-inhabited Ogaden region during the late 19th century. It escalated further when the Ogaden and Haud territories were transferred to Ethiopia by Britain after World War II. In the decades following, Somali desires for self-determination and/or unification under a Greater Somalia have culminated in List of Ethiopian–Somali wars and conflicts, numerous insurgencies and several wars. However, because of the Somali Civil War and the lack of a functioning central government since the Somali Rebellion, collapse of the Democratic Republic of Somalia in 1991, Ethiopia has the upper hand militarily and economically. Background In the 14th and 15th centuries, the Christians, Christian rulers of Abyssinia in the Ethiopian ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
War Crime
A war crime is a violation of the laws of war that gives rise to individual criminal responsibility for actions by combatants in action, such as intentionally killing civilians or intentionally killing prisoners of war, torture, taking hostages, unnecessarily destroying civilian property, deception by perfidy, wartime sexual violence, pillaging, and for any individual that is part of the command structure who orders any attempt to committing mass killings (including genocide or ethnic cleansing), the granting of no quarter despite surrender, the conscription of children in the military, and flouting the legal Indiscriminate attack, distinctions of Proportionality (law), proportionality and military necessity. The formal concept of war crimes emerged from the codification of the customary international law that applied to warfare between sovereign states, such as the Lieber Code (1863) of the Union Army in the American Civil War and the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 for int ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Danish Institute For International Studies
The Danish Institute for International Studies (DIIS, Danish: ) is a public sector research institute for independent research and analysis of international affairs, financed primarily by the Danish state. DIIS conducts and communicates multidisciplinary research on globalization, security, development, and foreign policy. DIIS has approximately 120 employees, both in research and support staff. Researchers have different academic backgrounds. DIIS contributes to the education of researchers at home and in developing countries, and work with relevant ministries for prolonged periods to qualify their knowledge of how DIIS research is used outside academic circles. The Institute performs and communicates basic research, research-based consulting, and commissioned work by the Danish Parliament The Folketing ( , ), also known as the Parliament of Denmark or the Danish Parliament in English, is the unicameral national legislature (parliament) of the Kingdom of Denmark — Denmar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Counterinsurgency
Counterinsurgency (COIN, or NATO spelling counter-insurgency) is "the totality of actions aimed at defeating irregular forces". The Oxford English Dictionary defines counterinsurgency as any "military or political action taken against the activities of guerrillas or revolutionaries" and can be considered war by a state against a non-state adversary. Insurgency and counterinsurgency campaigns have been waged since ancient history. Western thought on fighting 'small wars' gained interest during initial periods of European colonisation, with modern thinking on counterinsurgency was developed during decolonization. During insurgency and counterinsurgency, the distinction between civilians and combatants is often blurred. Counterinsurgency may involve attempting to win the hearts and minds of populations supporting the insurgency. Alternatively, it may be waged in an attempt to intimidate or eliminate civilian populations suspected of loyalty to the insurgency through indiscri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hassan Sheikh Mohamud
Hassan Sheikh Mohamud (Somali language, Somali: ''Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud''; ; born 29 November 1955) is a Somali politician serving as the president of Somalia since 15 May 2022. He previously held the office from 2012 to 2017. Hassan was previously a university professor and Dean (education), dean at SIMAD University, which he co-founded. During 2012 he was elected President of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia, Transitional Federal Government (TFG). ''Time (magazine), Time'' magazine placed him on an annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2013. During 2014 he controversially welcomed the entry of Ethiopian National Defense Force, Ethiopian troops into the African Union Mission to Somalia, African Union mission in the wake of the War in Somalia (2006–2009), 2006 invasion. His first administration faced serious criticism for rampant corruption, Censorship, media restrictions and abuse of power. After losing power in 2017, he became the found ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reuters
Reuters ( ) is a news agency owned by Thomson Reuters. It employs around 2,500 journalists and 600 photojournalists in about 200 locations worldwide writing in 16 languages. Reuters is one of the largest news agencies in the world. The agency was established in London in 1851 by Paul Reuter. The Thomson Corporation of Canada acquired the agency in a 2008 corporate merger, resulting in the formation of the Thomson Reuters Corporation. In December 2024, Reuters was ranked as the 27th most visited news site in the world, with over 105 million monthly readers. History 19th century Paul Julius Reuter worked at a book-publishing firm in Berlin and was involved in distributing radical pamphlets at the beginning of the Revolutions of 1848. These publications brought much attention to Reuter, who in 1850 developed a prototype news service in Aachen using homing pigeons and electric telegraphy from 1851 on, in order to transmit messages between Brussels and Aachen, in what today is Aa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peace And Security Council
The Peace and Security Council (PSC) is the organ of the African Union in charge of enforcing union decisions. It is patterned somewhat after the United Nations Security Council. The PSC is also the main pillar of the African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA), and works with other pillars of the APSA in order to promote "peace, security and stability in Africa". The specific goal of the Peace and Security Council (PSC) is the "prevention, management and resolution of conflicts". To achieve these goals, it involves subsidiary organizations such as the Military Staff Committee and the Committee of Experts. Members are elected by the African Union Executive Council and endorsed by the Assembly of the African Union so as to reflect regional balance within Africa, as well as a variety of other criteria, including capacity to contribute militarily and financially to the union, political will to do so, and effective diplomatic presence at Addis Ababa. The council is composed of fi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Insurgency
An insurgency is a violent, armed rebellion by small, lightly armed bands who practice guerrilla warfare against a larger authority. The key descriptive feature of insurgency is its asymmetric warfare, asymmetric nature: small irregular forces face a large, well-equipped, regular military force State (polity), state adversary. Due to this asymmetry, insurgents avoid large-scale direct battles, opting instead to blend in with the civilian population (often in rural areas) where they gradually expand territorial control and military forces. Insurgency frequently hinges on control of and collaboration with local populations. An insurgency can be fought via counter-insurgency warfare, as well as other political, economic and social actions of various kinds. Due to the blending of insurgents with the civilian population, insurgencies tend to involve considerable violence against civilians (by the state and the insurgents). State attempts to quell insurgencies frequently lead to the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Transitional Federal Government Of Somalia
The Transitional Federal Government (TFG) (, , ) was internationally recognized as a provisional government of the Somalia from 14 October 2004 until 20 August 2012. It was established in Nairobi, Kenya, following the Transitional National Government (TNG), and formed part of an internationally backed peace process aimed at restoring state institutions after the collapse of the Somali Democratic Republic in 1991. The TFG operated under the Transitional Federal Charter and represented the 14th attempt to establish a central government since the outbreak of civil war. Initially based in Kenya, the TFG relocated to Somalia in 2005 amid internal divisions and low public confidence. The first administration, led by President Abdullahi Yusuf, was plagued by disputes over the deployment of foreign troops, deep factionalism, and competing claims of authority. With strong military and political backing from Ethiopia, the TFG was installed in Mogadishu following Ethiopia's 2006 invasion ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
