Zurobara
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Zurobara ( grc, italic=yes, Ζουρόβαρα) was a Dacian town located in the northwest of today's Romanian Banat. It was positioned by the Tibiscus (Timiș) river, north of
Sarmizegetusa Regia Sarmizegetusa Regia, also Sarmisegetusa, Sarmisegethusa, Sarmisegethuza, Ζαρμιζεγεθούσα (''Zarmizegethoúsa'') or Ζερμιζεγεθούση (''Zermizegethoúsē''), was the capital and the most important military, religious an ...
and south of
Ziridava Ziridava (''Ziridaua'', grc, italic=yes, Ζιρίδαυα) was a Dacian town located between Apulon and Tibiscum, mentioned by Ptolemy in the area of the Dacian tribe of Biephi (today's Romania, Banat region). Ancient sources Ptolemy's ...
. This town was attested by
Ptolemy Claudius Ptolemy (; grc-gre, Πτολεμαῖος, ; la, Claudius Ptolemaeus; AD) was a mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, geographer, and music theorist, who wrote about a dozen scientific treatises, three of which were of importance ...
in his ''
Geographia The ''Geography'' ( grc-gre, Γεωγραφικὴ Ὑφήγησις, ''Geōgraphikḕ Hyphḗgēsis'',  "Geographical Guidance"), also known by its Latin names as the ' and the ', is a gazetteer, an atlas, and a treatise on cartography, com ...
'' (3.8), yet its exact location remains unknown. Zurobara is among the places that are not to be found on the great Roman roads between the Tysis (
Tisza The Tisza, Tysa or Tisa, is one of the major rivers of Central and Eastern Europe. Once, it was called "the most Hungarian river" because it flowed entirely within the Kingdom of Hungary. Today, it crosses several national borders. The Tisza be ...
) and the Alouta (
Olt Olt or OLT may refer to: People: * Károly Olt (1904–1985), Hungarian politician * Mike Olt (born 1988), American baseball player Places: * Olt County, a county (județ) of Romania * Olt (river), a river in Romania ** Olt Defile, a defile that ...
).


Location

For a long time, it was assumed that Zurobara (also found under the corrupted and inaccurate form ''Zambara'') was located on the site of the Timișoara Fortress, but this was refuted by modern historians. This hypothesis has its origin in a manuscript by the Venetian Domenico Mario Negri, edited and published in
Basel , french: link=no, Bâlois(e), it, Basilese , neighboring_municipalities= Allschwil (BL), Hégenheim (FR-68), Binningen (BL), Birsfelden (BL), Bottmingen (BL), Huningue (FR-68), Münchenstein (BL), Muttenz (BL), Reinach (BL), Riehen (BS ...
by in 1557. In 1829, Friedrich Heinrich Theodor Bischoff and erroneously identified Zurobara with
Sombor Sombor ( sr-Cyrl, Сомбор, ; hu, Zombor; rue, Зомбор, Zombor) is a city and the administrative center of the West Bačka District in the autonomous province of Vojvodina, Serbia. The city has a total population of 47,623 (), while ...
from today's
Vojvodina Vojvodina ( sr-Cyrl, Војводина}), officially the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, is an autonomous province that occupies the northernmost part of Serbia. It lies within the Pannonian Basin, bordered to the south by the national capital ...
. More recent calculations overlap Zurobara with the Dacian fortress of Unip, discovered in 2007 25 km from Timișoara.


Etymology

The name ''Zurobara'' (a possible alternate spelling for ''Zuropara'') was interpreted initially as "strong city": the ending ''bara''/''vara'' means "city" (the same as Thracian ''para'') and the first part ''Zuro'' means "strong". ''Zuro'' is also found in the name of Zyraxes, a Dacian king. In a second line of interpretation, because of
Proto-Indo-European Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family. Its proposed features have been derived by linguistic reconstruction from documented Indo-European languages. No direct record of Proto-Indo- ...
''*e'' > Dacian "a" (cf. PIE ''*dhewa'' > Dacian "dava", PIE ''*ser'' > Dacian "sara"), "bara" is rather derived from root ''*bher'' "rich, abundance" and "zura" from root ''*ser, *sara'' "waters, river". In this case, Zurobara meant "a water abundant city". Indeed, modern renderings show that Zurobara was located in a swampy area surrounded by the Timiș river. Historian proposes a
Sanskrit Sanskrit (; attributively , ; nominally , , ) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in South Asia after its predecessor languages had diffused there from the northwest in the late ...
origin of the term in the form of ''surabhara'', formed by the combination of the words ''sura-'' "shine, serenity, sun" and -''bhara'' "to carry", with the approximate translation "bearer of serenity".


Ancient sources


Ptolemy's ''Geographia''

Zurobara is mentioned in Ptolemy's ''
Geographia The ''Geography'' ( grc-gre, Γεωγραφικὴ Ὑφήγησις, ''Geōgraphikḕ Hyphḗgēsis'',  "Geographical Guidance"), also known by its Latin names as the ' and the ', is a gazetteer, an atlas, and a treatise on cartography, com ...
'' (c. 150 AD) in the form Ζουρόβαρα as an important town in western
Dacia Dacia (, ; ) was the land inhabited by the Dacians, its core in Transylvania, stretching to the Danube in the south, the Black Sea in the east, and the Tisza in the west. The Carpathian Mountains were located in the middle of Dacia. It ...
, at latitude 45° 40' N and longitude 45° 40' E (note that he used a different meridian and some of his calculations were off). Ptolemy completed his work soon after
Trajan's Dacian Wars The Dacian Wars (101–102, 105–106) were two military campaigns fought between the Roman Empire and Dacia during Emperor Trajan's rule. The conflicts were triggered by the constant Dacian threat on the Danubian province of Moesia and also b ...
, as a result of which parts of Dacia were incorporated into the
Roman Empire The Roman Empire ( la, Imperium Romanum ; grc-gre, Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, Basileía tôn Rhōmaíōn) was the post- Republican period of ancient Rome. As a polity, it included large territorial holdings around the Mediter ...
as the new Dacia province.


''Tabula Peutingeriana''

Unlike many other Dacian towns mentioned by Ptolemy, Zurobara is missing from ''
Tabula Peutingeriana ' (Latin for "The Peutinger Map"), also referred to as Peutinger's Tabula or Peutinger Table, is an illustrated ' (ancient Roman road map) showing the layout of the '' cursus publicus'', the road network of the Roman Empire. The map is a 13th-ce ...
'' (1st–4th centuries AD), an
itinerarium An ''itinerarium'' (plural: ''itineraria'') was an ancient Roman travel guide in the form of a listing of cities, villages ( ''vici'') and other stops on the way, including the distances between each stop and the next. Surviving examples include ...
showing the ''
cursus publicus The ''cursus publicus'' (Latin: "the public way"; grc, δημόσιος δρόμος, ''dēmósios drómos'') was the state mandated and supervised courier and transportation service of the Roman Empire, later inherited by the Eastern Roma ...
'', the road network in the Roman Empire. The Danish philologist and historian
Gudmund Schütte Gudmund Schütte (17 January 1872– 12 July 1958) was a Danish philologist, historian and writer who specialized in Germanic studies. Biography Gudmund Schütte was born at Eskjær, Salling, Denmark on 17 January 1872, the son of landowner The ...
believed that the town with similar name
Ziridava Ziridava (''Ziridaua'', grc, italic=yes, Ζιρίδαυα) was a Dacian town located between Apulon and Tibiscum, mentioned by Ptolemy in the area of the Dacian tribe of Biephi (today's Romania, Banat region). Ancient sources Ptolemy's ...
, also mentioned by Ptolemy and also missing from ''Tabula Peutingeriana'', was the same with Zurobara. This idea is deemed erroneous alongside many other assumed duplications of names by the Romanian historian and archeologist
Vasile Pârvan Vasile Pârvan (; 28 September 1882, Perchiu, Huruiești, Bacău County – 26 June 1927, Bucharest) was a Romanian historian and archaeologist. Biography Vasile Pârvan came from a modest family, being the first child of the teacher Andrei P ...
in his work ''Getica''. Pârvan reviewed all localities mentioned in Ptolemy's ''Geographia'', analyzing and verifying all data available to him at the time. He points out that ''Ziri'' and ''Zuro'' (meaning "water") are the roots of two different Geto-Dacian words. Additionally, Ptolemy provided different coordinates for the two towns; some medieval maps created based on his ''Geographia'' depict two distinct towns.


See also

* Dacian davae *
List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia This is a list of ancient cities, towns, villages, and fortresses in and around Thrace and Dacia. A number of these settlements were Dacian and Thracian, but some were Celtic, Greek, Roman, Paeonian, or Persian. A number of cities in Dacia ...
*
Dacia Dacia (, ; ) was the land inhabited by the Dacians, its core in Transylvania, stretching to the Danube in the south, the Black Sea in the east, and the Tisza in the west. The Carpathian Mountains were located in the middle of Dacia. It ...
* Roman Dacia


References


External links

* {{Authority control Dacian towns Archaeological sites in Romania Ruins in Romania Former populated places in the Balkans Former populated places in Eastern Europe