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1879 Bozqush Earthquake
The 1879 Bozqush earthquake affected northern Iran in present-day East Azerbaijan province on 22 March. With an estimated surface-wave magnitude of 6.7, the shock killed more than 2,000 people and thousands of livestock. Damage was the greatest along Mount Bozgush. Earthquake A foreshock was felt several minutes before the mainshock. Based on the northeast–southwest trending meizoseismal area, neither the nearby Germirud Fault or South Bozqush Fault Zone were responsible for the earthquake; these faults trend approximately north–south and east-northeast-west-southwest. These faults had evidence of recent activity. However, a segment of an approximately north–south trending, southwest-dipping reverse fault was discovered north of the village of Sarighamish, which was situated in the area of maximum damage. The Miocene silicified alunite hanging wall in the southwestern overthrusts alluvial deposits of the Quaternary. This exposed section of fault may be part of the Germirud ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
East Azerbaijan Province
East Azerbaijan province () is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. Its capital is the city of Tabriz. The province is located in Azerbaijan (Iran), Iranian Azerbaijan, bordering Armenia, the Azerbaijan, Republic of Azerbaijan, Ardabil province, Ardabil province, West Azerbaijan province, West Azerbaijan province, and Zanjan province, Zanjan province. East Azerbaijan is in Region 3, Iran, Region 3 of Iran, with its secretariat located in its capital city, Tabriz. History East Azerbaijan is one of the most archaic territories in Iran. During the reign of Alexander III of Macedon in Iran (331 BCE), a warrior known as Attorpat led a revolt in this area, then a territory of the Medes, and thereafter it was called ''Attorpatkan''. Since then this vicinity has been known as ''Azarabadegan'', ''Azarbadgan'' and ''Azarbayjan''. Islamic researchers proclaim that the birth of the prophet Zoroaster was in this area, in the vicinity of Lake Orumieh (''Chichesht''), Konzak City. Needl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Surface-wave Magnitude
The surface wave magnitude (M_s) scale is one of the magnitude scales used in seismology to describe the size of an earthquake. It is based on measurements of Rayleigh surface waves that travel along the uppermost layers of the Earth. This magnitude scale is related to the local magnitude scale proposed by Charles Francis Richter in 1935, with modifications from both Richter and Beno Gutenberg throughout the 1940s and 1950s. It is currently used in People's Republic of China as a national standard (GB 17740-1999) for categorising earthquakes. Recorded magnitudes of earthquakes through the mid 20th century, commonly attributed to Richter, could be either M_s or M_L. Definition The formula to calculate surface wave magnitude is: :M_s = \log_\left(\frac\right)_ + \sigma(\Delta)\,, where A is the maximum particle displacement in surface waves (vector sum of the two horizontal displacements) in μm, T is the corresponding period in s (usually 20 2 seconds), Δ is the e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mount Bozgush
Mount Bozgush, Bozqush or Bozqush Kuh is a National Geographic Society (2005) ''National Geographic Atlas of the World'' (8th ed.) Washington, DC, volcanic mountain south of Sarab and north of Mianeh, East Azarbaijan Province, Iran that separates Iranian plateau from Caucasus. Mount Bozgush is a stratovolcano composed mostly of andesite Andesite () is a volcanic rock of intermediate composition. In a general sense, it is the intermediate type between silica-poor basalt and silica-rich rhyolite. It is fine-grained (aphanitic) to porphyritic in texture, and is composed predomina .... Etymology The name Bozgush in Azerbaijani language means grey bird. Highest peak Ağ Dağ with an elevation of 3306 m is the highest peak in Mount Bozgush. Notes Mountains of East Azerbaijan province Bozgush Mountains of Iran {{EastAzarbaijan-geo-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Foreshock
A foreshock is an earthquake that occurs before a larger seismic eventthe mainshockand is related to it in both time and space. The designation of an earthquake as ''foreshock'', ''mainshock'' or aftershock is only possible after the full sequence of events has happened. Occurrence Foreshock activity has been detected for about 40% of all moderate to large earthquakes, and about 70% for events of M>7.0. They occur from a matter of minutes to days or even longer before the main shock; for example, the 2002 Sumatra earthquake is regarded as a foreshock of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake with a delay of more than two years between the two events. Some great earthquakes (M>8.0) show no foreshock activity at all, such as the M8.6 1950 Assam–Tibet earthquake, 1950 India–China earthquake. The increase in foreshock activity is difficult to quantify for individual earthquakes but becomes apparent when combining the results of many different events. From such combined observations, t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alunite
Alunite is a hydroxylated aluminium potassium sulfate mineral, formula potassium, Kaluminium, Al3(sulfur, Soxygen, O4)2(Ohydrogen, H)6. It was first observed in the 15th century at Tolfa, near Rome, where it was mined for the manufacture of alum. First called ''aluminilite'' by Jean-Claude Delamétherie, J.C. Delamétherie in 1797, this name was contracted by François Sulpice Beudant, François Beudant three decades later to alunite. Alunite crystals morphologically are rhombohedron, rhombohedra with interfacial angles of 90° 50', causing them to resemble cubes. Crystal symmetry is trigonal. Minute glistening crystals have also been found loose in cavities in altered rhyolite. Alunite varies in color from white to yellow gray. The hardness on the Mohs scale is 4 and the specific gravity is between 2.6 and 2.8. It is insoluble in water or weak acids, but soluble in sulfuric acid. Sodium can substitute for potassium in the mineral, and when the sodium content is high, is call ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aftershock
In seismology, an aftershock is a smaller earthquake that follows a larger earthquake, in Epicenter, the same area of the Mainshock, main shock, caused as the displaced Crust (geology), crust adjusts to the effects of the main shock. Large earthquakes can have hundreds to thousands of instrumentally detectable aftershocks, which steadily decrease in magnitude and frequency according to #Aftershock size and frequency with time, a consistent pattern. In some earthquakes the main rupture happens in two or more steps, resulting in multiple main shocks. These are known as doublet earthquakes, and in general can be distinguished from aftershocks in having similar magnitudes and nearly identical seismic waveforms. Distribution of aftershocks Most aftershocks are located over the full area of fault rupture and either occur along the fault plane itself or along other faults within the volume affected by the strain associated with the main shock. Typically, aftershocks are found up to a d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tark, East Azerbaijan
Tark () is a city in, and the capital of, Kandovan District in Mianeh County, East Azerbaijan province, Iran Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) and also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Iraq to the west, Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Armenia to the northwest, the Caspian Sea to the north, Turkmenistan to the nort .... It also serves as the administrative center for Kandovan Rural District. Demographics Population At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 1,869 in 456 households. The following census in 2011 counted 2,406 people in 532 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 2,031 people in 602 households. See also Notes References Cities in East Azerbaijan province Populated places in Meyaneh County {{Meyaneh-geo-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mianeh, East Azerbaijan
Mianeh () is a city in the Central District (Mianeh County), Central District of Mianeh County (Iran), Mianeh County, East Azerbaijan province, East Azerbaijan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district. It is the fourth most populous city of the province. Demographics Population At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 87,385 in 22,728 households. The following census in 2011 counted 95,505 people in 26,549 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 98,973 people in 30,504 households. Geography Location Mianeh is in a valley, approximately northwest of Tehran and approximately southeast of East Azerbaijan's largest city and capital, Tabriz. The city was strategically located, during antiquity was a frontier city for a key travel route between Iraq and Azerbaijan. Climate Economy The city is an important manufacturer of steel. Currently, a lot of Baroque-style construction work is happening in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ardabil
Ardabil (, ) is a city in northwestern Iran. It is in the Central District (Ardabil County), Central District of Ardabil County, Ardabil province, Ardabil province, Iran, serving as capital of the province, the county, and the district. The city of Ardabil lies close to the borders of the Azerbaijan, Republic of Azerbaijan, 40 kilometers from the village of Diqo. As of the 2022 census, Ardabil's population was 588,000. The population of Ardabil County is about 650,000 with the majority Shia, Shia Muslim. For a brief period in the 10th century, Ardabil was the principal city of Azerbaijan (Iran), Azerbaijan, but it was eventually replaced by Tabriz. Iran under the Safavids, by Roger Savory /Page 1/ (New York, 1980), in 286 bookmarked and searchable pdf pages, with map and illustrations. Scanned by Robert Bedrosian. Ardabil is known for its trade in silk and carpets. Ardabil rugs are renowned and the ancient Ardabil Carpet, Ardabil carpets are considered among the best of c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Earthquakes In Iran
Iran is one of the most seismically active countries in the world, being crossed by several major faults that cover at least 90% of the country. As a result, earthquakes in Iran occur often and are destructive. Geology and history The Iranian plateau is subject to most types of tectonic activity, including active Fold (geology), folding, Fault (geology), faulting and volcano, volcanic eruptions. It is well known for its long history of disastrous earthquake activity. Not only have these earthquakes killed thousands, but they have also led to waste of valuable natural resources. Since 1900, at least 126,000 fatalities have resulted from earthquakes in Iran. In addition, the Iranian plate is bordered by the Indian plate (to the southeast), the Eurasian plate (to the north), and the Arabian plate (to the south and west), which is where the Zagros fold and thrust belt (an ancient subduction zone) lies. Earthquakes See also *Environmental issues in Iran *Geology of Iran *Irani ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Historical Earthquakes
Historical earthquakes is a list of significant earthquakes known to have occurred prior to the early 20th century. As the events listed here occurred before routine instrumental recordings, they rely mainly on the analysis of written sources, observations of shaking objects or animal behavior during earthquakes, religious/traditional beliefs about earthquakes (e.g. "God's punishment"). or the use of palaeoseismological techniques. There is often significant uncertainty in locations and magnitudes, and sometimes dates for each earthquakes. The number of fatalities is also often highly uncertain, particularly for the older events. Pre-11th century 11th–16th centuries 17th century 18th century 19th century Source for all events with 'USGS' labelled as the source United States Geological Survey (USGS''Note: Magnitudes are generally estimations from intensity data. When no magnitude was available, the Mercalli intensity scale, maximum intensity, written as a Roman num ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Earthquakes In Iran
Iran is one of the most seismically active countries in the world, being crossed by several major faults that cover at least 90% of the country. As a result, earthquakes in Iran occur often and are destructive. Geology and history The Iranian plateau is subject to most types of tectonic activity, including active folding, faulting and volcanic eruptions. It is well known for its long history of disastrous earthquake activity. Not only have these earthquakes killed thousands, but they have also led to waste of valuable natural resources. Since 1900, at least 126,000 fatalities have resulted from earthquakes in Iran. In addition, the Iranian plate is bordered by the Indian plate (to the southeast), the Eurasian plate (to the north), and the Arabian plate (to the south and west), which is where the Zagros fold and thrust belt (an ancient subduction zone) lies. Earthquakes See also * Environmental issues in Iran *Geology of Iran * Iranian Earthquake Engineering Association ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
