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1719 In Science
{{Science year nav, 1719 The year 1719 in science and technology involved some significant events some of which are enumerated here. Botany * Johann Jacob Dillenius publishes ''Catalogus plantarum sponte c. Gissam nascentium''. * Michael Bernhard Valentini publishes ''Viridarium reformatum, seu regnum vegetabilis Das ist eingerichtet und-Neu-buch vollständiges Kräuter, Worinnen alfo noch nicht geschehen Weise, als Kräutern Vegetabilien CRF, Sträuchen, Bäumen, Bluhmen Erd-und anderer Art Gewachsen, Krafft und beschreiben werden Würckung dergestalter, dass man dieses Werck statt einer Botanischen Bibliotheca haben, jedes zu seiner rechten Haupt Kraut-Art bringen, dessen Nutzen auch in der deutlich Artzney umständlich und finden'' ... (Anton Heinscheidt, Frankfurt am Main). These two volumes contain many illustrated plates from various botanical works for the ''Florilegium novum'' and ''Florilegium and renovatum auctum'' of Johannes Theodorus de Bry (1561–1623) and others ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1800 In Science
The year 1800 in science and technology included many significant events. Events * January 13 – Royal Institution, Royal Institution of Great Britain granted a royal charter. Astronomy * The central star of the Ring Nebula is discovered by Friedrich von Hahn: the central star is a white dwarf star with a temperature of between 100,000 and 120,000 K. Chemistry * Beryllium is discovered by Johann Bartholomäus Trommsdorff in beryl from Saxony, a new earth; he calls it Agusterde ("August Earth"). * Fulminates are discovered by Edward Charles Howard, Edward Howard. * Antoine François, comte de Fourcroy, begins publication in Paris of the comprehensive chemistry textbook ''Système des connaissances chimiques et de leurs applications aux phénomènes de la nature et de l'art''. Earth sciences * October – Volcanic eruption of Mount Guntur in West Java. Exploration * The Antipodes Islands, at this time the home of large herds of fur seals, are discovered by the crew of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scottish People
Scottish people or Scots (; ) are an ethnic group and nation native to Scotland. Historically, they emerged in the Scotland in the Early Middle Ages, early Middle Ages from an amalgamation of two Celtic peoples, the Picts and Gaels, who founded the Kingdom of Scotland (or ''Kingdom of Alba, Alba'') in the 9th century. In the following two centuries, Celtic-speaking Hen Ogledd, Cumbrians of Kingdom of Strathclyde, Strathclyde and Germanic-speaking Anglo-Saxons, Angles of Northumbria became part of Scotland. In the Scotland in the High Middle Ages, High Middle Ages, during the 12th-century Davidian Revolution, small numbers of Normans, Norman nobles migrated to the Lowlands. In the 13th century, the Norse-Gaels of the Kingdom of the Isles, Western Isles became part of Scotland, followed by the Norsemen, Norse of the Northern Isles in the 15th century. In modern usage, "Scottish people" or "Scots" refers to anyone whose linguistic, cultural, family ancestral or genetic origin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
James Sutherland (botanist)
James Sutherland (c. 1639–1719) was the first Professor of Physic (Botany) at the University of Edinburgh, from 1676 to 1705. He was intendant of the Physic Garden (later to evolve into the Royal Botanic Garden on a new site), and his innovative publication ''Hortus Medicus Edinburgensis'' placed Scotland at the forefront of European botany. He was also a renowned coin collector. Although known for his abilities as a herbalist and his enthusiasm for plants, Sutherland was just a youth when first recruited by Dr (later Sir) Robert Sibbald and Dr (later Sir) Andrew Balfour to take care of their burgeoning plant collection. Initially this was at the Palace of Holyroodhouse garden, but in 1675, when land was acquired in the grounds of Trinity Hospital, over which Edinburgh Waverley station has now been built, Sutherland was appointed Intendant of the (Town) Physic Garden. Within eight years Sutherland had published a list of the 2000 or so plants grown in the latter garden, his ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1682 In Science
{{Science year nav, 1682 The year 1682 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * A comet is observed, which later becomes known as Comet Halley, after Edmund Halley successfully predicts its return in 1758. Discoveries * Antony Van Leeuwenhoek discovers the banded pattern of muscle fibers. Botany * John Ray publishes his ''Methodus plantarum nova'', which sets out his system to divide flowering plants into monocotyledons and dicotyledons. Exploration * René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle canoes down the Mississippi River, naming the Mississippi basin Louisiana in honour of Louis XIV. Medicine * English naval surgeon James Yonge (1646–1721) publishes ''Wounds of the Brain Proved Curable'', probably the first monograph in English on surgery of the head. Births * February 4 – Johann Friedrich Böttger, German alchemist and developer of porcelain manufacture (died 1719) * February 25 – Giovanni Battista Morgagni, Italian anatomist (die ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Porcelain
Porcelain (), also called china, is a ceramic material made by heating Industrial mineral, raw materials, generally including kaolinite, in a kiln to temperatures between . The greater strength and translucence of porcelain, relative to other types of pottery, arise mainly from Vitrification#Ceramics, vitrification and the formation of the mineral mullite within the body at these high temperatures. End applications include tableware, ceramic art, decorative ware such as figurines, and products in technology and industry such as Insulator (electricity), electrical insulators and laboratory ware. The manufacturing process used for porcelain is similar to that used for earthenware and stoneware, the two other main types of pottery, although it can be more challenging to produce. It has usually been regarded as the most prestigious type of pottery due to its delicacy, strength, and high degree of whiteness. It is frequently both glazed and decorated. Though definitions vary, po ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alchemist
Alchemy (from the Arabic word , ) is an ancient branch of natural philosophy, a philosophical and protoscientific tradition that was historically practised in China, India, the Muslim world, and Europe. In its Western form, alchemy is first attested in a number of pseudepigraphical texts written in Greco-Roman Egypt during the first few centuries AD.. Greek-speaking alchemists often referred to their craft as "the Art" (τέχνη) or "Knowledge" (ἐπιστήμη), and it was often characterised as mystic (μυστική), sacred (ἱɛρά), or divine (θɛíα). Alchemists attempted to purify, mature, and perfect certain materials. Common aims were chrysopoeia, the transmutation of " base metals" (e.g., lead) into "noble metals" (particularly gold); the creation of an elixir of immortality; and the creation of panaceas able to cure any disease. The perfection of the human body and soul was thought to result from the alchemical ''magnum opus'' ("Great Work"). The co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Johann Friedrich Böttger
Johann Friedrich Böttger (also Böttcher or Böttiger; 4 February 1682 – 13 March 1719) was a German alchemist. Böttger was born in Schleiz and died in Dresden. He is normally credited with being the first European to discover the secret of the creation of hard-paste porcelain in 1708, but it has also been claimed that English manufacturers or Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus produced porcelain first. Certainly, the Meissen factory, established 1710, was the first to produce porcelain in Europe in large quantities and since the recipe was kept a trade secret by Böttger for his company, experiments continued elsewhere throughout Europe. Biography On Thursday, 5 February 1682, Johann Friedrich Böttger was baptized in Schleiz as the third child of his parents. His father was a mint master in Schleiz. His mother was the daughter of the Magdeburg councilor Pflug. In 1682 the family moved to Magdeburg. In the same year his father died. In 1685 his mother married the also widow ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1646 In Science
The year 1646 in science and technology involved some significant events. Technology * Pascal's law, a law of hydrostatics is developed, stating that, in a perfect fluid, the pressure exerted on it anywhere is transmitted equally. Publications * Dr Thomas Browne's ''Pseudodoxia Epidemica'' is published in London, introducing the words ''electricity'', ''medical'', ''pathology'', ''hallucination'' and ''computer'' to the English language and casting doubt on the theory of spontaneous generation. Births * April 20 – Charles Plumier, French botanist (died 1704) * July 1 – Gottfried Leibniz, German scientist and mathematician (died 1716) Deaths * November 29 – Laurentius Paulinus Gothus, Swedish theologian and astronomer (born 1565 Year 1565 ( MDLXV) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. Events January–March * January 3 – In the Tsardom of Russia, Ivan the Terrible originates the oprichnina (repression of the boyars (aristoc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Flamsteed
John Flamsteed (19 August 1646 – 31 December 1719) was an English astronomer and the first Astronomer Royal. His main achievements were the preparation of a 3,000-star catalogue, ''Catalogus Britannicus'', and a star atlas called '' Atlas Coelestis'', both published posthumously. He also made the first recorded observations of Uranus, although he mistakenly catalogued it as a star, and he laid the foundation stone for the Royal Greenwich Observatory. Life Flamsteed was born in Denby, Derbyshire, England, the only son of Stephen Flamsteed and his first wife, Mary Spadman. He was educated at the free school of Derby and at Derby School, in St Peter's Churchyard, Derby, near where his father carried on a malting business. At that time, most masters of the school were Puritans. Flamsteed had a solid knowledge of Latin, essential for reading the scientific literature of the day, and a love of history, leaving the school in May 1662.Birks, John L. (1999) ''John Flamsteed, t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1795 In Science
The year 1795 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * December 13 – A meteorite falls to Earth at Wold Newton, East Riding of Yorkshire, England, the first to be recognised in modern times. Botany * National Botanic Gardens (Ireland) opened by the Royal Dublin Society. Mathematics * The 18-year-old Carl Friedrich Gauss develops the basis for the method of least squares analysis. Medicine * The British Royal Navy makes the use of lemon juice mandatory to prevent scurvy, largely due to the influence of Gilbert Blane. Metrology * April 7 – The gram is decreed in France to be equal to "the absolute weight of a volume of water equal to the cube of the hundredth part of the metre, at the temperature of melting ice." Paleontology * Georges Cuvier identifies the fossilised bones of a huge animal found in the Netherlands in 1770 in science, 1770 as belonging to an extinct reptile. Technology * August 24 – Rev. Samuel Henshall is granted an Engl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marie Marguerite Bihéron
Marie Marguerite Bihéron (17 November 1719 – 18 June 1795) (also known as Marie Catherine Bihéron) was a French anatomist, known for her medical illustrations and wax figure models. Biography Bihéron was the daughter of a French apothecary, born in 1719.Londa L. Schiebinger (1991), ''The Mind Has No Sex? Women in the Origins of Modern Science'', pp.27-30. She studied illustration at the Jardin du RoiAndrew Cunningham, ''The Anatomist Anatomis'd: An Experimental Discipline in Enlightenment Europe'', Ashgate Publishing, 2010, p. and with Madeleine Basseporte, of whom little is known outside of her anatomical drawings, and the memoirs of contemporaries. To procure bodies for her anatomical studies, Bihéron was forced to have them stolen from the military. Frustrated with their rapid putrefaction, Autumn Stanley, ''Mothers and Daughters of Invention: Notes for Revised History of Technology'', Rutgers University Press, 1995. and at the suggestion of Basseporte, Bihéron turne ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
