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1682 In Science
{{Science year nav, 1682 The year 1682 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * A comet is observed, which later becomes known as Comet Halley, after Edmund Halley successfully predicts its return in 1758. Discoveries * Antony Van Leeuwenhoek discovers the banded pattern of muscle fibers. Botany * John Ray publishes his ''Methodus plantarum nova'', which sets out his system to divide flowering plants into monocotyledons and dicotyledons. Exploration * René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle canoes down the Mississippi River, naming the Mississippi basin Louisiana in honour of Louis XIV. Medicine * English naval surgeon James Yonge (1646–1721) publishes ''Wounds of the Brain Proved Curable'', probably the first monograph in English on surgery of the head. Births * February 4 – Johann Friedrich Böttger, German alchemist and developer of porcelain manufacture (died 1719) * February 25 – Giovanni Battista Morgagni, Italian anatomist (die ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Surgery
Surgery is a medical specialty that uses manual and instrumental techniques to diagnose or treat pathological conditions (e.g., trauma, disease, injury, malignancy), to alter bodily functions (e.g., malabsorption created by bariatric surgery such as gastric bypass), to reconstruct or alter aesthetics and appearance (cosmetic surgery), or to remove unwanted tissue (biology), tissues (body fat, glands, scars or skin tags) or foreign bodies. The act of performing surgery may be called a surgical procedure or surgical operation, or simply "surgery" or "operation". In this context, the verb "operate" means to perform surgery. The adjective surgical means pertaining to surgery; e.g. surgical instruments, operating theater, surgical facility or surgical nurse. Most surgical procedures are performed by a pair of operators: a surgeon who is the main operator performing the surgery, and a surgical assistant who provides in-procedure manual assistance during surgery. Modern surgical opera ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Hadley
John Hadley (16 April 1682 – 14 February 1744) was an England, English mathematician, and laid claim to the invention of the octant (instrument), octant, two years after Thomas Godfrey (inventor), Thomas Godfrey claimed the same. Biography He was born in Bloomsbury, London the eldest son of George Hadley of Osidge, East Barnet, Hertfordshire and his wife Katherine FitzJames. His younger brother George Hadley became a noted meteorologist. In 1717 John became a member (and later vice-president) of the Royal Society of London. In 1729 he inherited his father's East Barnet estate. He died in East Barnet in 1744 and is buried in the local churchyard with other members of his family. He had married Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Hodges, FRS (former Attorney General of Barbados) and had one child, a son and heir John, born in 1738. Work In 1730 Hadley invented the reflecting octant, which could be used to measure the altitude of the sun or other celestial sphere, celestial obje ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1749 In Science
The year 1749 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * Pierre Bouguer publishes La figure de la terre' in Paris, describing some of the results of his work with Charles Marie de La Condamine on the French Geodesic Mission to Peru (begun in 1735) to measure a degree of the meridian arc near the equator. Biology * Georges-Louis Leclerc, ''afterwards'' Comte du Buffon, begins publication of his . Mathematics * April 12 – Euler produces the first proof of Fermat's theorem on sums of two squares, based on infinite descent. Institutions * April 12 – Official opening of the Radcliffe Library in Oxford, built under the will of the physician John Radcliffe (died 1714) (although it does not become a primarily science library until 1810). * Pehr Wilhelm Wargentin appointed Secretary of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm, a position he will hold until his death in 1783. Awards * Copley Medal: John Harrison Births * February 4 – T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Naturalist
Natural history is a domain of inquiry involving organisms, including animals, fungi, and plants, in their natural environment, leaning more towards observational than experimental methods of study. A person who studies natural history is called a naturalist or natural historian. Natural history encompasses scientific research but is not limited to it. It involves the systematic study of any category of natural objects or organisms, so while it dates from studies in the ancient Greco-Roman world and the mediaeval Arabic world, through to European Renaissance naturalists working in near isolation, today's natural history is a cross-discipline umbrella of many specialty sciences; e.g., geobiology has a strong multidisciplinary nature. Definitions Before 1900 The meaning of the English term "natural history" (a calque of the Latin ''historia naturalis'') has narrowed progressively with time, while, by contrast, the meaning of the related term "nature" has widened (see also ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mark Catesby
Mark Catesby (24 March 1683 – 23 December 1749) was an English natural history, naturalist who studied the flora and fauna of the New World. Between 1729 and 1747, Catesby published his ''Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands'', the first published account of the Flora (plants), flora and Fauna (animals), fauna of North America. It included 220 plates of birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, insects, mammals and plants. Life and works Catesby was born on 24 March 1683 and baptised at Castle Hedingham, Essex on 30 March 1683. His father, John Catesby (buried 12 November 1703), was a local politician and gentleman farmer. His mother was Elizabeth Jekyll (buried 5 September 1708). The family owned a farm and house, Holgate, in Sudbury, Suffolk as well as property in London. An acquaintance with the naturalist John Ray led to Catesby becoming interested in natural history. The death of his father left Catesby enough to live on, so in 1712, he accompanied his ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1771 In Science
The year 1771 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * Lagrange discusses how numerous astronomical observations should be combined so as to give the most probable result. Chemistry * British apothecary Thomas Henry invents a process for preparing magnesium oxide. Exploration * August 17 – Edinburgh botanist James Robertson makes the first recorded ascent of Ben Nevis in Scotland. Mathematics * Lagrange publishes his second paper on the general process for solving an algebraic equation of any degree via ''Lagrange resolvents''; and proves Wilson's theorem that if ''n'' is a prime, then (''n'' − 1)! + 1 is always a multiple of ''n''. Medicine * Norfolk and Norwich Hospital founded in England. Events * March 15 – Society of Civil Engineers first meets (in London), the world's oldest engineering society. * December 16 – French chemist Antoine Lavoisier (28) marries Marie-Anne Pierrette Paulze, not yet 14 and daughter of his senior ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anatomist
Anatomy () is the branch of morphology concerned with the study of the internal structure of organisms and their parts. Anatomy is a branch of natural science that deals with the structural organization of living things. It is an old science, having its beginnings in prehistoric times. Anatomy is inherently tied to developmental biology, embryology, comparative anatomy, evolutionary biology, and phylogeny, as these are the processes by which anatomy is generated, both over immediate and long-term timescales. Anatomy and physiology, which study the structure and function of organisms and their parts respectively, make a natural pair of related disciplines, and are often studied together. Human anatomy is one of the essential basic sciences that are applied in medicine, and is often studied alongside physiology. Anatomy is a complex and dynamic field that is constantly evolving as discoveries are made. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the use of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Italian People
Italians (, ) are a European peoples, European ethnic group native to the Italian geographical region. Italians share a common Italian culture, culture, History of Italy, history, Cultural heritage, ancestry and Italian language, language. Their predecessors differ regionally, but generally include populations such as the Etruscan civilization, Etruscans, Rhaetians, Ligurians, Adriatic Veneti, Magna Graecia, Ancient Greeks and Italic peoples, including Latins (Italic tribe), Latins, from which Roman people, Romans emerged and helped create and evolve the modern Italian identity. Legally, Italian nationality law, Italian nationals are citizens of Italy, regardless of ancestry or nation of residence (in effect, however, Italian nationality law, Italian nationality is largely based on ''jus sanguinis'') and may be distinguished from ethnic Italians in general or from people of Italian descent without Italian citizenship and ethnic Italians living in territories adjacent to the I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Giovanni Battista Morgagni
Giovanni Battista Morgagni (25 February 1682 – 6 December 1771) was an Italian anatomy, anatomist, generally regarded as the father of modern anatomical pathology, who taught thousands of medical students from many countries during his 56 years as Professor of Anatomy at the University of Padua. His most significant literary contribution, the monumental five-volume ''On the Seats and Causes of Disease'', embodied a lifetime of experience in anatomical dissection and observation, and established the fundamental principle that most diseases are not vaguely dispersed throughout the body, but originate locally, in specific organs and tissues. Education His parents were in comfortable circumstances, but not of the nobility; it appears from his letters to Giovanni Maria Lancisi that Morgagni had ambitions to improve his rank. It may be inferred that he succeeded from the fact that he is described on a memorial tablet at Padua, Italy, Padua as ''nobilis forolensis'', "noble of Forlì ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1719 In Science
{{Science year nav, 1719 The year 1719 in science and technology involved some significant events some of which are enumerated here. Botany * Johann Jacob Dillenius publishes ''Catalogus plantarum sponte c. Gissam nascentium''. * Michael Bernhard Valentini publishes ''Viridarium reformatum, seu regnum vegetabilis Das ist eingerichtet und-Neu-buch vollständiges Kräuter, Worinnen alfo noch nicht geschehen Weise, als Kräutern Vegetabilien CRF, Sträuchen, Bäumen, Bluhmen Erd-und anderer Art Gewachsen, Krafft und beschreiben werden Würckung dergestalter, dass man dieses Werck statt einer Botanischen Bibliotheca haben, jedes zu seiner rechten Haupt Kraut-Art bringen, dessen Nutzen auch in der deutlich Artzney umständlich und finden'' ... (Anton Heinscheidt, Frankfurt am Main). These two volumes contain many illustrated plates from various botanical works for the ''Florilegium novum'' and ''Florilegium and renovatum auctum'' of Johannes Theodorus de Bry (1561–1623) and others ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Porcelain
Porcelain (), also called china, is a ceramic material made by heating Industrial mineral, raw materials, generally including kaolinite, in a kiln to temperatures between . The greater strength and translucence of porcelain, relative to other types of pottery, arise mainly from Vitrification#Ceramics, vitrification and the formation of the mineral mullite within the body at these high temperatures. End applications include tableware, ceramic art, decorative ware such as figurines, and products in technology and industry such as Insulator (electricity), electrical insulators and laboratory ware. The manufacturing process used for porcelain is similar to that used for earthenware and stoneware, the two other main types of pottery, although it can be more challenging to produce. It has usually been regarded as the most prestigious type of pottery due to its delicacy, strength, and high degree of whiteness. It is frequently both glazed and decorated. Though definitions vary, po ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
