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Silesian Language
Silesian, occasionally called Upper Silesian, is an ethnolect of the Lechitic languages, Lechitic group spoken by part of people in Upper Silesia. Its vocabulary was significantly influenced by Central German due to the existence of numerous Silesian German speakers in the area prior to World War II and after. The first mentions of Silesian as a distinct lect date back to the 16th century, and the first literature with Silesian characteristics to the 17th century. Linguistic distinctiveness of Silesian has long been a topic of discussion among Poland's Linguistics, linguists, especially after all of Upper Silesia was included within the Polish borders, following World War II. Some regard it as one of the Dialects of Polish, four major dialects of Polish language, Polish, while others classify it as a separate regional language, distinct from Polish. According to the official data from the 2021 Polish census, about 500 000 people consider Silesian as their first language, nat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Venetan Language
Venetian, also known as wider Venetian or Venetan ( or ), is a Romance language spoken natively in the northeast of Italy,Ethnologue mostly in Veneto, where most of the five million inhabitants can understand it. It is sometimes spoken and often well understood outside Veneto: in Trentino, Friuli, the Julian March, Istria, and some towns of Slovenia, Dalmatia (Croatia) and Bay of Kotor (Montenegro) by a surviving autochthonous Venetian population, and in Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Mexico, the United States and the United Kingdom by Venetians in the diaspora. Although referred to as an "Italian dialect" (; ) even by some of its speakers, the label is primarily geographic. Venetian is a separate language from Italian, with many local varieties. Its precise place within the Romance language family remains somewhat controversial. Both Ethnologue and Glottolog group it into the '' Gallo-Italic'' branch (and thus, closer to French and Emilian–Romagnol than to Itali ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kashubian Language
Kashubian () or Cassubian (; ; ) is a West Slavic language belonging to the Lechitic subgroup.Stephen Barbour, Cathie Carmichael, ''Language and Nationalism in Europe'', Oxford University Press, 2000, p.199, In Poland, it has been an officially recognized ethnic-minority language since 2005. Approximately 87,600 people use mainly Kashubian at home. It is the only remnant of the Pomeranian language. It is close to standard Polish with influence from Low German and the extinct Polabian (West Slavic) and Old Prussian (West Baltic) languages. The Kashubian language exists in two different forms: vernacular dialects used in rural areas, and literary variants used in education. Origin Kashubian is assumed to have evolved from the language spoken by some tribes of Pomeranians called Kashubians, in the region of Pomerania, on the southern coast of the Baltic Sea between the Vistula and Oder rivers. It first began to evolve separately in the period from the thirteenth to the f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kashubian Alphabet
The Kashubian or Cassubian alphabet (''kaszëbsczi alfabét'', ''kaszëbsczé abecadło'') is the script of the Kashubian language, based on the Latin alphabet. The Kashubian alphabet consists of 34 letters: A, Ą, Ã, B, C, D, E, É, Ë, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, Ł, M, N, Ń, O, Ò, Ó, Ô, P, R, S, T, U, Ù, W, Y, Z, Ż The Kashubian language also uses some digraphs: ch (digraph), ch, cz (digraph), cz, dz (digraph), dz, dż (digraph), dż, rz (digraph), rz and sz (digraph), sz. The digraphs ''cz'', ''dż'', ''sz'', ''ż'' are pronounced in a different manner from their Polish language, Polish counterparts – they are Palato-alveolar consonant, palato-alveolar, not Retroflex consonant, retroflex – but ''rz'' is pronounced the same as in Polish. Pronunciation Consonants combination Literature * Eugeniusz Gòłąbk: Wkôzë kaszëbsczégò pisënkù. Oficyna Czec, Gdańsk, Gduńsk 1997, p. 25 . See also *Ł-l merger * Polish language References {{Reflist External ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polish Alphabet
The Polish alphabet ( Polish: , ) is the script of the Polish language, the basis for the Polish system of orthography. It is based on the Latin alphabet but includes certain letters (9) with diacritics: the stroke (acute accent or bar) – : ; the overdot – : ; and the tail or ''ogonek'' – . The letters , , and , which are used only in foreign words, are usually absent from the Polish alphabet. Additionally, before the standardization of Polish spelling, was sometimes used in place of , and in place of . Modified variations of the Polish alphabet are used for writing Silesian and Kashubian, whereas the Sorbian languages use a mixture of Polish and Czech orthography. Letters: aspect, name, value There are 32 letters in the Polish alphabet: 9 vowels and 23 consonants. , , and are not used in any native Polish words and are mostly found in foreign words (such as place names) and commercial names. In loanwords they are usually replaced by , , and , res ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polish Language
Polish (, , or simply , ) is a West Slavic languages, West Slavic language of the Lechitic languages, Lechitic subgroup, within the Indo-European languages, Indo-European language family, and is written in the Latin script. It is primarily spoken in Poland and serves as the official language of the country, as well as the language of the Polish diaspora around the world. In 2024, there were over 39.7 million Polish native speakers. It ranks as the sixth-most-spoken among languages of the European Union. Polish is subdivided into regional Dialects of Polish, dialects. It maintains strict T–V distinction pronouns, Honorifics (linguistics), honorifics, and various forms of formalities when addressing individuals. The traditional 32-letter Polish alphabet has nine additions (, , , , , , , , ) to the letters of the basic 26-letter Latin alphabet, while removing three (x, q, v). Those three letters are at times included in an extended 35-letter alphabet. The traditional set compri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
L With Bar
Ƚ (capital Ƚ, lower case ƚ) is a Latin letter L with a bar diacritic. It appears in the alphabet of the Venetian language, and in its capital form it is used in the Saanich orthography created by Dave Elliott in 1978. In Unicode, both the capital and lower case are in the Latin Extended-B block. The capital () is part of the "Additions for Sencoten" (Saanich), while the lower case () is noted as an "Americanist phonetic usage" as an alternative to , the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative. See also *Bar (diacritic) A bar or stroke is a modification consisting of a line drawn through a grapheme. It may be used as a diacritic to derive new letters from old ones, or simply as an addition to make a grapheme more distinct from others. It can take the form of a ... * Ł (similar letter) References Latin-script letters {{Latin-script-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lower Sorbian Language
Lower Sorbian () is a West Slavic minority language spoken in eastern Germany in the historical province of Lower Lusatia, today part of Brandenburg. Standard Lower Sorbian is one of the two literary Sorbian languages, the other being the more widely spoken Upper Sorbian. The Lower Sorbian literary standard was developed in the 18th century, based on a southern form of the Cottbus dialect. The standard variety of Lower Sorbian has received structural influence from Upper Sorbian. Lower Sorbian is spoken in and around the city of Cottbus in Brandenburg. Signs in this region are typically bilingual, and Cottbus has a '' Lower Sorbian Gymnasium'' where one language of instruction is Lower Sorbian. It is a heavily endangered language. Most native speakers today belong to the older generations. Phonology The phonology of Lower Sorbian has been greatly influenced by contact with German, especially in Cottbus and larger towns. For example, German-influenced pronunciation tends ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Belarusian Language
Belarusian (, ) is an East Slavic languages, East Slavic language. It is one of the two Languages of Belarus, official languages in Belarus, the other being Russian language, Russian. It is also spoken in parts of Russia, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Ukraine, and the United States by the Belarusian diaspora. Before Belarus Dissolution of the Soviet Union, gained independence in 1991, the language was known in English language, English as ''Byelorussian'' or ''Belorussian'', or alternatively as ''White Russian''. Following independence, it became known as ''Belarusian'', or alternatively as ''Belarusan''. As one of the East Slavic languages, Belarusian shares many grammatical and lexical features with other members of the group. To some extent, Russian, Ukrainian language, Ukrainian, and Belarusian retain a degree of mutual intelligibility. Belarusian descends from a language generally referred to as Ruthenian language, Ruthenian (13th to 18th centuries), which had, in turn, descend ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sorbian Alphabet
The Sorbian alphabet is based on the ISO basic Latin alphabet but uses diacritics such as the acute accent and the caron, making it similar to the Czech and Polish alphabets. (This mixture is also found in the Belarusian Latin alphabet.) The standard character encoding for the Sorbian alphabet is ISO 8859-2 (Latin-2). The alphabet is used for the Sorbian languages, although some letters are used in only one of the two languages ( Upper Sorbian and Lower Sorbian). Alphabet table An earlier version of the Lower Sorbian alphabet included the use of the letters ''b́'' (or ''b’''), ''ṕ'' (or ''p’''), ''ḿ'' (or ''m’''), ''ẃ'' (or ''w’'') and rarely ''f́'' (or ''f’'') to indicate palatalized labials. These have been replaced by ''bj, pj, mj, wj'', and ''fj''. Sorbian orthography also includes two digraphs: The digraph ch follows h in alphabetical order. These letters are used in foreign words and names: References * Jana Šołćina, Edward Wornar: Obersor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Navajo Language
Navajo or Navaho ( ; Navajo: or ) is a Southern Athabaskan languages, Southern Athabaskan language of the Na-Dene languages, Na-Dené family, through which it is related to languages spoken across the western areas of North America. Navajo is spoken primarily in the Southwestern United States, especially in the Navajo Nation. It is one of the most widely spoken Indigenous languages of the Americas#Northern America, Native American languages and is the most widely spoken north of the Mexico–United States border, with almost 170,000 Americans speaking Navajo at home as of 2011. The language has struggled to keep a healthy speaker base, although this problem has been alleviated to some extent by extensive education programs in the Navajo Nation. In World War II, speakers of the Navajo language joined the military and developed a code for sending secret messages. These Code talker#Navajo, code talkers' messages are widely credited with saving many lives and winning some of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Upper Sorbian Language
Upper Sorbian (), occasionally referred to as Wendish (), is a minority language spoken by Sorbs in the historical province of Upper Lusatia, today part of Saxony, Germany. It is a West Slavic languages, West Slavic language, along with Lower Sorbian language, Lower Sorbian, Czech language, Czech, Polish language, Polish, Silesian language, Silesian, Slovak language, Slovak, and Kashubian language, Kashubian. It is now spoken by fewer than 10,000 people, mostly in Budyšin and its immediate countryside. History The history of the Upper Sorbian language in Germany began with the Slavic peoples, Slavic migrations during the 6th century AD. Beginning in the 12th century, there was a massive influx of rural Germanic settlers from Flanders, Saxony, Thuringia and Franconia. This so-called "" (eastern settlement or expansion) led to a slow but steady decline in use of the Sorbian language. In addition, in the Saxony region, the Sorbian language was legally subordinated to the German ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
