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'Atlit Yam
Atlit Yam (Hebrew: עתלית ים) is a submerged Pre Pottery Neolithic C (PPNC) archaeological site located 300–400 meters off the coast of Atlit, Israel. Dating from the late 7th to the early 6th millennia BCE, Atlit Yam provides the earliest known evidence for a community relying on pastoralism, agriculture, and fishing as subsistence systems on the Levantine coast. As of 2004, it is the only marine archaeological site in the Mediterranean to contain ''in situ'' human burials. Location Atlit Yam once sat on a coastal peninsula in close vicinity to the Oren River as well as several fresh water springs. The beginning of the Holocene saw a rise in sea levels which left the site completely submerged by approximately 7000 BP. The contemporary coastline is assumed to have been about 1km west of the present coast. It is currently 8–12 m (25–40ft) beneath sea level in the Mediterranean Sea, in the Bay of Atlit, at the mouth of the Oren river on the Carmel coast. The site cover ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haifa District
Haifa District () is an administrative district surrounding the city of Haifa in Israel. The district is one of the seven administrative districts of Israel, and its capital is Haifa. The district land area is 864 km2 (299.3 mi2). Demographics According to the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics data for 2016: * Total population: 996,300 * Ethnic: ** Jews: 642,700 (69.4%) ** Arabs: 233,000 (25.1%) ** Others: 51,000 (5.5%) * Religious (as of 2017): ** Jews: 684,100 (68.6%) ** Muslims: 213,400 (21.4%) ** Druze: 26,300 (2.6%) ** Christians: 17,600 (1.7%) ** Not classified: 56,300 (5.6%) Administrative local authorities See also * Districts of Israel *List of cities in Israel This article lists the 73 localities in Israel that the Ministry of Interior (Israel), Israeli Ministry of Interior has designated as a City council (Israel), city council. It excludes the 4 List of Israeli settlements with city status in the W ... * Arab localities in Israel * Wadi Ara ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quarry
A quarry is a type of open-pit mining, open-pit mine in which dimension stone, rock (geology), rock, construction aggregate, riprap, sand, gravel, or slate is excavated from the ground. The operation of quarries is regulated in some jurisdictions to manage their safety risks and reduce their environmental impact. The word ''quarry'' can also include the underground quarrying for stone, such as Bath stone. History For thousands of years, only hand tools had been used in quarries. In the eighteenth century, the use of drilling and blasting operations was mastered. Types of rock Types of rock extracted from quarries include: *Chalk *China clay *Scoria, Cinder *Clay *Coal *Construction aggregate (sand and gravel) *Coquina *Diabase *Gabbro *Granite *Gritstone *Gypsum *Limestone *Marble *Ores *Phosphate rock *Quartz *Sandstone *Slate *Travertine Methods of quarrying The method of removal of stones from their natural bed by using different operations is called quarryin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Osteological
Osteology () is the scientific study of bones, practiced by osteologists . A subdiscipline of anatomy, anthropology, archaeology and paleontology, osteology is the detailed study of the structure of bones, skeletal elements, teeth, microbone morphology, function, disease, pathology, the process of ossification from cartilaginous molds, and the resistance and hardness of bones (biophysics). Osteologists frequently work in the public and private sector as consultants for museums, scientists for research laboratories, scientists for medical investigations and/or for companies producing osteological reproductions in an academic context. The role of an osteologist entails understanding the macroscopic and microscopic anatomies of bones for both humans and non-humans (courses in non-human osteology is known as zooarchaeology). Osteology and osteologists should not be confused with the pseudoscientific practice of osteopathy and its practitioners, osteopaths. Methods A typical ana ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Minimum Number Of Individuals
In disciplines including forensic anthropology, bioarchaeology, osteoarchaeology, Paleontology and zooarchaeology Minimum number of individuals, or MNI, refers to the fewest possible number of people or animals in a skeletal assemblage. It is used to determine an estimate of how many people or animals are present in a cluster of bones. The principle of the minimum number of individuals was defined by the North American ethnologist T. E. White in 1953. The principle of MNI accounts for each possible individual human or animal as an individual unit in the most parsimonious way, meaning to count ''the lowest number of individuals'' in an archaeological site. While there are formulae that can be applied to determining MNI, it is essentially a logic game. If there were two femurs, a left and a right, then the MNI=1. If there were two left femurs then the MNI=2. If there are three examples of a right humerus, then obviously that implies there were at least three individuals. If those ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kurkar
Kurkar ( /) is the term used in Arabic and modern Hebrew for the rock type of which lithification, lithified sea sand dunes consist. The equivalent term used in Lebanon is ramleh. History Kurkar is the regional name for an aeolian quartz sandstone with carbonate cement, in other words an eolianite or a calcarenite (calcareous sandstone or grainstone), found on the Levantine coast of the Mediterranean Sea in Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Francisc Dov Por. ''The Legacy of Tethys: An Aquatic Biogeography of the Levant.'' Pages 46-48, 54. Springer, New York, 1989, Monographiae Biologicae (Book 63), . "... around Tel Aviv ridges of aeolanitic sandstone ("kurkar") become prevalent. [...] Along the Lebanese and most of the Syrian coast, calcareous rocks alternate with kurkar ridges. [...] The vermetid platforms are especially well developed on the kurkar sandstones of the Israeli and southern Lebanese shores..../ref> the Gaza Strip and northern Sinai Peninsula. The kurkar ridges ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mortar And Pestle
A mortar and pestle is a set of two simple tools used to prepare ingredients or substances by compression (physics), crushing and shear force, grinding them into a fine Paste (rheology), paste or powder in the kitchen, laboratory, and pharmacy. The ''mortar'' () is characteristically a bowl, typically made of hardwood, metal, ceramic, or hard stone such as granite. The ''pestle'' (, also ) is a blunt, club-shaped object. The substance to be ground, which may be wet or dry, is placed in the mortar where the pestle is pounded, pressed, or rotated into the substance until the desired texture is achieved. Mortars and pestles have been used in cooking since the Stone Age; today they are typically associated with the pharmacy profession due to their historical use in preparing medicines. They are used in chemistry settings for pulverizing small amounts of chemicals; in arts and cosmetics for pulverizing pigments, binders, and other substances; in ceramics for making Grog (clay), grog; ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
