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2-MAPB
2-MAPB is a recreational designer drug with empathogenic effects. As with other related substituted benzofuran derivatives such as 6-APB and 5-MAPB, 2-MAPB is a monoamine releaser with some selectivity for serotonin release, generally similar in pharmacological profile to MDMA but with greater activity as a directly acting agonist of 5-HT2 receptor subtypes and somewhat greater toxicity. 2-MAPB has been isolated from post-mortem toxicology screens in several drug-related fatal adverse reactions but generally only as a component of combinations of drugs, making it difficult to determine how much it contributed to the deaths. It is illegal in Japan. See also * Benzofuranylpropylaminopentane * Dimemebfe * 5-Methylmethiopropamine * Methamnetamine Methamnetamine (also known as methylnaphetamine, MNA, MNT and PAL-1046) is a triple monoamine releasing agent and ''N''-methyl analog of the non-neurotoxic experimental drug naphthylaminopropane and the naphthalene analog of metha ...
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Substituted Benzofuran
The substituted benzofurans are a class of chemical compounds based on the heterocyclyc and polycyclic compound benzofuran. Many medicines use the benzofuran core as a scaffold, but most commonly the term is used to refer to the simpler compounds in this class which include numerous psychoactive drugs, including stimulants, psychedelics and empathogens. In general, these compounds have a benzofuran core to which a 2-aminoethyl group is attached (at any position), and combined with a range of other substituents. Some psychoactive derivatives from this family have been sold under the name '' Benzofury''. List of substituted benzofurans The derivatives may be produced by substitutions at six locations of the benzofuran molecule, as well as saturation of the 2,3- double bond. The following table displays notable derivatives that have been reported: Legislation Substituted benzofurans saw widespread use as recreational drugs by being sold as research chemicals making them e ...
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Methamnetamine
Methamnetamine (also known as methylnaphetamine, MNA, MNT and PAL-1046) is a triple monoamine releasing agent and ''N''-methyl analog of the non-neurotoxic experimental drug naphthylaminopropane and the naphthalene analog of methamphetamine. It has been sold online as a designer drug. It acts as a releasing agent of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, with EC50 values of 13 nM, 34 nM, and 10 nM, respectively. Legal status Methamnetamine is illegal in Japan. See also * 2-MAPB * BMAPN * Naphthylaminopropane * HDEP-28 * HDMP-28 * Naphyrone Naphyrone, also known as O-2482 and naphthylpyrovalerone, is a substituted cathinone drug derived from pyrovalerone that acts as a triple reuptake inhibitor, producing stimulant effects and has been reported as a novel designer drug. No safety ... * WF-23 References Methamphetamines Designer drugs Entactogens and empathogens 2-Naphthyl compounds Serotonin receptor agonists Serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine r ...
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Designer Drug
A designer drug is a structural or functional analog of a controlled substance that has been designed to mimic the pharmacological effects of the original drug, while avoiding classification as illegal and/or detection in standard drug tests. Designer drugs include psychoactive substances that have been designated by the European Union as new psychoactive substances (NPS) as well as analogs of performance-enhancing drugs such as designer steroids. Some of these were originally synthesized by academic or industrial researchers in an effort to discover more potent derivatives with fewer side effects, and shorter duration (and possibly also because it is easier to apply for patents for new molecules) and were later co-opted for recreational use. Other designer drugs were prepared for the first time in clandestine laboratories. Because the efficacy and safety of these substances have not been thoroughly evaluated in animal and human trials, the use of some of these drugs may result i ...
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6-APB
6-APB (6-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran) is an empathogenic psychoactive compound of the substituted benzofuran and substituted phenethylamine classes. 6-APB and other compounds are sometimes informally called "Benzofury" in newspaper reports. It is similar in structure to MDA, but differs in that the 3,4- methylenedioxyphenyl ring system has been replaced with a benzofuran ring. 6-APB is also the unsaturated benzofuran derivative of 6-APDB. It may appear as a tan grainy powder. While the drug never became particularly popular, it briefly entered the rave and underground clubbing scene in the UK before its sale and import were banned. It falls under the category of research chemicals, sometimes called "legal highs." Because 6-APB and other substituted benzofurans have not been explicitly outlawed in some countries, they are often technically legal, contributing to their popularity. Pharmacology Pharmacodynamics 6-APB is a serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake i ...
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5-MAPB
5-MAPB (1-(benzofuran-5-yl)-''N''-methylpropan-2-amine) is an entactogenic designer drug similar to MDMA in its structure and effects. Legal Status Canada 5-MAPB is not listed itself in the CDSA but since it is structurally related to MDMA it may be considered illegal in Canada, although this has not been tested in court. China As of October 2015 5-MAPB is a controlled substance in China. Luxembourg As of July 2021, 5-MAPB is not cited in the list of prohibited substances. Therefore, it is still a legal substance. United Kingdom 5-MAPB was originally banned in the UK in June 2013 under a Temporary class drug order. On March 5, 2014, the UK Home Office announced that 5-MAPB would be made a class B drug on 10 June 2014 alongside every other benzofuran entactogen and many structurally related drugs. Pharmacokinetics Metabolism and toxicity Little formal knowledge exists on 5-MAPB. It does not form the alpha-methyldopamine metabolite that contributes to the neurotoxicity of MDM ...
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Monoamine
Monoamine neurotransmitters are neurotransmitters and neuromodulators that contain one amino group connected to an aromatic ring by a two-carbon chain (such as -CH2-CH2-). Examples are dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin. All monoamines are derived from aromatic amino acids like phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan by the action of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase enzymes. They are deactivated in the body by the enzymes known as monoamine oxidases which clip off the amine group. Monoaminergic systems, i.e., the networks of neurons that use monoamine neurotransmitters, are involved in the regulation of processes such as emotion, arousal, and certain types of memory. It has also been found that monoamine neurotransmitters play an important role in the secretion and production of neurotrophin-3 by astrocytes, a chemical which maintains neuron integrity and provides neurons with trophic support. Drugs used to increase or reduce the effect of monoamine neurotransmitters a ...
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Serotonin
Serotonin () or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter. Its biological function is complex and multifaceted, modulating mood, cognition, reward, learning, memory, and numerous physiological processes such as vomiting and vasoconstriction. Approximately 90% of the serotonin that the body produces is in the intestinal tract. Biochemically, the indoleamine molecule derives from the amino acid tryptophan, via the (rate-limiting) Tryptophan hydroxylase, hydroxylation of the 5 position on the ring (forming the intermediate 5-Hydroxytryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptophan), and then Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, decarboxylation to produce serotonin. Serotonin is primarily found in the enteric nervous system located in the human gastrointestinal tract, gastrointestinal tract (GI tract). However, it is also produced in the central nervous system (CNS), specifically in the raphe nuclei located in the brainstem, Merkel cells located in the skin, Neuroendocrine cell#Pulmo ...
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MDMA
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), commonly seen in tablet form (ecstasy) and crystal form (molly or mandy), is a potent empathogen–entactogen with stimulant properties primarily used for recreational purposes. The desired effects include altered sensations, increased energy, empathy, and pleasure. When taken by mouth, effects begin in 30 to 45 minutes and last 3 to 6 hours. MDMA was first developed in 1912 by Merck. It was used to enhance psychotherapy beginning in the 1970s and became popular as a street drug in the 1980s. MDMA is commonly associated with dance parties, raves, and electronic dance music. It may be mixed with other substances such as ephedrine, amphetamine, and methamphetamine. In 2016, about 21 million people between the ages of 15 and 64 used ecstasy (0.3% of the world population). This was broadly similar to the percentage of people who use cocaine or amphetamines, but lower than for cannabis or opioids. In the United States, as of ...
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Benzofuranylpropylaminopentane
Benzofuranylpropylaminopentane (BPAP, (-)-BPAP, BFPAPn, or BFPAP) is a drug with an unusual effects profile. It can loosely be grouped with the stimulant or antidepressant drug families, but its mechanism of action is quite different. BPAP (along with another similar compound (-)-1-phenyl-2-propylaminopentane, PPAP) is classified as a catecholaminergic and serotonergic activity enhancer. This means that it stimulates the Action potential, impulse propagation mediated transmitter release of the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin in the brain. However, unlike stimulant drugs like amphetamine, which release a flood of these neurotransmitters in an uncontrolled manner, BPAP instead only increases the amount of neurotransmitter that gets released when a neuron is stimulated by receiving an impulse from a neighbouring neuron. So while both amphetamine and BPAP increase the amount of neurotransmitters that get released, amphetamine causes neurons to dump neurotrans ...
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Dimemebfe
Dimemebfe (5-MeO-BFE) is a recreational drug and research chemical. It acts as an agonist for the 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 family of serotonin receptors. It is related in structure to the psychedelic tryptamine derivative 5-MeO-DMT, but with the indole nitrogen replaced by oxygen, making dimemebfe a benzofuran derivative. It is several times less potent as a serotonin agonist than 5-MeO-DMT and with relatively more activity at 5-HT1A, but still shows strongest effects at the 5-HT2 family of receptors. Legal status Dimemebfe is a Schedule I Schedule 1 may refer to: * Schedule I Controlled Substances within the US Controlled Substances Act * Schedule I Controlled Drugs and Substances within the Canadian Controlled Drugs and Substances Act * Schedule I Psychotropic Substances within th ... controlled substance in the US state of Alabama. See also * 5-MeO-DiBF References Benzofuranethanamines Designer drugs Serotonin receptor agonists Benzofuran ethers at the benzene ri ...
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5-Methylmethiopropamine
5-Methylmethiopropamine (5-MMPA, mephedrene) is a stimulant drug which is a ring-substituted derivative of methiopropamine. It is not a substituted cathinone derivative like mephedrone, as it lacks a ketone group at the β position of the aliphatic side chain, but instead more closely resembles substituted amphetamines. It has been sold as a designer drug, first being identified in Germany in June 2020. See also * 3-Chloromethamphetamine * 3-Methylamphetamine * 3-Methylmethcathinone * 5-Cl-bk-MPA 5-Chloro-β-keto-methiopropamine (5-Cl-βk-MPA) is a recreational designer drug with stimulant effects. It is a substituted cathinone derivative with a thiophene core, closely related to better known drugs such as βk-Methiopropamine and mephe ... References {{DEFAULTSORT:Methylmethiopropamine, 5- Amines Stimulants Thiophenes Designer drugs Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors ...
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