cover (topology)

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In
mathematics Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes the topics of numbers, formulas and related structures, shapes and the spaces in which they are contained, and quantities and their changes. These topics are represented in modern mathematics ...
, and more particularly in
set theory Set theory is the branch of mathematical logic Mathematical logic is the study of formal logic within mathematics Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes the topics of numbers, formulas and related structures, shapes and ...
, a cover (or covering) of a set $X$ is a collection of
subset In mathematics Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes the topics of numbers, formulas and related structures, shapes and the spaces in which they are contained, and quantities and their changes. These topics are represented i ...
s of $X$ whose union is all of $X$. More formally, if $C = \lbrace U_\alpha : \alpha \in A \rbrace$ is an indexed family of subsets $U_\alpha\subset X$, then $C$ is a cover of $X$ if $\bigcup_U_ = X$. Thus the collection $\lbrace U_\alpha : \alpha \in A \rbrace$ is a cover of $X$ if each element of $X$ belongs to at least one of the subsets $U_$.

# Cover in topology

Covers are commonly used in the context of
topology In mathematics Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes the topics of numbers, formulas and related structures, shapes and the spaces in which they are contained, and quantities and their changes. These topics are represented i ...
. If the set $X$ is a topological space, then a ''cover'' $C$ of $X$ is a collection of subsets $\_$ of $X$ whose union is the whole space $X$. In this case we say that $C$ ''covers'' $X$, or that the sets $U_\alpha$ ''cover'' $X$. Also, if $Y$ is a (topological) subspace of $X$, then a ''cover'' of $Y$ is a collection of subsets $C=\_$ of $X$ whose union contains $Y$, i.e., $C$ is a cover of $Y$ if :$Y \subseteq \bigcup_U_.$ That is, we may cover $Y$ with either open sets in $Y$ itself, or cover $Y$ by open sets in the parent space $X$. Let ''C'' be a cover of a topological space ''X''. A subcover of ''C'' is a subset of ''C'' that still covers ''X''. We say that ''C'' is an if each of its members is an open set (i.e. each ''U''''α'' is contained in ''T'', where ''T'' is the topology on ''X''). A cover of ''X'' is said to be locally finite if every point of ''X'' has a
neighborhood A neighbourhood (British English, Irish English, Australian English and Canadian English) or neighborhood (American English; American and British English spelling differences, see spelling differences) is a geographically localised community ...
that intersects only finitely many sets in the cover. Formally, ''C'' = is locally finite if for any $x \in X,$ there exists some neighborhood ''N''(''x'') of ''x'' such that the set :$\left\$ is finite. A cover of ''X'' is said to be point finite if every point of ''X'' is contained in only finitely many sets in the cover. A cover is point finite if it is locally finite, though the converse is not necessarily true.

# Refinement

A refinement of a cover $C$ of a topological space $X$ is a new cover $D$ of $X$ such that every set in $D$ is contained in some set in $C$. Formally, :$D = \_$ is a refinement of $C = \_$ if for all $\beta \in B$ there exists $\alpha \in A$ such that $V_ \subseteq U_.$ In other words, there is a refinement map $\phi : B \to A$ satisfying $V_ \subseteq U_$ for every $\beta \in B.$ This map is used, for instance, in the Čech cohomology of $X$. Every subcover is also a refinement, but the opposite is not always true. A subcover is made from the sets that are in the cover, but omitting some of them; whereas a refinement is made from any sets that are subsets of the sets in the cover. The refinement relation is a preorder on the set of covers of $X$. Generally speaking, a refinement of a given structure is another that in some sense contains it. Examples are to be found when partitioning an interval (one refinement of $a_0 < a_1 < \cdots < a_n$ being $a_0 < b_0 < a_1 < a_2 < \cdots < a_ < b_1 < a_n$), considering topologies (the standard topology in euclidean space being a refinement of the trivial topology). When subdividing
simplicial complex In mathematics Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes the topics of numbers, formulas and related structures, shapes and the spaces in which they are contained, and quantities and their changes. These topics are represented in mo ...
es (the first barycentric subdivision of a simplicial complex is a refinement), the situation is slightly different: every simplex in the finer complex is a face of some simplex in the coarser one, and both have equal underlying polyhedra. Yet another notion of refinement is that of star refinement.

# Subcover

A simple way to get a subcover is to omit the sets contained in another set in the cover. Consider specifically open covers. Let $\mathcal$ be a topological basis of $X$ and $\mathcal$ be an open cover of $X.$ First take $\mathcal = \.$ Then $\mathcal$ is a refinement of $\mathcal$. Next, for each $A \in \mathcal,$ we select a $U_ \in \mathcal$ containing $A$ (requiring the axiom of choice). Then $\mathcal = \$ is a subcover of $\mathcal.$ Hence the cardinality of a subcover of an open cover can be as small as that of any topological basis. Hence in particular second countability implies a space is Lindelöf.

# Compactness

The language of covers is often used to define several topological properties related to ''compactness''. A topological space ''X'' is said to be ; Compact: if every open cover has a finite subcover, (or equivalently that every open cover has a finite refinement); ; Lindelöf: if every open cover has a
countable In mathematics Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes the topics of numbers, formulas and related structures, shapes and the spaces in which they are contained, and quantities and their changes. These topics are represented in mo ...
subcover, (or equivalently that every open cover has a countable refinement); ; Metacompact: if every open cover has a point-finite open refinement; ; Paracompact: if every open cover admits a locally finite open refinement. For some more variations see the above articles.

# Covering dimension

A topological space ''X'' is said to be of covering dimension ''n'' if every open cover of ''X'' has a point-finite open refinement such that no point of ''X'' is included in more than ''n+''1 sets in the refinement and if ''n'' is the minimum value for which this is true. If no such minimal ''n'' exists, the space is said to be of infinite covering dimension.