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1818 In France
Events from the year 1818 in France. Incumbents * Monarch – Louis XVIII * Prime Minister – Armand-Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu (until 29 December), then Jean-Joseph, Marquis Dessolles Events *11 February - Marie André Cantillon attempts to assassinate the Duke of Wellington, commander of troops occupying France, in Paris. *29 July - Physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel submits his prizewinning "Memoir on the Diffraction of Light" to the French Academy of Sciences, precisely accounting for the limited extent to which light spreads into shadows, and thereby demolishing the oldest objection to the wave theory of light. * 28 August – The Equestrian statue of Henry IV is inaugurated in Paris, replacing an earlier one that had been destroyed during the French Revolution. *1 October - Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle is convened. *5 October - Claudine Thévenet (known as ''Mary of St. Ignatius'') founds the Roman Catholic order ''Religieuses de Jésus-Marie' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
France
France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlantic, North Atlantic, the French West Indies, and List of islands of France, many islands in Oceania and the Indian Ocean, giving it Exclusive economic zone of France, one of the largest discontiguous exclusive economic zones in the world. Metropolitan France shares borders with Belgium and Luxembourg to the north; Germany to the northeast; Switzerland to the east; Italy and Monaco to the southeast; Andorra and Spain to the south; and a maritime border with the United Kingdom to the northwest. Its metropolitan area extends from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea. Its Regions of France, eighteen integral regions—five of which are overseas—span a combined area of and hav ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lyon
Lyon (Franco-Provençal: ''Liyon'') is a city in France. It is located at the confluence of the rivers Rhône and Saône, to the northwest of the French Alps, southeast of Paris, north of Marseille, southwest of Geneva, Switzerland, northeast of Saint-Étienne. The City of Lyon is the List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, third-largest city in France with a population of 522,250 at the Jan. 2021 census within its small municipal territory of , but together with its suburbs and exurbs the Lyon Functional area (France), metropolitan area had a population of 2,308,818 that same year, the second largest in France. Lyon and 58 suburban municipalities have formed since 2015 the Lyon Metropolis, Metropolis of Lyon, a directly elected metropolitan authority now in charge of most urban issues, with a population of 1,424,069 in 2021. Lyon is the Prefectures in France, prefecture of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Regions of France, region and seat of the Departmental co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Botanist
Botany, also called plant science, is the branch of natural science and biology studying plants, especially Plant anatomy, their anatomy, Plant taxonomy, taxonomy, and Plant ecology, ecology. A botanist or plant scientist is a scientist who specialises in this field. "Plant" and "botany" may be defined more narrowly to include only land plants and their study, which is also known as phytology. Phytologists or botanists (in the strict sense) study approximately 410,000 species of Embryophyte, land plants, including some 391,000 species of vascular plants (of which approximately 369,000 are flowering plants) and approximately 20,000 bryophytes. Botany originated as history of herbalism#Prehistory, prehistoric herbalism to identify and later cultivate plants that were edible, poisonous, and medicinal, making it one of the first endeavours of human investigation. Medieval physic gardens, often attached to Monastery, monasteries, contained plants possibly having medicinal benefit. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Élie-Abel Carrière
Élie-Abel Carrière (4 June 1818 – 17 August 1896) was a French botanist, based in Paris. He was a leading authority on Pinophyta, conifers in the period 1850–1870, describing many new species, and the new genera ''Tsuga'', ''Keteleeria'' and ''Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga''. His most important work was the ''Traité Général des Conifères'', published in 1855, with a second, extensively revised edition in 1867. There is a brief biography of Carrière, in English, in the journal ''Brittonia''. In addition to his studies of conifers, he published a number of works in the field of horticulture: * ''Guide pratique du jardinier multiplicateur: ou art de propager les végétaux par semis, boutures, greffes, etc''. (1856)-- book on propagation of plants by seeds, cuttings, grafting, grafts. * ''Flore des jardins de l'Europe: manuel général des plantes, arbres et arbustes, comprenant leur origine, description, culture : leur application aux jardins d'agrément, à l'agricu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1889 In France
Events from the year 1889 in France. Incumbents *President of France, President: Marie François Sadi Carnot *Prime Minister of France, President of the Council of Ministers: Charles Floquet (until 22 February), Pierre Tirard (starting 22 February) Events * 27 January – Former defense minister General Georges Boulanger contemplates a coup. * 4 February – The Tribunal Civil de la Seine orders the winding up of the Panama Canal Company. * 22 February – Charles Floquet's government falls on the question of constitutional revision and Pierre Tirard returns to office as Prime Minister. * 31 March – The Eiffel Tower is inaugurated in Paris. At 300 m, its height exceeds the previous List of tallest buildings and structures in the world, tallest structure in the world by 130 m. * 1 April – Georges Boulanger flees to Brussels to avoid arrest for treason. * 6 May – Exposition Universelle (1889), Exposition Universelle opens in Paris, with the Eiffel Tower as its entrance arc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Louis Faidherbe
Louis Léon César Faidherbe (; 3 June 1818 – 29 September 1889) was a French general and colonial administrator. He created the Senegalese Tirailleurs when he was governor of Senegal. Early life Faidherbe was born into a lower-middle-class family in Lille. He was the fifth child of Louis César Joseph Faidherde, a hosier who had volunteered as a Republican in the revolutionary war, and his wife, Sophie Monnier. His father died in 1826 when he was seven and he was brought up by his mother. In primary school, he displayed a talent for drawing and mathematics. He was a hard-working student and later received his military education at the École Polytechnique and then at the École d'Application in Metz. From 1843 to 1847 he served in Algeria, then for one year in Guadeloupe, and again from 1849 to 1852 in Algeria. West Africa In 1852 he was transferred to Senegal as sub-director of engineers, and in 1854 was promoted '' chef de bataillon'' and appointed governor of the col ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1891 In France
Events from the year 1891 in France. Incumbents *President: Marie François Sadi Carnot *President of the Council of Ministers: Charles de Freycinet Events * 1 May – Fusillade de Fourmies, nine killed and thirty wounded when troops fire on workers' May Day demonstration in support of eight-hour workday in Fourmies. * 27 August – France and Russia conclude defensive alliance. Arts and literature * Gustave Moreau becomes a professor at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. * Henri Matisse begins his studies as an artist at École des Beaux-Arts Births January to June * 2 January – Didier Daurat, aviation pioneer (died 1969) * 14 January – Félix Goethals, cyclist (died 1962) * 19 April – Françoise Rosay, actress (died 1974) * 17 May – Roger Blaizot, General (died 1981) July to September * 11 July ** Gabriel Benoist, writer (died 1964) ** Joseph Sadi-Lecointe, aviator (died 1944) * 21 July – Marcel-Frédéric Lubin-Lebrère, rugby union player (died 1972) * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eugène Bouchut
Eugène Bouchut (; 18 May 1818 – 26 November 1891) was a French physician born in Paris. He made significant contributions in several medical fields, including pediatrics, laryngology, neurology and ophthalmology. Career Bouchut obtained his Doctor of Medicine, doctorate in medicine in Paris in 1843. Soon afterwards, he became ''Chef de clinique'' at the Hôtel-Dieu de Paris. In 1852, he became a member of the medical staff at the Hôpital Bon Secours, and later at the Hôpital Sainte-Eugenie and the Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades. He taught at the École pratique des hautes études and Hôpital Sainte-Eugenie, and in 1857 and 1859 he substituted for André Marie Constant Duméril, André Duméril (1774–1860) at the Académie Nationale de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine. Notable achievements In 1858, Bouchut developed a new technique for non-surgical tracheal intubation, orotracheal intubation to bypass obstruction of the larynx resulting fro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1905 In France
Events from the year 1905 in France. Incumbents *President: Émile Loubet *President of the Council of Ministers: ** until 12 March: Emile Combes ** 12 March-25 October: Maurice Rouvier ** starting 25 October: Georges Clemenceau Events *February – Fierce storm on the Calvados coast. *31 March – German emperor William II asserts German equality with France in Morocco, triggering the Tangier or First Moroccan Crisis. *13 May – Mata Hari debuts in Paris. *9 December – 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State is passed, enacting ''laïcité''. * Louis Delâge produces the first Delage automobile in Levallois-Perret. * Renault Type AG taxicab begins production at Billancourt and 1,500 are ordered for use in Paris. Arts and literature *October – The Fauvist artists, notably Henri Matisse, first exhibit, at the Salon d'Automne in Paris. Sport *9–30 July – Third Tour de France, won by Louis Trousselier. Births January to March ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
François Paul Meurice
Paul Meurice (5 February 1818 – 11 December 1905) was a French novelist and playwright best known for his friendship with Victor Hugo. Biography Meurice was born and died in Paris. In 1836, aged eighteen, he was introduced to Hugo by his friend Auguste Vacquerie, and soon became a devoted follower. He had literary ambitions and embarked on a career as playwright. In 1848, Hugo made him the editor-in-chief of a journal he had just founded, called ''L'Événement''. (This resulted in Meurice's imprisonment in 1851, during Hugo's exile.) Their friendship was very deep: the poet was a witness at Meurice's marriage to Palmyre Granger, daughter of the painter Jean-Pierre Granger. During the twenty years of Hugo's exile, Meurice looked after the financial and literary interests of the proscribed writer. He meanwhile continued his own literary career, publishing novels, some in collaboration with Alexandre Dumas, for whom he would also ghost-write. He adapted ''Notre-Dame de Pari ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1879 In France
Events from the year 1879 in France. Incumbents * President: Patrice de MacMahon, Duke of Magenta (until 30 January) Jules Grévy (starting 30 January) *President of the Council of Ministers: ** until 4 February: Jules Armand Dufaure ** 4 February-28 December: William Waddington. ** starting 28 December: Charles de Freycinet Events * April – Postman Ferdinand Cheval begins to build his ''Palais Idéal'' at Hauterives. * 1 June – Napoléon Eugène, Prince Imperial (Napoléon IV), great-nephew of Napoléon Bonaparte, Bonapartist Pretender to the throne, dies in Africa during the Anglo-Zulu War. * 17 July – Freycinet Plan enacted to extend rail and other transportation systems. * " La Marseillaise" is restored as the French national anthem. Births * 22 January – Francis Picabia, painter and poet (died 1953) * 4 February – Jacques Copeau, journalist, actor, playwright, director, teacher (died 1949) * 23 March – René Jeannel, entomologist (died 1965) * 20 Ap ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lithographer
Lithography () is a planographic method of printing originally based on the immiscibility of oil and water. The printing is from a stone (lithographic limestone) or a metal plate with a smooth surface. It was invented in 1796 by the German author and actor Alois Senefelder and was initially used mostly for musical scores and maps.Meggs, Philip B. ''A History of Graphic Design''. (1998) John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p 146, .Carter, Rob, Ben Day, Philip Meggs. ''Typographic Design: Form and Communication'', Third Edition. (2002) John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 11. Lithography can be used to print text or images onto paper or other suitable material. A lithograph is something printed by lithography, but this term is only used for fine art prints and some other, mostly older, types of printed matter, not for those made by modern commercial lithography. Traditionally, the image to be printed was drawn with a greasy substance, such as oil, fat, or wax onto the surface of a smooth and flat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
