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ﾊｿUthmﾄ］ Ibn ﾊｿAffﾄ］
Uthman ibn Affan (17 June 656) was the third caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate, ruling from 644 until his assassination in 656. Uthman, a second cousin, son-in-law, and notable companion of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad, played a major role in early Islamic history. During his reign as caliph, he was known for ordering the official compilation of the standardized version of the Quran, known as Uthman's Quran, that is still being used today. Before his predecessor, Caliph Umar (), died in office, he appointed a committee of trustees to elect a successor. Uthman, who was then aged 68窶71 years, was elected to succeed him and became the oldest person to hold such a high position. During his premiership, the Caliphate expanded further into Persia in 650 and reached as far as the provinces of Khorasan in 651. Uthman instituted centralized reforms in order to create a more cohesive administrative structure and fostered rapid economic growth. However, the last years of his re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amir Al-Mu'minin
() or Commander of the Faithful is a Muslims, Muslim title designating the supreme leader of an Ummah, Islamic community. Name Although etymology, etymologically () is equivalent to English "commander", the wide variety of its historical and modern use allows for a range of translations. The historian H. A. R. Gibb, H.A.R. Gibb, however, counsels against the translation "Prince of the Believers" as "neither philologically nor historically correct". History The title was used for Muslim military commanders during the lifetime of Prophet Muhammad. It was, for example, borne by the Muslim commander at the Battle of al-Qadisiyyah, Battle of al-Qadisiyya. On his accession in 634, the second caliph Umar () adopted the title. This was likely not for its military connotation, but rather deriving from a Quranic injunction to "Obey God and obey the Apostle and those invested with command among you" (An-Nisa, Sura 4, verses 58窶62). According to Fred Donner, Fred M. Donner, the titl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Affan Ibn Abi Al-As
ﾊｿAffﾄ］ ibn Abﾄｫ al-ﾊｿﾄ盪｣ () was a famous 6th-century Arab merchant, a contemporary of the young Muhammad (窶632) and the father of Uthman ibn Affan, the third Rashidun caliph (). His father was Abu al-As ibn Umayya. His nephew was Marwan ibn al-Hakam. His sister was Safiyya bint Abi al-As, who was the mother of Ramla bint Abi Sufyan (a wife of Muhammad). Affan married Arwa bint Kurayz, who was the daughter of Kurayz ibn Rabi'ah and Umm Hakim bint Abd Al-Muttalib ibn Hashim. She was also a cousin of Muhammad. His son Uthman was born in Ta'if. The exact date is disputed: both 576 and 583 are indicated.Muhammad ibn Saad. ''Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir Volume 3''. Translated by Bewley, A. (2013). ''The Companions of Badr''. London: TaHa Publishers. He is listed as one of the 22 Meccans "at the dawn of Islam" who knew how to write.Ahmed ibn Jabir al-Baladhuri. ''Kitab Futuh al-Buldan''. Translated by Murgotten, F. C. (1924). ''The Origins of the Islamic State Part 2'', p. 271 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Companions Of The Prophet
The Companions of the Prophet () were the Muslim disciples and followers of the Islamic prophet Muhammad who saw or met him during his lifetime. The companions played a major role in Muslim battles, society, hadith narration, and governance during and after the life of Muhammad. The era of the companions began following the death of Muhammad in 632 CE, and ended in 110 AH (728 CE) when the last companion Abu al-Tufayl died. Later Islamic scholars accepted their testimony of the words and deeds of Muhammad, the occasions on which the Quran was revealed and other important matters in Islamic history and practice. The testimony of the companions, as it was passed down through trusted chains of narrators ('' asﾄ］ﾄｫd''), was the basis of the developing Islamic tradition. From the traditions (''hadith'') of the life of Muhammad and his companions are drawn the Muslim way of life (''sunnah''), the code of conduct (''sharia'') it requires, and Islamic jurisprudence (''fiqh''). ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Assassination Of Uthman
Uthman ibn Affan, the third Rashidun caliph, who ruled from 644 to 656, was assassinated at the end of a siege upon his house in 656. This was initially a protest but escalated into a siege following the death of a protester. The protesters-turned-rebels had demanded a new caliph, which Uthman refused. On 17 June 656 (35 AH) protestors set the house on fire, made their way inside, and killed him. The assassination of Uthman had a polarizing effect in the Ummah at the time. Questions were raised not only regarding his character and policies but also the relationship between Muslims and the state, religious beliefs regarding rebellion and governance, and the qualifications of rulership in Islam.Valerie Jon Hoffman, ''The Essentials of Ibadi Islam'', pg. 8. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2012. Background Following the deaths of Muhammad and the first caliph Abu Bakr () in 632 and 634 respectively, Umar () became the new caliph. Continuing the wars of conquest initiated by Ab ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quraysh
The Quraysh () are an Tribes of Arabia, Arab tribe who controlled Mecca before the rise of Islam. Their members were divided into ten main clans, most notably including the Banu Hashim, into which Islam's founding prophet Muhammad was born. By the seventh century, they had become wealthy merchants, dominating trade between the Indian Ocean, East Africa, and the Mediterranean Sea, Mediterranean. The tribe ran caravans to Gaza City, Gaza and Damascus in summer and to Yemen (region), Yemen in winter, while also mining and pursuing other enterprises on these routes. When Muhammad Muhammad's first revelation, began preaching Islam in Mecca, the Quraysh initially showed little concern. However, their opposition to his activities quickly grew as he increasingly challenged Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia, Arab polytheism, which was prevalent throughout pre-Islamic Arabia. As relations deteriorated, Muhammad and Early Muslims, his followers migrated to Medina (the journey known as the Hij ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abd Allah Ibn Uthman
Abd Allah ibn Uthman (; ), was the son of the third caliph Uthman () and Ruqayya bint Muhammad. Born in Abyssinia, Abd Allah is believed by Sunni Muslims to be the first grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Biography By 615 Ruqayya was married to a prominent Muslim, Uthman ibn Affan. She accompanied him on the first Migration to Abyssinia,Ibn Saad/Bewley p. 25.Tabari/Landau-Tasseron p. 162. where she suffered a miscarriage. They returned to Abyssinia in 616, and there Ruqayya gave birth to a son, Abdallah in 619. His parents, Uthman and Ruqayya were among those who returned to Mecca in 619. Uthman emigrated to Medina Medina, officially al-Madinah al-Munawwarah (, ), also known as Taybah () and known in pre-Islamic times as Yathrib (), is the capital of Medina Province (Saudi Arabia), Medina Province in the Hejaz region of western Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, ... in 622, and Ruqayya followed him later. Muhammad asked Usama, "Have you ever seen a more handsome coupl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sa'id Ibn Uthman
Sa'id ibn Uthman ibn Affan al-Umawi (; died ) was an Umayyad general and military governor of Khurasan in 676窶677 during the reign of Caliph Mu'awiya I. He was a son of Caliph Uthman () and a one-time seeker of the caliphate in 675/76. During his short term in Khurasan, he launched a campaign deep into Transoxiana and defeated one or two Soghdian armies. He reportedly captured Bukhara and besieged Samarkand, gaining tributary status from the latter, before proceeding to capture Tirmidh. He was dismissed by Mu'awiya, possibly due to concerns that his popularity and battlefield successes had strengthened Sa'id's previous bid to seek the caliphate instead of Mu'awiya's designated successor, Yazid I (). He was killed in Medina by his Soghdian slaves. Life Sa'id was a son of Caliph Uthman () and the latter's wife Fatima bint al-Walid, a scion of the prominent Banu Makhzum clan of the Quraysh. Caliph Mu'awiya I () had partly based his claim to the caliphate on his pursuit of justi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aban Ibn Uthman
Abu Sa'id Aban ibn Uthman ibn Affan al-Umawi (; died 105 AH/723 CE) was a Muslim historian and traditionalist. He also served a seven-year stint as governor of Medina in 695窶702, during the reign of the Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik (). Biography Aban was a son of Uthman (), the third Rashidun caliph. His mother was Umm Amr bint Jundab ibn Amr al-Dawsiyya of the Azd tribe of Yemen. During the First Fitna, which occurred in the wake of his father's assassination, Aban fought alongside the forces of A'isha and his Umayyad kinsmen against the fourth Rashidun caliph Ali () at the Battle of the Camel in November 656. As A'isha's supporters were on the verge of defeat, Aban fled the battle. Later, the Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik () appointed Aban governor of Medina in 695 and he continued in the post until being replaced by Hisham ibn Isma'il al-Makhzumi in 702. During his term, he led the funeral prayers, as was customary of the governor, for Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya, a son of Ali ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amr Ibn Uthman
Abu Uthman Amr ibn Uthman ibn Affan al-Umawi () was a son of Caliph Uthman and played political and military roles during the caliphates of Mu'awiya I (), Yazid I () and Marwan I (). Life Amr was a son of Caliph Uthman () from the Umayyad clan of the Quraysh tribe and his wife Umm Amr bint Jundab ibn Amr of the Daws clan of the Azd tribe. He was born during the rule of Uthman's predecessor, Caliph Umar (). Biographical details about Amr are often confused in the traditional Islamic sources with Amr's full brother Umar. The historian al-Baladhuri (d. 892) asserts that Amr was Uthman's eldest son to have survived the caliph, who was killed in 656, and the historian Mus'ab al-Zubayri (d. 851) holds that Amr was the eldest of Uthman's sons to leave descendants, while the historians Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (d. 1492) and al-Qalqashandi (d. 1418) attribute both facts to Umar. Al-Zubayri further relates that Uthman privately named Amr as the second-in-line to succeed him as caliph afte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Na'ila Bint Al-Furafisa
Na'ila bint al-Furafisa () was the wife of the third caliph Uthman (). She narrated many hadith including eyewitness accounts of the assassination of Uthman. Biography Naila bint al-Furafisa was born into a Christian family in Kufa but was converted to Islam by Aisha. In 28 AH (649 CE), she married Uthman, She gave birth to several children of Uthman; Anbasa, Maryam al-Sughra, Umm Aban al-Sughra, Umm Khalid, Arwa, Umm al-Banin. After the death of second caliph Umar, her husband Uthman was elected to the Caliphate and succeeded to the Caliphate in 644. Naila always supported her husband in household duties. Her husband ruled the Caliphate for twelve years, his reign was peaceful and prosperous however in the last year of his reign 656, after growing discontent with his rule, rebels besieged Uthman in his home in Medina. Ali ibn Abi Talib had earlier rescued Uthman from similar situation on his promise to address complaints made by public. The Caliph, now about 80 years old, sen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Umm Kulthum Bint Muhammad
Umm Kulthﾅｫm bint Mu盧･ammad () (窶630) was the third daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad by his first wife Khadija bint Khuwaylid. Conversion to Islam She was born in Mecca, the fifth of their six children.Muhammad ibn Saad. ''Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir'' vol. 8. Translated by Bewley, A. (1995). ''The Women of Madina''. London: Ta-Ha Publishers. She was legally married before August 610 to Utaybah ibn Abi Lahab, but the marriage was never consummated.Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari. ''Tarikh al-Rusul wa'l-Muluk''. Translated by Landau-Tasseron, E. (1998). ''Volume 39: Biographies of the Prophet's Companions and Their Successors''. Albany: State University of New York Press. She was still living with her parents when Muhammad was declared a prophet by God, and Umm Kulthum became a Muslims, Muslim soon after her mother did. After Muhammad warned Abu Lahab of hellfire in 613, Abu Lahab told Utaybah that he would never speak to him again unless he divorced Umm Kulthum, so he did. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
