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Administrative Proceeding
Administrative law is a division of law governing the activities of executive branch agencies of government. Administrative law includes executive branch rulemaking (executive branch rules are generally referred to as "regulations"), adjudication, and the enforcement of laws. Administrative law is considered a branch of public law. Administrative law deals with the decision-making of administrative units of government that are part of the executive branch in such areas as international trade, manufacturing, the environment, taxation, broadcasting, immigration, and transport. Administrative law expanded greatly during the 20th century, as legislative bodies worldwide created more government agencies to regulate the social, economic and political spheres of human interaction. Civil law countries often have specialized administrative courts that review these decisions. In the last fifty years, administrative law, in many countries of the civil law tradition, has opened itself ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Government Agency
A government agency or state agency, sometimes an appointed commission, is a permanent or semi-permanent organization in the machinery of government (bureaucracy) that is responsible for the oversight and administration of specific functions, such as an Administration (government), administration. There is a notable variety of agency types. Although usage differs, a government agency is normally distinct both from a department or Ministry (government department), ministry, and other types of public body established by government. The functions of an agency are normally executive in character since different types of organizations (''such as commissions'') are most often constituted in an advisory role — this distinction is often blurred in practice however, it is not allowed. A government agency may be established by either a national government or a state government within a federal system. Agencies can be established by legislation or by executive powers. The autonomy, indep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Basic Law For The Federal Republic Of Germany
The Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany () is the constitution of the Germany, Federal Republic of Germany. The West German Constitution was approved in Bonn on 8 May 1949 and came into effect on 23 May after having been approved by the occupying western Allies of World War II on 12 May. It was termed "Basic Law" (, ) to indicate that it was a provisional piece of legislation pending the reunification of Germany. However, when reunification took place in 1990, the Basic Law was retained as the definitive constitution of reunified Germany. Its original field of application ()—that is, the states that were initially included in the West Germany, Federal Republic of Germany—consisted of the three Western Allies' zones of occupation, but at the insistence of the Western Allies, formally excluded West Berlin. In 1990, the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany, Two Plus Four Agreement between the two parts of Germany and all four Allies stipulated the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hans Peter Bull
Hans Peter Bull (born 17 October 1936) is a German constitutional lawyer and jurist. He served between 1978 and 1985 as West Germany's first Federal Commissioner for Data Protection. It was widely believed that he was appointed at the eleventh hour only after the anticipated appointee, Spiros Simitis, had turned the job down because previously agreed levels of resourcing were dramatically cut at the last minute. Bull took on the job in an atmosphere of continuing scepticism over the levels of government commitment to data protection and Information Technology legislation more generally. Life Bull was born at Lübben (Spreewald), a small town in the marshy countryside to the south of Berlin. Hans-Joachim Bull (1906–1977), his father, was a lawyer and a judge whom Bull has described (in print) as "a self-confident choleric man with rigid principles, most of which dated back to the days of the kaiser...". The family - Hans Peter Bull, his two-year-old sister, the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Legal Certainty
Legal certainty is a principle in national and international law which holds that the law must provide those subject to it with the ability to regulate their conduct. See also * * *Due process *International human rights law International human rights law (IHRL) is the body of international law designed to promote human rights on social, regional, and domestic levels. As a form of international law, international human rights law is primarily made up of treaties, ag ... * Rational basis test Further reading *Gerit BetlemThe Doctrine of Consistent Interpretation—Managing Legal Uncertainty ''Oxford Journal of Legal Studies'', 2002. *Anthony D'AmatoLegal Uncertainty ''California Law Review'', 1983. *Uri WeissThe Regressive Effect of Legal Uncertainty ''The Journal of Dispute Resolution'', 2019. References Legal doctrines and principles {{law-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Right To Entrepreneurship
Freedom of Commerce and Industry (''Liberté du commerce et de l'industrie'') is a French legal principle established during the French Revolution governing economic activities. It describes am economically liberal regulatory framework characterized by free market access and competition, while allowing for public authorities to intervene for regulatory purposes. Relationship with related concepts While French legal terminology historically emphasized the term "freedom of commerce and industry", the Constitutional Council of France introduced the concept of "freedom to undertake" (''liberté d'entreprendre'') in 1982. Other liberal economies often employ broader terms, such as "economic freedom", as seen in Article 27 of the Swiss Constitution. French jurists have debated distinctions between these terminologies. Some argue that "freedom to undertake" is a subset of the broader "freedom of commerce and industry", which includes competitive freedoms. Others contend that "freedom ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Freedom Of Association
Freedom of association encompasses both an individual's right to join or leave groups voluntarily, the right of the group to take collective action to pursue the interests of its members, and the right of an association to accept or decline membership based on certain criteria. It can be described as the right of a person coming together with other individuals to collectively express, promote, pursue and/or defend common interests. Freedom of association is both an individual right and a collective right, guaranteed by all modern and democratic legal systems, including the United States Bill of Rights, article 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights, section 2 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, and international law, including articles 20 and 23 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and article 22 of International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work by the International Labour Organizati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Public Service
A public service or service of general (economic) interest is any service intended to address the needs of aggregate members of a community, whether provided directly by a public sector agency, via public financing available to private businesses or voluntary organisations, or by private businesses subject to government regulation. Some public services are provided on behalf of a government's residents or in the interest of its citizens. The term is associated with a social consensus (usually expressed through democratic elections) that certain services should be available to all, regardless of income, physical ability or mental acuity. Examples of such services include the fire services, police, air force, paramedics and public service broadcasting. Even where public services are neither publicly provided nor publicly financed, they are usually subject to regulation beyond that applying to most economic sectors for social and political reasons. Public policy, when made ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Right To Fair Trial
A fair trial is a trial which is "conducted fairly, justly, and with procedural regularity by an impartial judge". Various rights associated with a fair trial are explicitly proclaimed in Article 10 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution, and Article 6 of the European Convention of Human Rights, in addition to numerous other constitutions and declarations throughout the world. There is no binding international law that defines what is not a fair trial; for example, the right to a jury trial and other important procedures vary from nation to nation. Definition in international human rights law The right to fair trial is very helpful to explore in numerous declarations which represent customary international law, such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). Though the UDHR enshrines some fair trial rights, such as the presumption of innocence until the accus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Legal Doctrine
A legal doctrine is a framework, set of rules, Procedural law, procedural steps, or Test (law), test, often established through precedent in the common law, through which judgments can be determined in a given legal case. For example, a doctrine comes about when a judge makes a ruling where a process is outlined and applied, and allows for it to be Case law, equally applied to like cases. When enough judges make use of the process, it may become established as the ''de facto'' method of deciding like situations. Examples Examples of legal doctrines include: See also * Constitutionalism * Constitutional economics * Concept * Rule according to higher law * Legal fiction * Legal precedent * ''Cogitationis poenam nemo patitur'' * ''Ex aequo et bono'' References External links * *Pierre Schlag and Amy J. Griffin, "How to do Things with Legal Doctrine" (University of Chicago Press 2020) * Emerson H. Tiller and Frank B. Cross,What is Legal Doctrine? " ''Northwestern University ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jurisprudence Constante
' ( French for "stable jurisprudence", or literally, "constant jurisprudence") is a legal doctrine A legal doctrine is a framework, set of rules, Procedural law, procedural steps, or Test (law), test, often established through precedent in the common law, through which judgments can be determined in a given legal case. For example, a doctrine ... according to which a long series of previous decisions applying a particular legal principle or rule is highly persuasive but not controlling in subsequent cases dealing with similar or identical issues of law. This doctrine is recognized in most civil law jurisdictions as well as in certain mixed jurisdictions, e.g., Louisiana. The rule of law applied in the ' directly compares with '. But the Louisiana Supreme Court notes the principal difference between the two legal doctrines: a single court decision can provide sufficient foundation for '; however, "a series of adjudicated cases, all in accord, form the basis for '." Mor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
