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1955 In Science
The year 1955 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed below. Astronomy and space sciences * January 8 – Penumbral lunar eclipse. * June ** Fred Hoyle and Martin Schwarzschild describe the mechanism for the creation of red giant stars. ** The first evidence for existence of a magnetosphere of Jupiter, a record of decametric radio emission (DAM) with a spectrum extending up to 40 MHz, is published. * June 5 – Penumbral lunar eclipse. * June 20 – Total solar eclipse of 7 min 8 sec duration, the longest between the 11th and 22nd centuries, visible in Southeast Asia. During the entire Second Millennium, only seven such eclipses exceed seven minutes of totality. * August – The United States Department of Defense approves Project Vanguard to launch a satellite. * November 29 – Partial lunar eclipse. * December 14 – Annular solar eclipse. * Jan Oort confirms that polarized light from the Crab Nebula is produced by synchrotron radiation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Solar Eclipse Of December 14, 1955
An annular solar eclipse occurred at the Moon's Lunar node, ascending node of orbit on Wednesday, December 14, 1955, with a Magnitude of eclipse, magnitude of 0.9176. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is smaller than the Sun's, blocking most of the Sun's light and causing the Sun to look like an Annulus (mathematics), annulus (ring). An annular eclipse appears as a partial eclipse over a region of the Earth thousands of kilometres wide. Occurring about 1 day before Apsis, apogee (on December 15, 1955, at 7:10 UTC), the Moon's apparent diameter was smaller. The duration of annularity at maximum eclipse (closest to but slightly shorter than the longest duration) was 12 minutes, 9.17 seconds in the Indian Ocean. It was the longest annular solar eclipse from December 17, 168 to January 14, 3080. Among all ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Human Genetics (journal)
''Human Genetics'' is a peer-reviewed medical journal covering all aspects of human genetics, including legal and social issues. It was established in 1964 by Arno Motulsky and Friedrich Vogel as the German-language ''Humangenetik'', obtaining its current title in 1976. It is published by Springer Science+Business Media. Its editors-in-chief are David N. Cooper (Cardiff University) and Thomas J. Hudson (Ontario Institute for Cancer Research). According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 5.3. Ethics scandal The journal published findings exploring the DNA of physical appearance traits of Uighur men from Tumxuk TumxukThe official spelling according to , (Beijing, ''SinoMaps Press'' 1997); is a county-level city in the western part of Xinjiang, China. The eastern part of Tumxuk is surrounded by Maralbexi County, Kashgar Prefecture. The smaller western ... in 2019. One of the authors of the paper on DNA phenotyping said he had been u ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hereditas
''Hereditas'' (not to be confused with another journal called ''Heredity'') is a scientific journal concerning genetics. It has been published since 1920 by the Mendelska sällskapet i Lund (Mendelian Society of Lund). In its long history it has published important papers in the field of genetics, including the first discovery of the correct human chromosome count by Joe Hin Tijo and Albert Levan in 1956. In the post-genomic era, the scope of ''Hereditas'' has evolved to include any research on genomic analysis. In 2005, ''Hereditas'' changed from a traditional subscription-based journal to become an open access, web based and author funded journal. By the end of 2014, Hereditas terminated its activity with Wiley Publishers. In May 2015 ''Hereditas'' was re-launched and became part of the portfolio of the open access publisher Biomed Central (BMC), now owned by Springer Nature Springer Nature or the Springer Nature Group is a German-British academic publishing company created ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chromosomes
A chromosome is a package of DNA containing part or all of the genetic material of an organism. In most chromosomes, the very long thin DNA fibers are coated with nucleosome-forming packaging proteins; in eukaryotic cells, the most important of these proteins are the histones. Aided by chaperone proteins, the histones bind to and condense the DNA molecule to maintain its integrity. These eukaryotic chromosomes display a complex three-dimensional structure that has a significant role in transcriptional regulation. Normally, chromosomes are visible under a light microscope only during the metaphase of cell division, where all chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell in their condensed form. Before this stage occurs, each chromosome is duplicated ( S phase), and the two copies are joined by a centromere—resulting in either an X-shaped structure if the centromere is located equatorially, or a two-armed structure if the centromere is located distally; the joined ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lund University
Lund University () is a Public university, public research university in Sweden and one of Northern Europe's oldest universities. The university is located in the city of Lund in the Swedish province of Scania. The university was officially founded in 1666 on the location of the old ''studium generale'' next to Lund Cathedral. Lund University has nine Faculty (division), faculties, with additional campuses in the cities of Malmö and Helsingborg, with around 47,000 students in 241 different programmes and 1,450 freestanding courses. The university has 560 partner universities in approximately 70 countries. It belongs to the League of European Research Universities as well as the global Universitas 21 network. Among those associated with the university are five Nobel Prize winners, a Fields Medal winner, prime ministers and business leaders. Two major facilities for materials research have been recent strategic priorities in Lund: MAX IV, a synchrotron radiation laboratory – in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Albert Levan
Albert Levan (8 March 1905, Gothenburg – 28 March 1998, Lund) was a Swedish botanist and geneticist. Life Albert Levan was born in Gothenburg in 1905, son of Emil Levan and Amy Gabrielsson. He was educated at the University of Lund, where he received his doctorate in 1935, and became professor of cytology in the same university in 1961. He married Karin Malmberg, a pianist, and was the father of illustrator Cecilia Torudd and Göran Levan, professor of genetics at the University of Gothenburg. He died in Lund in 1998. Research Albert Levan is best known today for co-authoring the report in 1956 that humans had 46 chromosomes (instead of 48, as previously believed). This epochal discovery was made by Joe Hin Tjio in Levan's laboratory. Originally specialising in plant cytology, Levan later turned to the similarities in the chromosome structure of cancer cells and errors introduced to plant cells via chemical or radioactive elements. These studies later led to examination o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Joe Hin Tjio
Joe Hin Tjio (; 2 November 1919 – 27 November 2001), was an Indonesian-born American cytogeneticist. He was renowned as the first person to recognize the normal number of human chromosomes on 22 December 1955 at the Institute of Genetics of the University of Lund in Sweden, where he was a visiting scientist. Early life Tjio was born to Indonesian parents of Chinese origin in Pekalongan, Java, then part of the Dutch East Indies and later known as Indonesia. His father was a photographer. Tjio was educated in Dutch colonial schools, trained in agronomy in college, and did research on potato breeding. He was imprisoned for 3 years and tortured by the Japanese in a concentration camp during World War II. Career After the war ended, Tjio went to the Netherlands, whose government provided him with a fellowship for study in Europe. He worked in plant breeding in Denmark, Spain and Sweden. From 1948 to 1959 he did plant chromosome research in Zaragoza in Spain and spent his summers ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cytogeneticist
Cytogenetics is essentially a branch of genetics, but is also a part of cell biology/cytology (a subdivision of human anatomy), that is concerned with how the chromosomes relate to cell behaviour, particularly to their behaviour during mitosis and meiosis. Techniques used include karyotyping, analysis of G-banded chromosomes, other cytogenetic banding techniques, as well as molecular cytogenetics such as fluorescence ''in situ'' hybridization (FISH) and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). History Beginnings Chromosomes were first observed in plant cells by Carl Nägeli in 1842. Their behavior in animal (salamander) cells was described by Walther Flemming, the discoverer of mitosis, in 1882. The name was coined by another German anatomist, von Waldeyer in 1888. The next stage took place after the development of genetics in the early 20th century, when it was appreciated that the set of chromosomes (the karyotype) was the carrier of the genes. Levitsky seems to have be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nature (journal)
''Nature'' is a British weekly scientific journal founded and based in London, England. As a multidisciplinary publication, ''Nature'' features Peer review, peer-reviewed research from a variety of academic disciplines, mainly in science and technology. It has core editorial offices across the United States, continental Europe, and Asia under the international scientific publishing company Springer Nature. ''Nature'' was one of the world's most cited scientific journals by the Science Edition of the 2022 ''Journal Citation Reports'' (with an ascribed impact factor of 50.5), making it one of the world's most-read and most prestigious academic journals. , it claimed an online readership of about three million unique readers per month. Founded in the autumn of 1869, ''Nature'' was first circulated by Norman Lockyer and Alexander MacMillan (publisher), Alexander MacMillan as a public forum for scientific innovations. The mid-20th century facilitated an editorial expansion for the j ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus species in the genus '' Tobamovirus'' that infects a wide range of plants, especially tobacco and other members of the family Solanaceae. The infection causes characteristic patterns, such as "mosaic"-like mottling and discoloration on the leaves (hence the name). TMV was the first virus to be discovered. Although it was known from the late 19th century that a non-bacterial infectious disease was damaging tobacco crops, it was not until 1930 that the infectious agent was determined to be a virus. It is the first pathogen identified as a virus. The virus was crystallised by Wendell Meredith Stanley. It has a similar size to the largest synthetic molecule, known as PG5 with comparable length and diameter. History In 1886, Adolf Mayer first described the tobacco mosaic disease that could be transferred between plants, similar to bacterial infections. In 1892, Dmitri Ivanovsky gave the first concrete e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rosalind Franklin
Rosalind Elsie Franklin (25 July 192016 April 1958) was a British chemist and X-ray crystallographer. Her work was central to the understanding of the molecular structures of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), RNA (ribonucleic acid), viruses, coal, and graphite. Although her works on coal and viruses were appreciated in her lifetime, Franklin's contributions to the discovery of the structure of DNA were largely unrecognised during her life, for which Franklin has been variously referred to as the "wronged heroine", the "dark lady of DNA", the "forgotten heroine", a "feminist icon", and the "Sylvia Plath of molecular biology". Franklin graduated in 1941 with a degree in Natural Sciences (Cambridge), natural sciences from Newnham College, Cambridge, and then enrolled for a PhD in physical chemistry under Ronald George Wreyford Norrish, the 1920 Chair of Physical Chemistry at the University of Cambridge. Disappointed by Norrish's lack of enthusiasm, she took up a research position und ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
