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4-maleylacetoacetic Acid
4-Maleylacetoacetate (4-maleylacetoacetatic acid) is an intermediate in the metabolism of tyrosine. It is converted to fumarylacetoacetate by the enzyme Enzymes () are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrate (chemistry), substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecule ... 4-maleylacetoacetate cis-trans-isomerase. Gluthathione coenzymatically helps in conversion to fumarylacetoacetic acid. See also * Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase Beta-keto acids Enones Diketones {{biochem-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tyrosine
-Tyrosine or tyrosine (symbol Tyr or Y) or 4-hydroxyphenylalanine is one of the 20 standard amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize proteins. It is a non-essential amino acid with a polar side group. The word "tyrosine" is from the Greek ''tyrós'', meaning ''cheese'', as it was first discovered in 1846 by German chemist Justus von Liebig in the protein casein from cheese. It is called tyrosyl when referred to as a functional group or side chain. While tyrosine is generally classified as a hydrophobic amino acid, it is more hydrophilic than phenylalanine. It is encoded by the codons UAC and UAU in messenger RNA. Functions Aside from being a proteinogenic amino acid, tyrosine has a special role by virtue of the phenol functionality. It occurs in proteins that are part of signal transduction processes and functions as a receiver of phosphate groups that are transferred by way of protein kinases. Phosphorylation of the hydroxyl group can change the activity of the targ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fumarylacetoacetate
Fumarylacetoacetic acid (fumarylacetoacetate) is an intermediate in the metabolism of tyrosine. It is formed through the conversion of maleylacetoacetate into fumarylacetoacetate by the enzyme maleylacetoacetate isomerase. See also * Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase Fumarylacetoacetase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''FAH'' gene located on chromosome 15. The FAH gene is thought to be involved in the catabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine in humans. Function Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase ( ... References Dicarboxylic acids Beta-keto acids Enones {{biochem-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Enzyme
Enzymes () are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrate (chemistry), substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules known as product (chemistry), products. Almost all metabolism, metabolic processes in the cell (biology), cell need enzyme catalysis in order to occur at rates fast enough to sustain life. Metabolic pathways depend upon enzymes to catalyze individual steps. The study of enzymes is called ''enzymology'' and the field of pseudoenzyme, pseudoenzyme analysis recognizes that during evolution, some enzymes have lost the ability to carry out biological catalysis, which is often reflected in their amino acid sequences and unusual 'pseudocatalytic' properties. Enzymes are known to catalyze more than 5,000 biochemical reaction types. Other biocatalysts are Ribozyme, catalytic RNA molecules, called ribozymes. Enzymes' Chemical specificity, specific ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
4-maleylacetoacetate Cis-trans-isomerase
In enzymology, maleylacetoacetate isomerase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :4-maleylacetoacetate \rightleftharpoons 4-fumarylacetoacetate This enzyme belongs to the family of isomerases, specifically ''cis''-''trans'' isomerases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 4-maleylacetoacetate ''cis''-''trans''-isomerase. 4-Maleylacetoacetate isomerase is an enzyme involved in the degradation of L-phenylalanine. It is encoded by the gene glutathione S-transferase zeta 1, or GSTZ1. This enzyme catalyzes the conversion of 4-maleylacetoacetate to 4-fumarylacetoacetate. 4-Maleylacetoacetate isomerase belongs to the zeta class of the glutathione S-transferase (GST) superfamily.; Mechanism In the phenylalanine degradation pathway, 4-maleylacetoacetate isomerase catalyzes a ''cis''-''trans'' isomerization of 4-maleylacetoacetate to fumarylacetoacetate. 4-maleylacetoacetate isomerase requires the cofactor glutathione to function. Ser 15, Cys 16, Gln 111, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase
Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (homogentisic acid oxidase, homogentisate oxidase, homogentisicase) is an enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of homogentisate to 4-maleylacetoacetate. Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase or HGD is involved in the catabolism of aromatic rings, more specifically in the breakdown of the amino acids tyrosine and phenylalanine. HGD appears in the metabolic pathway of tyrosine and phenylalanine degradation once the molecule homogentisate is produced. Homogentisate reacts with HGD to produce maleylacetoacetate, which then is further used in the metabolic pathway. HGD requires the use of Fe2+ and O2 in order to cleave the aromatic ring of homogentisate. Image:Homogentisic acid.svg, homogentisate Image:4-maleylacetoacetic acid.svg, 4-maleylacetoacetate Enzyme active site The active site of Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase was determined through the crystal structure, which was captured through the work of Titus et al. Through the crystal structure the active s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
