|
2020–2021 Xi Jinping Administration Reform Spree
In 2020, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and various Chinese regulatory bodies, under CCP General Secretary Xi Jinping, began a regulatory spree, strengthening regulations, issuing fines, and introducing or modifying laws. Though mostly targeted at disrupting the growth of "monopolistic" technology companies, the government also introduced other reforms with implications for large swathes of the economy and life in China. Actions taken included the implementation of restrictions on for-profit tutoring and education companies, the refinement of existing rules for limits on minors playing online video games, and the introduction of new antitrust rules. Background and origins Historical background Economic reforms under Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping in the 1980s relaxed government control of some portions of the economy, allowing for the emergence of private industry. China maintains numerous state-owned enterprises and the economy, referred to as a socialist market economy, oper ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chinese Communist Party
The Communist Party of China (CPC), also translated into English as Chinese Communist Party (CCP), is the founding and One-party state, sole ruling party of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Founded in 1921, the CCP emerged victorious in the Chinese Civil War against the Kuomintang and Proclamation of the People's Republic of China, proclaimed the establishment of the PRC under the leadership of Mao Zedong in October 1949. Since then, the CCP has governed China and has had sole control over the People's Liberation Army (PLA). , the CCP has more than 99 million members, making it the List of largest political parties, second largest political party by membership in the world. In 1921, Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao led the founding of the CCP with the help of the Far Eastern Bureau of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and Far Eastern Bureau of the Communist International. Although the CCP aligned with the Kuomintang (KMT) during its initia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Common Prosperity
Common prosperity ( zh, s=共同富裕, hp=Gòngtóng fùyù) is a Chinese Communist Party (CCP) political slogan and stated goal to bolster social equality and economic equity. Under the leadership of CCP chairman Mao Zedong, common prosperity meant collective ownership. Paramount leader Deng Xiaoping redefined the way to achieve common prosperity by saying that some could get rich before others. Under the leadership of CCP general secretary Xi Jinping, the term gained large-scale prominence, with Xi defining common prosperity as more equal distribution of income but also saying that it is not uniform egalitarianism. History Yu Yongyue and Wang Shiming of the Institute of Party History and Literature of the CCP Central Committee wrote that "common prosperity has always been the ideal pursued by the Chinese people for thousands of years". The article said that the concepts and ideas of common prosperity has its roots in historical China, including ideas and works such as the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Initial Public Offering
An initial public offering (IPO) or stock launch is a public offering in which shares of a company are sold to institutional investors and usually also to retail (individual) investors. An IPO is typically underwritten by one or more investment banks, who also arrange for the shares to be listed on one or more stock exchanges. Through this process, colloquially known as ''floating'', or ''going public'', a privately held company is transformed into a public company. Initial public offerings can be used to raise new equity capital for companies, to monetize the investments of private shareholders such as company founders or private equity investors, and to enable easy trading of existing holdings or future capital raising by becoming publicly traded. After the IPO, shares are traded freely in the open market at what is known as the free float. Stock exchanges stipulate a minimum free float both in absolute terms (the total value as determined by the share price multiplied ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alibaba Group
Alibaba Group Holding Limited, branded as Alibaba (), is a Chinese Multinational corporation, multinational technology company specializing in E-commerce in China, e-commerce, retail, Internet, and technology. Founded on 28 June 1999 in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, the company provides consumer-to-consumer (C2C), business-to-consumer (B2C), and business-to-business (B2B) sales services via Chinese and global marketplaces, as well as local consumer, digital media and entertainment, logistics, and cloud computing services. It owns and operates a diverse portfolio of companies around the world in numerous business sectors. On 19 September 2014, Alibaba's American initial public offering (IPO) on the New York Stock Exchange raised US$25 billion, giving the company a market value of US$231 billion and, by far, then the largest IPO in world history. It is one of the top 10 most valuable corporations, and is named the 31st-largest public company in the world on the Forbes Global 2000, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jack Ma
Ma Yun (; born 10 September 1964), or more commonly referred as Jack Ma, is a Chinese businessman and philanthropist. He is the founder of the Jack Ma Foundation, and co-founder of Alibaba Group and Yunfeng Capital. As of May 2025, Ma's net worth was estimated at 27.2 billion. After taking the '' gaokao'' three times, Ma earned a bachelor’s degree in English from Hangzhou Normal University in 1988 and was assigned as an English and international trade lecturer at Hangzhou Dianzi University. Interested in internet entrepreneurship since the 1980s, he founded his first business, Hangzhou Hope Translation Agency, in 1994. The following year, he created the agency’s website and then resigned from the university to establish Hangzhou Hope Computer Services Co., Ltd., one of China’s earliest internet startups, which operated an online yellow pages service for Chinese companies. In 1996, Ma’s company was acquired by China Telecommunications Corporation. Following an unsa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ant Group
Ant Group ( zh, s=蚂蚁集团, p=Mǎyǐ jítuán, t=), formerly known as Ant Financial, is an affiliate company of the Chinese conglomerate Alibaba Group. The group owns the world's largest mobile (digital) payment platform Alipay, which serves over 1.3 billion users and 80 million merchants, with total payment volume (TPV) reaching in June 2020. As of 2024, it is the sixth largest fintech company in the world. In March 2019, ''The Wall Street Journal'' reported that Ant's flagship Tianhong Yu'e Bao money-market fund was the largest in the world, with over 588 million users, or more than a third of China's population, contributing cash to it. In October 2020, Ant Group was set to raise US$34.5 billion in the world's largest IPO at the time, valuing the company at US$313 billion. On the eve of the IPO, China stopped the process from moving forward. It was reported that the Chinese Communist Party leader Xi Jinping personally scuttled the Ant IPO. On 12 April 2021, ''The Wall St ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Enabling ECommerce- Small Enterprises, Global Players (39008130265) (cropped)
In psychotherapy and mental health, enabling is the encouragement of some behaviour, especially if said behaviour is either particularly positive or dysfunctional.elinewberger.com From the page on 'enabling', by Eli H. Newberger, M.D., referenced by that web page to ''The Men They Will Become'' ch.18 "Enabling". Positive As a positive term, "enabling" describes patterns of interaction which allow individuals to develop and grow in a healthy direction. These patterns may be on any scale, for example within the ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
R&F Properties
R&F Properties () is a Chinese property developer based in Zhujiang New Town, Guangzhou, Guangdong. Established in 1994, it is one of the largest-scale real estate companies in Guangzhou. It is engaged in integrating real estate design, development, engineering supervision, sales, property management and real estate intermediary. Its H shares were listed at the Hong Kong Stock Exchange on 14 July 2005. It is also the first mainland real estate enterprise joining into Hang Seng China Enterprises Index. History R&F Properties was founded in 1994 by Li Silian and was listed on the main board of the Hong Kong Stock Exchange in July 2005. It once became one of the constituent stocks of the Hang Seng China Enterprises Index but was removed in 2011. In December 2009, R&F Properties, together with a consortium of Country Garden and Agile Properties, acquired the land for the Asian Games City in Panyu, Guangzhou, for RMB 25.5 billion. In April 2010, R&F Real Estate purchased a piece ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Three Red Lines
The three red lines (Chinese: 三條紅線, Simplified: 三条红线, Pinyin: sān tiáo hóng xiàn) are financial regulatory guidelines in the People's Republic of China introduced in August 2020 relating to the ratio of debt to cash, equity, and assets. It was introduced to help rein in the highly indebted property-development sector in China, seen especially in large real estate concerns such as Evergrande, which faced a liquidity crisis in Q4 2021. History In 2017, Chinese Communist Party (CCP) general secretary Xi Jinping's government started to tighten the real estate market based on the principle that "property is to be lived in, not to be speculated on." These remarks came during the 19th CCP National Congress. The three red lines were the most stringent regulatory measures based on these remarks. These rules were issued in 2020. They stated property should adhere to the following rules: * Liabilities should not exceed 70 percent of assets (excluding advance procee ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Bureau Of Economic Research
The National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) is an American private nonprofit research organization "committed to undertaking and disseminating unbiased economic research among public policymakers, business professionals, and the academic community." The NBER is known for proposing start and end dates for recessions in the United States. Many chairpersons of the Council of Economic Advisers were previously NBER research associates, including the former NBER president and Harvard professor Martin Feldstein. The NBER's current president and CEO is James M. Poterba of MIT. History Founding The NBER was established in 1920 following debates during the Progressive era over income distribution. Founded by Malcolm Rorty and Nachum Stone, the NBER aimed to fill the information gap on economic data. The organization's research is restricted to presenting data and findings without making policy recommendations. Early years The NBER initially received support from the Carnegie F ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Working Paper
A working paper or work paper may be: *A working paper or technical paper. This encompasses literature that has not been peer reviewed or published in an academic journal. Working papers may be disseminated for the purpose of receiving feedback to improve the publication. They are often the basis for related works, and may in themselves be cited by peer-review papers. They may be considered as grey literature. * Sometimes the term working paper is used synonymously as technical report. Working papers are typically hosted on websites, belonging either to the author or the author's affiliated institution. The United Nations uses the term "working paper" in approximately this sense for the draft of a resolution. *Documents required for a minor to get a job in certain states within the United States. Such papers usually require the employer, parent/ guardian, school, and a physician to agree to the terms of work laid out by the employer. * Audit working papers: Documents required ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
