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1639 In Science
The year 1639 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * Giovanni Battista Zupi observes that the planet Mercury (planet), Mercury has orbital Planetary phase, phases. * December 4 (November 24 in Julian calendar) – English people, English astronomers Jeremiah Horrocks and William Crabtree are the first and only scientific observers of a Transit of Venus, 1639, transit of Venus, predicted by Horrocks. Exploration * The Casiquiare canal, a river forming a natural canal between the Amazon River and Orinoco River basins, is first encountered by Europeans Mathematics * Girard Desargues introduces the concept of infinity into geometry. Births * April 12 – Martin Lister, English people, English naturalist and physician (died 1712 in science, 1712) * December 18 – Gottfried Kirch, German people, German astronomer (died 1710 in science, 1710) * ''approx. date'' – Daniel Greysolon, Sieur du Lhut, French people, French explorer (died 1710 in scienc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Daniel Greysolon, Sieur Du Lhut
Daniel Greysolon, Sieur du Lhut ( 1639 – 25 February 1710) was a French soldier and explorer who is the first European known to have visited the area where the city of Duluth, Minnesota, United States, is now located and the head of Lake Superior in Minnesota. His name is sometimes anglicized as "DuLuth", and he is the namesake of Duluth, Minnesota, as well as Duluth, Georgia. Daniel Greysolon signed himself "Dulhut" on surviving manuscripts. Early life He was born about 1639 in Saint-Germain-Laval, near Saint-Étienne, France, and first visited New France in 1674. Exploration In September 1678, Dulhut left Montreal for Lake Superior, spending the winter near Sault Sainte Marie and reaching the western end of the lake in the fall of the following year, where he concluded peace talks between the Anishinaabe ( Saulteur) and Dakota (Sioux) peoples. On 2 July 1679, DuLhut planted the flag of France "in the great village of the Nadouecioux, called ''Izatys''", a Dakota Mdewakan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1710 In Science
The year 1710 in science and technology involved some significant events. Events * The Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala is founded in Uppsala, Sweden, as the ''Collegium curiosorum'' ("College of the Curious"). Astronomy * Edmond Halley, comparing his observations with Ptolemy's Almagest, catalog, discovers the proper motion of some "fixed" stars. Physiology and medicine * Alexis Littré, in his treatise ''Diverses observations anatomiques'', is the first physician to suggest the possibility of performing a lumbar colostomy for an obstruction of the colon (anatomy), colon. * Stephen Hales makes the first experimental measurement of the capacity of a mammalian heart. Technology * Jakob Christof Le Blon invents a color printing, three-color printing process with red, blue, and yellow ink. Years later he adds black introducing the earliest four-color printing process. Zoology * René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur produces a paper on the use of spiders to produce silk. Publ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
German People
Germans (, ) are the natives or inhabitants of Germany, or sometimes more broadly any people who are of German descent or native speakers of the German language. The Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, constitution of Germany, implemented in 1949 following the end of World War II, defines a German as a German nationality law, German citizen. During the 19th and much of the 20th century, discussions on German identity were dominated by concepts of a common language, culture, descent, and history.. "German identity developed through a long historical process that led, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, to the definition of the German nation as both a community of descent (Volksgemeinschaft) and shared culture and experience. Today, the German language is the primary though not exclusive criterion of German identity." Today, the German language is widely seen as the primary, though not exclusive, criterion of German identity. Estimates on the total number of Germ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gottfried Kirch
Gottfried Kirch (; also KircheKenneth Glyn Jones, ''The Search for the Nebulae'', Alpha Academic, 1975, p. 19. , Kirkius; 18 December 1639 – 25 July 1710) was a German astronomer and the first "Astronomer Royal" in Berlin and, as such, director of the nascent Berlin Observatory. Life and work The son of Michael Kirch, a shoemaker in Guben, initially he worked as a schoolmaster in Langgrün and Neundorf near Lobenstein. He also worked as a calendar-maker in Saxonia and Franconia. He began to learn astronomy with Erhard Weigel in Jena, and with Hevelius in Danzig. In Danzig in 1667, Kirch published calendars and built several telescopes and instruments. In 1679 he invented a screw micrometer for astronomical measurements. He became an astronomer working in Coburg, Leipzig and Guben as well from 1700 in Berlin. In the last quarter of the 17th century, Kirch was the most-read calendar maker and counted as one of the leading Germans. In 1680 he discovered a comet with a teles ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1712 In Science
The year 1712 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * John Flamsteed's ''Historia Coelestis'' is first published, against his will and without credit by Isaac Newton and Edmond Halley with the influence of John Arbuthnot. (A final version, approved by Flamsteed, is published posthumously in 1725.) Mathematics * Seki Takakazu's discovery of what become known as Bernoulli numbers is first published in his posthumous ''Katsuyo Sanpō''. * Giacomo F. Maraldi experimentally obtains the angle in the rhombic dodecahedron shape, which becomes known as the Maraldi angle. Technology * The first known working Newcomen steam engine is built by Thomas Newcomen with John Calley to pump water out of mines in the Black Country of England. Institutions * January 16 – A military engineering school is established in Moscow which is to become the A.F. Mozhaysky Military-Space Academy. Births * March 8 – John Fothergill, English physician (died 1780) * Marc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Physician
A physician, medical practitioner (British English), medical doctor, or simply doctor is a health professional who practices medicine, which is concerned with promoting, maintaining or restoring health through the Medical education, study, Medical diagnosis, diagnosis, prognosis and therapy, treatment of disease, injury, and other physical and mental impairments. Physicians may focus their practice on certain disease categories, types of patients, and methods of treatment—known as Specialty (medicine), specialities—or they may assume responsibility for the provision of continuing and comprehensive medical care to individuals, families, and communities—known as general practitioner, general practice. Medical practice properly requires both a detailed knowledge of the Discipline (academia), academic disciplines, such as anatomy and physiology, pathophysiology, underlying diseases, and their treatment, which is the science of medicine, and a decent Competence (human resources ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Naturalist
Natural history is a domain of inquiry involving organisms, including animals, fungi, and plants, in their natural environment, leaning more towards observational than experimental methods of study. A person who studies natural history is called a naturalist or natural historian. Natural history encompasses scientific research but is not limited to it. It involves the systematic study of any category of natural objects or organisms, so while it dates from studies in the ancient Greco-Roman world and the mediaeval Arabic world, through to European Renaissance naturalists working in near isolation, today's natural history is a cross-discipline umbrella of many specialty sciences; e.g., geobiology has a strong multidisciplinary nature. Definitions Before 1900 The meaning of the English term "natural history" (a calque of the Latin ''historia naturalis'') has narrowed progressively with time, while, by contrast, the meaning of the related term "nature" has widened (see also ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Martin Lister
Martin Lister (12 April 1639 – 2 February 1712) was an English natural history, naturalist and physician. His daughters Anne Lister (illustrator), Anne and Susanna Lister, Susanna were two of his illustrators and engravers. J. D. Woodley, 'Lister , Susanna (bap. 1670, d. 1738)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 200accessed 10 April 2017/ref> Life Lister was born at Radclive, Radcliffe, near Buckingham, the son of Martin Lister (MP), Sir Martin Lister MP for Brackley in the Long Parliament and his wife Susanna Temple, a daughter of Alexander Temple, Sir Alexander Temple. Lister was connected to a number of well known individuals. He was the nephew of both James Temple, the regicide and also of Matthew Lister (died 1657), Matthew Lister, physician to Anne of Denmark, Anne, queen of James I of England, James I, and to Charles I of England, Charles I. He was also the uncle of Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough who corre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Geometry
Geometry (; ) is a branch of mathematics concerned with properties of space such as the distance, shape, size, and relative position of figures. Geometry is, along with arithmetic, one of the oldest branches of mathematics. A mathematician who works in the field of geometry is called a ''List of geometers, geometer''. Until the 19th century, geometry was almost exclusively devoted to Euclidean geometry, which includes the notions of point (geometry), point, line (geometry), line, plane (geometry), plane, distance, angle, surface (mathematics), surface, and curve, as fundamental concepts. Originally developed to model the physical world, geometry has applications in almost all sciences, and also in art, architecture, and other activities that are related to graphics. Geometry also has applications in areas of mathematics that are apparently unrelated. For example, methods of algebraic geometry are fundamental in Wiles's proof of Fermat's Last Theorem, Wiles's proof of Fermat's ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Infinity
Infinity is something which is boundless, endless, or larger than any natural number. It is denoted by \infty, called the infinity symbol. From the time of the Ancient Greek mathematics, ancient Greeks, the Infinity (philosophy), philosophical nature of infinity has been the subject of many discussions among philosophers. In the 17th century, with the introduction of the infinity symbol and the infinitesimal calculus, mathematicians began to work with infinite series and what some mathematicians (including Guillaume de l'Hôpital, l'Hôpital and Johann Bernoulli, Bernoulli) regarded as infinitely small quantities, but infinity continued to be associated with endless processes. As mathematicians struggled with the foundation of calculus, it remained unclear whether infinity could be considered as a number or Magnitude (mathematics), magnitude and, if so, how this could be done. At the end of the 19th century, Georg Cantor enlarged the mathematical study of infinity by studying ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
