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2023 French Pension Reform Unrest
A series of protests began in France on 19 January 2023 with a demonstration of over one million people nationwide, organised by opponents of the pension reform bill proposed by the Borne government to increase the retirement age from 62 to 64. The strikes led to widespread disruption, including garbage piling up in the streets and public transport cancellations. In March, the government used Article 49.3 of the Constitution to force the bill through the French Parliament, sparking more protests and two failed no confidence votes, contributing to an increase in violence in protests alongside the union-organised strike action. Several organizations, including human rights groups such as Reporters Without Borders and France's Human Rights League condemned France's crackdown on protests and also denounced the assault on journalists. In addition, the Council of Europe also criticised the "excessive use of force by agents of the state". Background The issue of pension ref ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protests Against Emmanuel Macron
Since Emmanuel Macron was elected President of France on 7 May 2017, a series of protests have been conducted by trade union activists, left-wing activists and right-wing activists in opposition to what protesters consider to be neoliberal policies and globalism, his support of state visits by certain world leaders, his positions on French labour law reform, as well as various comments or policy proposals he has made since assuming the presidency. According to Amnesty International, French authorities have used the state of emergency, which was in effect from the November 2015 Paris attacks until November 2017, to suppress protests, employing their emergency powers. They "imposed 639 measures preventing specific individuals participating in public assemblies. Of these, 574 were targeted at those protesting against proposed labour law reforms". Post-election On 8 May 2017, only a few hours after Macron was announced the winner of the 2017 French presidential election, union pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Looting
Looting is the act of stealing, or the taking of goods by force, typically in the midst of a military, political, or other social crisis, such as war, natural disasters (where law and civil enforcement are temporarily ineffective), or rioting. The proceeds of all these activities can be described as booty, loot, plunder, spoils, or pillage. During modern-day armed conflicts, looting is prohibited by international law, and constitutes a war crime.Rule 52. Pillage is prohibited. ''Customary IHL Database'', (ICRC)/ |
Union Communiste Libertaire
The ''Union communiste libertaire'' (UCL, en, Libertarian Communist Union) is a French platformist federation, established in 2019 from the merging of Alternative Libertaire and the Coordination of Anarchist Groups. In addition to revolutionary struggle, they engage in social and environmental struggles. History At a founding congress organized in the Allier from 8 to 10 June 2019, Alternative Libertaire (AL) and the Coordination of Anarchist Groups (CGA) enacted their fusion, the result of a year of discussions. AL, the successor of the Libertarian Communist Workers' Union founded in 1991, and the CGA, a split of the Anarchist Federation founded in 2002, were two libertarian communist organizations. Close ideologically and in their political practice, they began their merger in February 2018.Abel Mestre"À l'extrême gauche, les libertaires jouent l’union" Le Monde The new organization, which wants to set up self-organized struggles, aims to lead feminist, anti-racist, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anarchist Federation (France)
''Fédération Anarchiste'' (Anarchist Federation) is an anarchist federation in France, Belgium and Switzerland. It is a member of the International of Anarchist Federations since the latter's establishment in 1968. History The ''Fédération anarchiste'' (FA) was founded in Paris on December 2, 1945, and elected Georges Fontenis as its first secretary the next year. It was composed of a majority of activists from a former incarnation of the FA (which supported Voline's Synthesis anarchism, Synthesis) and some members of the former Union anarchiste, which backed CNT-FAI support for the Republican government during the Spanish Civil War. A youth organization of the FA (the Jeunesses libertaires) was also created. In 1950, a clandestine group formed within the FA called Organisation Pensée Bataille (OPB), led by Georges Fontenis. The OPB pushed for a move which saw the FA change its name to the Fédération communiste libertaire (FCL) after the 1953 Congress in Paris, while ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anarchism In France
Anarchism in France can trace its roots to thinker Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, who grew up during the Restoration and was the first self-described anarchist. French anarchists fought in the Spanish Civil War as volunteers in the International Brigades. According to journalist Brian Doherty, "The number of people who subscribed to the anarchist movement's many publications was in the tens of thousands in France alone." History The origins of the modern anarchist movement lie in the events of the French Revolution, which the historian Thomas Carlyle characterized as the "open violent Rebellion, and Victory, of disimprisoned Anarchy against corrupt worn-out Authority". Immediately following the storming of the Bastille, the communes of France began to organize themselves into systems of local self-government, maintaining their independence from the State and organizing unity between communes through federalist principles. Direct democracy was implemented in the local districts of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Confédération Nationale Du Travail
The CNT-F (Confédération nationale du travail) or National Confederation of Labour is a French anarcho-syndicalist union. It was founded in 1946 by Spanish anarcho-syndicalists in exile, and former members of Confédération Générale du Travail-Syndicaliste Révolutionnaire (CGT-SR), its name is derived from the Spanish CNT, the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo. Division Nowadays, two French organisations share the name CNT: * the ''CNT-Vignoles'' (or ''CNT-f''), from the name of the street where their main office in Paris is located. It contains the most members of the two organisations. They decline the term anarchist, preferring to call themselves "revolutionary unionist" (''syndicalistes révolutionnaires'').Bénédicte RalluLe réveil des chats noirs, '' Politis'', 4 April 2005 (Interviews of members of the CNT-Vignoles They accept the terms of the 1906 Charter of Amiens, the Charter of Lyon (1926) and the charter of Paris (1946). They also accept parti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Union Syndicale Solidaires
The Solidaires or Solidaires Unitaires Démocratiques (SUD) is a French group of trade unions. Political position They tend to favor Progressivism, progressive or even Far left, radical views and work with the alter-globalization or anti-globalization movement. The Group of 10 and the SUD Unions are part of the European Social Forum and the World Social Forum. Most of the SUD trade-union practice a syndicalism of struggle (''syndicalisme de lutte''), like factions of the Confédération Générale du Travail, CGT, Force Ouvrière, FO and the Confédération nationale du travail, CNT. That places it in opposition to the reformist or negotiation unions: the CFDT, Confédération Française des Travailleurs Chrétiens (CFTC), CFE-CGC and Union nationale des syndicats autonomes (UNSA). Many members of SUD are also members of the New Anticapitalist Party, but there are also communist, socialist, ecologist, and anarchist sympathizers within the union. History The Group of 10 w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Union Of Autonomous Trade Unions
The National Union of Autonomous Trade Unions (french: Union nationale des syndicats autonomes, UNSA) is one of the French confederations of trade unions, but they do not have the ''présomption irréfragable de représentativité'' of the General Confederation of Labour (CGT), French Democratic Confederation of Labour (CFDT), Workers' Force (CGT-FO), French Confederation of Christian Workers (CFTC) and French Confederation of Management – General Confederation of Executives (CFE-CGC). Profile The UNSA wishes to gather the reformist unions, founded on independence and dialogue with employers. However, the UNSA is not strongly implanted everywhere in France, and received most votes from the white-collar workers and the engineers. The UNSA challenges the entrenched leadership of the reformist unions: the CFDT, CFTC and CFE-CGC, though the UNSA often co-operates with these unions. Professional elections The UNSA won 6.25% of the vote in the employee's college during the 2008 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Confederation Of Christian Workers
The French Confederation of Christian Workers (french: italic=no, Confédération française des travailleurs chrétiens; CFTC) is one of the five major French confederation of trade unions, belonging to the social Christian tradition. It was founded in 1919 as the Trade Union of Employees of Industry and Commerce under the inspiration of Exupérien Mas with the goal of safeguarding the material as well as the spiritual interests of its members. In 1964, the union split, a majority founding the French Democratic Confederation of Labour (CFDT), a non-confessional trade-union. The CFTC is a member of the International Trade Union Confederation and the European Trade Union Confederation. Its leader is Jacques Voisin. Professional elections The CFTC won 8.69% of the vote in the employee's college during the 2008 professional elections. This result, however, is below the CFTC's 9.65% result in 2002, its best showing to date. In 2021 the CFTC won 11% of the vote. Affiliates The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Confederation Of Management – General Confederation Of Executives
The French Confederation of Management – General Confederation of Executives (french: Confédération française de l'encadrement - Confédération générale des cadres, CFE-CGC) is one of the five major French confederations of trade unions. It only organizes unions for professional employees, with higher education and/or in management or executive positions. It originated from several former unions of engineers Engineers, as practitioners of engineering, are professionals who Invention, invent, design, analyze, build and test machines, complex systems, structures, gadgets and materials to fulfill functional objectives and requirements while considerin ... in 1945. Its leader is François Hommeril. Professional Elections The CFE-CGC won 8.19% of the vote in the employee's college during the 2008 professional elections, its best result to date. It had won 7.01% in 2002. Affiliates The following federations and unions are affiliated: *Federation of the food industry ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Workers' Force
The General Confederation of Labor - Workers' Force (french: Confédération Générale du Travail - Force Ouvrière, or simply , FO), is one of the five major union confederations in France. In terms of following, it is the third behind the CGT and the CFDT. Force Ouvrière was founded in 1948 by former members of the General Confederation of Labor (CGT) who denounced the dominance of the French Communist Party over that federation. FO is a member of the European Trade Union Confederation. Its leader is Pascal Pavageau since April 2018. History After World War II, members of the French Communist Party attained considerable influence within the CGT, controlling 21 of its 30 federations. Senior figures such as Robert Bothereau and the former secretary general, Léon Jouhaux, opposed this development. These opponents denounced Communist influence as a threat to the independent position of trade unions, a principle enshrined in the 1906 ''Charte d'Amiens''. They founded a p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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