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Большая Советская Энциклопедия
The ''Great Soviet Encyclopedia'' (GSE; , ''BSE'') is one of the largest Russian-language encyclopedias, published in the Soviet Union from 1926 to 1990. After 2002, the encyclopedia's data was partially included into the later ''Great Russian Encyclopedia'' in an updated and revised form. The GSE claimed to be "the first Marxist–Leninist general-purpose encyclopedia". Origins The idea of the ''Great Soviet Encyclopedia'' emerged in 1923 on the initiative of Otto Schmidt, a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. In early 1924 Schmidt worked with a group which included Mikhail Pokrovsky, (rector of the Institute of Red Professors), Nikolai Meshcheryakov (Former head of the Glavit, the State Administration of Publishing Affairs), Valery Bryusov (poet), Veniamin Kagan (mathematician) and Konstantin Kuzminsky to draw up a proposal which was agreed to in April 1924. Also involved was Anatoly Lunacharsky, People's Commissar of Education (Narkompros), who had previously been inv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya
Publishing houses in the Soviet Union were a series of publishing enterprises which existed in the Soviet Union. Centralization On 8 August 1930, the Council of People's Commissars, Sovnarkom of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) established the state publishing monopoly, OGIZ (, , Union of the State Book and Magazine Publishers), subordinated to . At its core was the former . Other Republics of the Soviet Union, union republics followed the same pattern. During the era of centralization the names of the most publishers contained the acronym "" ("giz") standing for "" (', i.e., "State Publisher", S.P.). List Early publishers As of 1 January 1930, there were 995 publishers in the RSFSR alone. * «» (New Moscow) * «» (Down with Illiteracy) * «» * «» () (World Literature (Publishing House)) (1919–1924) *Nedra Publishers (1922–1931), literary publisher Period of centralization * () (State Publishing House) * «» (Land and Factory) * «» ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alexander Bogdanov
Alexander Aleksandrovich Bogdanov (; – 7 April 1928), born Alexander Malinovsky, was a Russian and later Soviet physician, philosopher, science fiction writer and Bolshevik revolutionary. He was a polymath who pioneered blood transfusion, as well as general systems theory, and made important contributions to cybernetics. He was a key figure in the early history of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (later the Communist Party of the Soviet Union), originally established 1898, and of its Bolshevik faction. Bogdanov co-founded the Bolsheviks in 1903, when they split with the Menshevik faction. He was a rival within the Bolsheviks to Vladimir Lenin (1870–1924), until being expelled in 1909 and founding his own faction Vpered. Following the Russian Revolutions of 1917, when the Bolsheviks came to power in the collapsing Russian Republic, he was an influential opponent of the Bolshevik government and Lenin from a Marxist leftist perspective during the first decade of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arthur Schopenhauer
Arthur Schopenhauer ( ; ; 22 February 1788 – 21 September 1860) was a German philosopher. He is known for his 1818 work ''The World as Will and Representation'' (expanded in 1844), which characterizes the Phenomenon, phenomenal world as the manifestation of a blind and irrational noumenon, noumenal Will (philosophy), will. Building on the transcendental idealism of Immanuel Kant, Schopenhauer developed an atheistic metaphysical and ethical system that rejected the contemporaneous ideas of German idealism. Schopenhauer was among the first philosophers in the Western philosophy, Western tradition to share and affirm significant tenets of Indian philosophy, such as asceticism, denial of the self (philosophy), self, and the notion of the Maya (religion), world-as-appearance. His work has been described as an exemplary manifestation of philosophical pessimism. Though his work failed to garner substantial attention during his lifetime, he had a posthumous impact across various ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plato
Plato ( ; Greek language, Greek: , ; born BC, died 348/347 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher of the Classical Greece, Classical period who is considered a foundational thinker in Western philosophy and an innovator of the written dialogue and dialectic forms. He influenced all the major areas of theoretical philosophy and practical philosophy, and was the founder of the Platonic Academy, a philosophical school in History of Athens, Athens where Plato taught the doctrines that would later become known as Platonism. Plato's most famous contribution is the theory of forms, theory of forms (or ideas), which aims to solve what is now known as the problem of universals. He was influenced by the pre-Socratic thinkers Pythagoras, Heraclitus, and Parmenides, although much of what is known about them is derived from Plato himself. Along with his teacher Socrates, and his student Aristotle, Plato is a central figure in the history of Western philosophy. Plato's complete ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Metaphysics
Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that examines the basic structure of reality. It is traditionally seen as the study of mind-independent features of the world, but some theorists view it as an inquiry into the conceptual framework of human understanding. Some philosophers, including Aristotle, designate metaphysics as first philosophy to suggest that it is more fundamental than other forms of philosophical inquiry. Metaphysics encompasses a wide range of general and abstract topics. It investigates the nature of existence, the features all entities have in common, and their division into categories of being. An influential division is between particulars and universals. Particulars are individual unique entities, like a specific apple. Universals are general features that different particulars have in common, like the color . Modal metaphysics examines what it means for something to be possible or necessary. Metaphysicians also explore the concepts of space, time, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Valentin Asmus (philosopher)
Valentin Ferdinandovich Asmus (; December 30, 1894 – June 4, 1975) was a Soviet philosopher. He was one of the small group who continued the classical European philosophical tradition through the early Soviet times. He was an independent thinker and unorthodox Marxist, with interests in the history of philosophy and aesthetics. He graduated from St. Vladimir University in 1919, then moved to Moscow in 1927. At this period he attacked the views of William James William James (January 11, 1842 – August 26, 1910) was an American philosopher and psychologist. The first educator to offer a psychology course in the United States, he is considered to be one of the leading thinkers of the late 19th c .... In the mid-1920s, he was a theorist of literary Constructivism (philosophy of science), constructivism. Through his wife Irina, he became a friend of Boris Pasternak, from about 1931. His major work ''Marx and Bourgeois Historicism'' (1933) was influenced by György Lukác ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Victor Ambartsumian
Viktor Amazaspovich Ambartsumian (; , ''Viktor Hamazaspi Hambardzumyan''; 12 August 1996) was a Soviet and Armenian astrophysicist and science administrator. One of the 20th century's leading astronomers, he is widely regarded as the founder of theoretical astrophysics in the Soviet Union. Educated at Leningrad State University (LSU) and the Pulkovo Observatory, Ambartsumian taught at LSU and founded the Soviet Union's first department of astrophysics there in 1934. He subsequently moved to Soviet Armenia, where he founded the Byurakan Observatory in 1946. It became his institutional base for the decades to come and a major center of astronomical research. He also co-founded the Armenian Academy of Sciences and led it for almost half a century—the entire post-war period. One commentator noted that "science in Armenia was synonymous with the name Ambartsumian." In 1965 Ambartsumian founded the journal ''Astrophysics (journal), Astrofizika'' and served as its editor for over 20 y ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hamid Alimjan
Hamid Olimjon (sometimes spelled Hamid Alimjan in English; ; ; 12 December 1909 – 3 July 1944) was an Uzbeks, Uzbek poet, playwright, scholar, and literary translator of the Soviet period. Hamid Olimjon is considered to be one of the finest twentieth-century Uzbek poets. The Uzbek Soviet Encyclopedia calls him "one of the founders of Uzbek Soviet literature". In addition to writing his own poetry, Hamid Olimjon translated the works of many famous foreign authors, such as Alexander Pushkin, Leo Tolstoy, Maxim Gorky, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Taras Shevchenko, and Mikhail Lermontov into the Uzbek language. Hamid Olimjon was married to the renowned Uzbek poet Zulfiya (poet), Zulfiya. He died in a car accident on 3 July 1944, in Tashkent. He was 34 years old at the time of his death. Life Hamid Olimjon was born on 12 December 1909 in Jizzakh. Hamid Olimjon's father died when he was only four years old. From 1918 until 1923, he studied at Narimonov Elementary School in Jizzakh. Hamid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Materialism
Materialism is a form of monism, philosophical monism according to which matter is the fundamental Substance theory, substance in nature, and all things, including mind, mental states and consciousness, are results of material interactions. According to philosophical materialism, mind and consciousness are caused by physical processes, such as the neurochemistry of the human brain and nervous system, without which they cannot exist. Materialism directly contrasts with monistic idealism, according to which consciousness is the fundamental substance of nature. Materialism is closely related to physicalism—the view that all that exists is ultimately physical. Philosophical physicalism has evolved from materialism with the theories of the physical sciences to incorporate forms of physicality in addition to ordinary matter (e.g. spacetime, energy, physical energies and forces, and exotic matter). Thus, some prefer the term ''physicalism'' to ''materialism'', while others use them as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Georgy Aleksandrov
Georgy Fedorovich Aleksandrov (Russian: Гео́ргий Фёдорович Алекса́ндров; 22 March 1908 – 7 July 1961) was a Soviet people, Soviet politician and Marxist philosopher. Biography Childhood and education Aleksandrov was born in 1908 in Saint Petersburg in a worker's family of Russians, Russian ethnicity, but became Homelessness in Russia, homeless during the Russian Civil War. In 1924–1930, he studied Communist philosophy in Borisoglebsk and Tambov and then transferred to the Moscow Institute of History and Philosophy. He became a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Communist Party in 1928. After graduating in 1932, Aleksandrov remained with the Institute for graduate studies, eventually becoming a professor, a deputy director and the Institute's Scientific Secretary. Communist official In 1938, at the height of the Great Purge, the 30 year old Aleksandrov was made deputy head of the Publishing Department of the Executive Committee of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alexander Prokhorov
Alexander Mikhailovich Prokhorov (born Alexander Michael Prochoroff, ; 11 July 1916 – 8 January 2002) was an Australian-born Russian physicist and researcher on lasers and masers, in the former Soviet Union. He shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1964 with Charles Hard Townes and Nikolay Basov. Early life Alexander Michael Prochoroff was born on 11 July 1916 at Russell Road, Peeramon, Queensland, Australia (now 322 Gadaloff Road, Butchers Creek, situated about 30 km from Atherton), to Mikhail Ivanovich Prokhorov and Maria Ivanovna (née Mikhailova), Russian revolutionaries who had emigrated from Russia to escape repression by the tsarist regime. As a child he attended Butchers Creek State School.Tablelander (newspaper) 19 July 2016 'Prokharov centenary' The family returned to Russia in 1923, after the October Revolution and the Russian Civil War. In 1934, Prokhorov entered the Saint Petersburg State University to study physics. He was a member of the Komsomol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Boris Vvedensky
Boris Alekseyevich Vvedensky (Russian: Борис Алексеевич Введенский; 19 April 1893 – 1 June 1969) was a Soviet radiophysicist, academic and university professor. Life and career Boris Vvedensky was born in Moscow in the family of a professor at the Moscow Theological Academy. In 1911 he graduated from a high school in Moscow, and in 1915 from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the University of Moscow, from 1912 he worked in the laboratory of Vladimir Arkadiev, and in 1913 he became a laboratory assistant at the physics laboratory of Moscow University, and in 1915 a laboratory employee at the factory of military field telephones in Moscow. In 1916 he published his first scientific work. From June 1916 to August 1917 he served in the Russian army, then returned to work at the telephone factory. In 1919 he became an employee of the laboratory of the Main Military-Engineering Directorate of the Red Army and a lecturer at the Faculty of Physics and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
