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1923 In Germany
Events in the year 1923 in Germany. Incumbents National level * President - Friedrich Ebert (Social Democrats) * Chancellor - Wilhelm Cuno (Non-partisan) (to 12 August), Gustav Stresemann (German People's Party) (to 30 November), Wilhelm Marx (Centre) (from 30 November) Events * 11 January – French and Belgian troops enter the Ruhr in the Occupation of the Ruhr because of Germany’s refusal to pay war reparations, causing strikes and a severe economic crisis. * 20 April – Julius Streicher's antisemitic newspaper ''Der Stürmer'' begins publication. * 13 August – The First Stresemann cabinet was sworn in. * 15 September – Germany's bank rate is raised to 90% due to hyperinflation. See 1920s German inflation. * 26 September: ** Chancellor Gustav Stresemann calls for an end to passive resistance and protests by Germans against the French and Belgian Occupation of the Ruhr. ** The German government declares a state of emergency under Article 48 of the German Weimar Cons ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Germany
Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its sixteen States of Germany, constituent states have a total population of over 84 million in an area of , making it the most populous member state of the European Union. It borders Denmark to the north, Poland and the Czech Republic to the east, Austria and Switzerland to the south, and France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands to the west. The Capital of Germany, nation's capital and List of cities in Germany by population, most populous city is Berlin and its main financial centre is Frankfurt; the largest urban area is the Ruhr. Settlement in the territory of modern Germany began in the Lower Paleolithic, with various tribes inhabiting it from the Neolithic onward, chiefly the Celts. Various Germanic peoples, Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antisemitism
Antisemitism or Jew-hatred is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against Jews. A person who harbours it is called an antisemite. Whether antisemitism is considered a form of racism depends on the school of thought. Antisemitic tendencies may be motivated primarily by negative sentiment towards Jewish peoplehood, Jews as a people or negative sentiment towards Jews with regard to Judaism. In the former case, usually known as racial antisemitism, a person's hostility is driven by the belief that Jews constitute a distinct race with inherent traits or characteristics that are repulsive or inferior to the preferred traits or characteristics within that person's society. In the latter case, known as religious antisemitism, a person's hostility is driven by their religion's perception of Jews and Judaism, typically encompassing doctrines of supersession that expect or demand Jews to turn away from Judaism and submit to the religion presenting itself as Judaism's suc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Second Stresemann Cabinet
The second Stresemann cabinet, headed by Chancellor Gustav Stresemann of the German People's Party (DVP), was the ninth democratically elected government of the Weimar Republic. It took office on 6 October 1923 when it replaced the first Stresemann cabinet, which had resigned on 3 October over internal disagreements related to increasing working hours in vital industries above the eight-hour per day norm. The new cabinet was a majority coalition of four parties from the moderate left to centre-right. During its brief time in office, the cabinet successfully introduced the new currency that ended the disastrous period of hyperinflation. It was confronted with the resumption of war reparations payments following the end of passive resistance to the occupation of the Ruhr and faced down potentially separatist state governments in Saxony, Thuringia and Bavaria. Stresemann's second cabinet resigned on 23 November 1923 after the Social Democrats (SPD) withdrew from the coaliti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
6 October
Events Pre-1600 *105 BC – Cimbrian War: Defeat at the Battle of Arausio of the Roman army of the mid-Republic *69 BC – Third Mithridatic War: The military of the Roman Republic subdue Armenia. *AD 23 – Rebels decapitate Wang Mang two days after his capital was sacked during a peasant rebellion. * 404 – Byzantine Empress Eudoxia dies from the miscarriage of her seventh pregnancy. * 618 – Transition from Sui to Tang: Wang Shichong decisively defeats Li Mi at the Battle of Yanshi. *1539 – Spain's DeSoto expedition takes over the Apalachee capital of Anhaica for their winter quarters. *1600 – '' Euridice'', the earliest surviving opera, receives its première performance, beginning the Baroque period. 1601–1900 *1683 – Immigrant families found Germantown, Pennsylvania in the first major immigration of German people to America. *1762 – Seven Years' War: The British capture Manila from Spain and occupy it. *1777 &nda ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
German October
The German October () was a plan of the Executive Committee of the Communist International (ECCI) to attempt a communist revolution in the Weimar Republic in October 1923, amidst acute political and economic crises in the country. The Communist Party of Germany (KPD), under the United Front strategy, was directed to enter into coalition governments with the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) in the states of Thuringia and Saxony and utilize their resources to assist the revolution. Despite their efforts, the KPD and ECCI leadership found no support and the plan was called off on 21 October. However, local branches of the KPD in Hamburg and Bremen launched their own insurrections, which were suppressed by the local police. The entry of the KPD into government in Saxony and Thuringia sparked a crisis in itself. The ''Reichswehr'' under Otto Gessler, with the support of the Stresemann cabinet and Reich President Friedrich Ebert, issued an ultimatum demanding the reorganisation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
October
October is the tenth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. Its length is 31 days. The eighth month in the old calendar of Romulus , October retained its name (from Latin and Greek ''ôctō'' meaning "eight") after January and February were inserted into the calendar that had originally been created by the Romans. In Ancient Rome, one of three Mundus patet would take place on October 5, Meditrinalia October 11, Augustalia on October 12, October Horse on October 15, and Armilustrium on October 19. These dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar. Among the Anglo-Saxons, it was known as Winterfylleth (Ƿinterfylleþ), because at this full moon, winter was supposed to begin. October is commonly associated with the season of autumn in parts of the Northern Hemisphere, and spring in parts of the Southern Hemisphere, where it is the seasonal equivalent to April in the Northern Hemisphere and vice versa. Symbols October's birthstones ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Weimar Constitution
The Constitution of the German Reich (), usually known as the Weimar Constitution (), was the constitution that governed Germany during the Weimar Republic era. The constitution created a federal semi-presidential republic with a parliament whose lower house, the Reichstag (Weimar Republic), Reichstag, was elected by universal suffrage using proportional representation. The appointed upper house, the Reichsrat (Germany), Reichsrat, represented the interests of the federal states. The President of Germany (1919–1945), president of Germany had supreme command over the military, extensive emergency powers, and appointed and removed the chancellor, who was responsible to the Reichstag. The constitution included a significant number of civic rights such as freedom of speech and ''habeas corpus''. It guaranteed freedom of religion and did not permit the establishment of a state church. The constitution contained a number of weaknesses which, under the difficult conditions of the inter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Article 48 (Weimar Constitution)
Article 48 of the constitution of the Weimar Republic of Germany (1919–1933) allowed the Reich president, under certain circumstances, to take emergency measures without the prior consent of the Reichstag. This power came to be understood to include the promulgation of emergency decrees. It was used frequently by Reich President Friedrich Ebert of the Social Democratic Party to deal with both political unrest and economic emergencies. Later, under President Paul von Hindenburg and the presidential cabinets, Article 48 was called on more and more often to bypass a politically fractured parliament and to rule without its consent. After the Nazi Party's rise to power in the early 1930s, the law allowed Chancellor Adolf Hitler, with decrees issued by Hindenburg, to create a totalitarian dictatorship by seemingly legal means. Text History Background The Weimar National Assembly, which was responsible for writing a constitution for a new, democratic Germany following the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
26 September
Events Pre-1600 *46 BC – Julius Caesar dedicates a temple to Venus Genetrix, fulfilling a vow he made at the Battle of Pharsalus. * 715 – Ragenfrid defeats Theudoald at the Battle of Compiègne. * 1087 – William II is crowned King of England, and reigns until 1100. * 1212 – The Golden Bull of Sicily is issued to confirm the hereditary royal title in Bohemia for the Přemyslid dynasty. * 1345 – Friso-Hollandic Wars: Frisians defeat Holland in the Battle of Warns. * 1371 – Serbian–Turkish wars: Ottoman Turks fought against a Serbian army at the Battle of Maritsa. * 1423 – Hundred Years' War: A French army defeats the English at the Battle of La Brossinière. * 1493 – Pope Alexander VI issues the papal bull '' Dudum siquidem'' to the Spanish, extending the grant of new lands he made them in '' Inter caetera''. * 1580 – Francis Drake finishes his circumnavigation of the Earth in Plymouth, England. 1601–1900 * 168 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1920s German Inflation
Nineteen or 19 may refer to: * 19 (number) * One of the years 19 BC, AD 19, 1919, 2019 Films * ''19'' (film), a 2001 Japanese film * ''Nineteen'' (1987 film), a 1987 science fiction film * '' 19-Nineteen'', a 2009 South Korean film * '' Diciannove'', a 2024 Italian drama film informally referred to as "Nineteen" in some sources Science * Potassium, an alkali metal * 19 Fortuna, an asteroid Music * 19 (band), a Japanese pop music duo Albums * ''19'' (Adele album), 2008 * ''19'', a 2003 album by Alsou * ''19'', a 2006 album by Evan Yo * ''19'', a 2018 album by MHD * ''19'', one half of the double album '' 63/19'' by Kool A.D. * ''Number Nineteen'', a 1971 album by American jazz pianist Mal Waldron * ''XIX'' (EP), a 2019 EP by 1the9 Songs * "19" (song), a 1985 song by British musician Paul Hardcastle * "Stone in Focus", officially "#19", a composition by Aphex Twin * "Nineteen", a song from the 1992 album ''Refugee'' by Bad4Good * "Nineteen", a song from the 2 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hyperinflation
In economics, hyperinflation is a very high and typically accelerating inflation. It quickly erodes the real versus nominal value (economics), real value of the local currency, as the prices of all goods increase. This causes people to minimize their holdings in that currency as they usually switch to more stable foreign currencies. Effective capital controls and currency substitution ("dollarization") are the orthodox solutions to ending short-term hyperinflation; however, there are significant social and economic costs to these policies. Ineffective implementations of these solutions often exacerbate the situation. Many governments choose to attempt to solve structural issues without resorting to those solutions, with the goal of bringing inflation down slowly while minimizing social costs of further economic shocks; however, this can lead to a prolonged period of high inflation. Unlike low inflation, where the process of rising prices is protracted and not generally noticeab ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
15 September
Events Pre-1600 * 994 – Major Fatimid victory over the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of the Orontes. *1440 – Gilles de Rais, one of the earliest known serial killers, is taken into custody upon an accusation brought against him by Jean de Malestroit, Roman Catholic Diocese of Nantes, Bishop of Nantes. *1530 – Appearance of the miraculous portrait of ''Saint Dominic in Soriano'' in Soriano Calabro, Calabria, Italy; commemorated as a feast day by the Catholic Church, Roman Catholic Church 1644–1912. *1556 – Departing from Vlissingen, ex-Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V returns to Spain. 1601–1900 *1762 – Seven Years' War: Battle of Signal Hill. *1776 – American Revolutionary War: British forces land at Landing at Kip's Bay, Kip's Bay during the New York Campaign. *1789 – The United States "Department of Foreign Affairs", established by law in July, is renamed the United States Department of State, Departme ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
