''Zieria'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nom ...

of plants in the

family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...

Rutaceae The Rutaceae is a family, commonly known as the rueRUTACEAE
in BoDD – Botanical Der ...

. About sixty species have been formally described, all of which are

endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found else ...

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands. With an area of , Australia is the largest country by ...

except for one species which is found in

New Caledonia ) , anthem = "" , image_map = New Caledonia on the globe (small islands magnified) (Polynesia centered).svg , map_alt = Location of New Caledonia , map_caption = Location of New Caledonia , mapsize = 290px , subdivision_type = Sovereign st ...

. They occur in all Australian states except

Western Australia Western Australia (commonly abbreviated as WA) is a state of Australia occupying the western percent of the land area of Australia excluding external territories. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, the Southern Ocean to t ...

but the genus is under review and a number of species are yet to be described or the description published. Zierias are similar to the better known genus ''

Boronia ''Boronia'' is a genus of about 160 species of flowering plants in the citrus family Rutaceae. Most are endemic to Australia with a few species in New Caledonia, which were previously placed in the genus ''Boronella''. They occur in all Austral ...

'' but can be distinguished by the number of

stamen The stamen (plural ''stamina'' or ''stamens'') is the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower. Collectively the stamens form the androecium., p. 10 Morphology and terminology A stamen typically consists of a stalk called the fila ...

s in the flowers. The name ''Zieria'' honours the Polish botanist John Zier.

Description

Plants in the genus ''Zieria'' are shrubs or small trees. The leaves are arranged in opposite pairs and are usually compound with three leaflets similar in shape but the middle leaflet slightly larger. The flowers are arranged in groups in the leaf

axil A leaf ( : leaves) is any of the principal appendages of a vascular plant stem, usually borne laterally aboveground and specialized for photosynthesis. Leaves are collectively called foliage, as in "autumn foliage", while the leaves, ste ...

s and have four fused

sepal A sepal () is a part of the flower of angiosperms (flowering plants). Usually green, sepals typically function as protection for the flower in bud, and often as support for the petals when in bloom., p. 106 The term ''sepalum'' was coine ...

s and four

petal Petals are modified leaves that surround the reproductive parts of flowers. They are often brightly colored or unusually shaped to attract pollinators. All of the petals of a flower are collectively known as the ''corolla''. Petals are usuall ...

s alternating with the sepals. There are four

s (eight in ''

'') and four

carpels Gynoecium (; ) is most commonly used as a collective term for the parts of a flower that produce ovules and ultimately develop into the fruit and seeds. The gynoecium is the innermost whorl of a flower; it consists of (one or more) '' pistils' ...

with their styles fused. The fruit have four lobes, each containing one or two seeds.

Taxonomy and naming

The genus ''Zieria'' was first formally described in 1798 by James Edward Smith and the description was published in

Transactions of the Linnean Society of London The Linnean Society of London is a learned society dedicated to the study and dissemination of information concerning natural history, evolution, and taxonomy. It possesses several important biological specimen, manuscript and literature col ...

. Smith did not nominate a

type species In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specim ...

but James Armstrong nominated '' Zieria smithii'' as the

lectotype In biology, a type is a particular specimen (or in some cases a group of specimens) of an organism to which the scientific name of that organism is formally attached. In other words, a type is an example that serves to anchor or centralizes the ...

. The name ''Zieria'' honours "John Zier, a Polish botanist, who assisted F.C. Ehrhart in his collection of plants of the Electorate of Hanover, 1780-83, and afterwards worked in London, where he died in 1793."Will of John Ziers. England & Wales, Prerogative Court of Canterbury Wills, 1384-1858. Ancestry.com In a 2002 study of the genus, James Armstrong placed each species into one of six groups, based on its morphology. The groups are: * Group A: ''Z. adenodonta'', ''Z. adenophora'', ''Z. buxijugum'', ''Z. collina'', ''Z. floydii'', ''Z. formosa'', ''Z. furfuracea'', ''Z. granulata'', ''Z. hindii'', ''Z. obcordata'', ''Z. parrisiae'', ''Z. robusta'', ''Z. tuberculata'', ''Z. verrucosa''; * Group B: ''Z. arborescens'', ''Z. caducibracteata'', ''Z. lasiocaulis'', ''Z. oreocena'', ''Z. southwellii''; * Group C: ''Z. chevalieri'', ''Z. fraseri'', ''Z. laevigata'', ''Z. laxiflora''; * Group D: ''Z. montana'', ''Z. prostrata'', ''Z. robertsiorum'', ''Z. smithii''; * Group E: ''Z. aspalathoides'', ''Z. citriodora'', ''Z. ingramii'', ''Z. minutiflora'', ''Z. obovata'', ''Z. odorifera'', ''Z. pilosa'', ''Z. rimulosa''; * Group F: ''Z. baeuerlenii'', ''Z. covenyi'', ''Z. cytisoides'', ''Z. involucrata'', ''Z. littoralis'', ''Z. murphyi'', ''Z. veronicea''. In a 2015 study, using a combination of two

non-coding Non-coding DNA (ncDNA) sequences are components of an organism's DNA that do not encode protein sequences. Some non-coding DNA is transcribed into functional non-coding RNA molecules (e.g. transfer RNA, microRNA, piRNA, ribosomal RNA, and regul ...

chloroplast A chloroplast () is a type of membrane-bound organelle known as a plastid that conducts photosynthesis mostly in plant and algal cells. The photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll captures the energy from sunlight, converts it, and stores it i ...

DNA regions,

Internal transcribed spacer Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) is the spacer DNA situated between the small-subunit ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and large-subunit rRNA genes in the chromosome or the corresponding transcribed region in the polycistronic rRNA precursor transcript. ...

and some morphological characters, Cynthia Morton concluded that the genus as presently described is

monophyletic In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic gr ...

. A tentative arrangement of 32 of Armstrong's 42 species was also suggested: * Group 1: ''Z. adenodonta'', ''Z. baeuerlenii'', ''Z. collina'', ''Z. cytisoides''; * Group 2: ''Z. buxijugum'', ''Z. caducibracteata'', ''Z. formosa'', ''Z. granulata'', ''Z. littoralis'', ''Z. parrisiae'', ''Z. tuberculata'', ''Z. verrucosa''; * Group 3: ''Z. fraseri'', ''Z. odorifera''; * Group 4: ''Z. prostrata'', ''Z. smithii''; * Group 5: ''Z. aspalathoides'', ''Z. ingramii''; * Group 6: ''Z. adenophora'', ''Z. furfuracea'', ''Z. laxiflora''; * Group 7: ''Z. montana'', ''Z. southwellii''; * Group 8: ''Z. covenyi'', ''Z. murphyi'', ''Z. odorifera'', ''Z. robusta''. ''Zieria citriodora'', ''Z. arborescens'', ''Z. minutiflora'', ''Z. obcordata'' and ''Z. pilosa'' were not able to be resolved in this study.

Distribution

Plants in the genus ''Zieria'' are endemic to Australia, except for '' Zieria chevalieri'', which is found in New Caledonia. Zierias occur in all Australian states except Western Australia.

Species list

The species described to date (October 2017) and listed by the

Australian Plant Census The Australian Plant Census (APC) provides an online interface to currently accepted, published, scientific names of the vascular flora of Australia, as one of the output interfaces of the national government Integrated Biodiversity Information Syst ...

are: *'' Zieria actites''

Duretto Marco Duretto (born 1964) is a manager and senior research scientist at the Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney in Australia. His primary research interests are systematics and conservation of Rutaceae, Rubiaceae, Orchidaceae, Stylidiaceae and evolut ...

& P.I.Forst. *'' Zieria adenodonta'' (

F.Muell. Baron Sir Ferdinand Jacob Heinrich von Mueller, (german: Müller; 30 June 1825 – 10 October 1896) was a German-Australian physician, geographer, and most notably, a botanist. He was appointed government botanist for the then colony of Victo ...

) J.A.Armstr. – Wollumbin zieria *'' Zieria adenophora'' Blakely – Araluen zieria *'' Zieria alata''

& P.I.Forst. *''

Zieria arborescens ''Zieria arborescens'', commonly known as the tree zieria or stinkwood, is a plant in the citrus family Rutaceae and is endemic to eastern Australia. It is a bushy shrub or small tree with branches that are ridged and scaly or hairy, at le ...

Sims Sims, sims or SIMS may refer to: Games * ''The Sims'', a life simulation video game series ** ''The Sims'' (video game), the first installment, released in 2000 ** ''The Sims 2'', the second installment, released in 2004 ** '' The Sims 3'', th ...

– stinkwood *'' Zieria aspalathoides''

A.Cunn. Allan Cunningham (13 July 1791 – 27 June 1839) was an English botanist and explorer, primarily known for his travels in Australia to collect plants. Early life Cunningham was born in Wimbledon, Surrey, England, the son of Allan Cunn ...

Benth. George Bentham (22 September 1800 – 10 September 1884) was an English botanist, described by the weed botanist Duane Isely as "the premier systematic botanist of the nineteenth century". Born into a distinguished family, he initially studie ...

– whorled zieria *'' Zieria baeuerlenii'' J.A.Armstr. – Bomaderry zieria *'' Zieria bifida''

& P.I.Forst. *'' Zieria boolbunda''

& P.I.Forst. – Box Range zieria *'' Zieria buxijugum'' J.D.Briggs & J.A.Armstr. *'' Zieria caducibracteata'' J.A.Armstr. *'' Zieria cephalophila''

& P.I.Forst. *'' Zieria chevalieri'' Virot – endemic to New Caledonia *'' Zieria citriodora'' J.A.Armstr. – lemon-scented zieria *'' Zieria collina''

C.T.White Cyril Tenison ("C.T.") White (17 August 1890 – 15 August 1950) was an Australian botanist. Early life White was born in Brisbane to Henry White, a trade broker, and Louisa ''nee'' Bailey. He attended school at South Brisbane State School, and ...

– hill zieria *'' Zieria compacta''

*'' Zieria covenyi'' J.A.Armstr. – Coveny's zieria *'' Zieria cytisoides''

Sm. __NOTOC__ Sir James Edward Smith (2 December 1759 – 17 March 1828) was an English botanist and founder of the Linnean Society. Early life and education Smith was born in Norwich in 1759, the son of a wealthy wool merchant. He displayed a ...

– downy zieria *'' Zieria distans'' Duretto & P.I.Forst. *'' Zieria eungellaensis'' Duretto & P.I.Forst. *'' Zieria exsul'' Duretto & P.I.Forst. *''

Zieria floydii ''Zieria floydii'', commonly known as the Floyd's zieria, is a plant in the citrus family Rutaceae and is endemic to the New England Tableland in New South Wales. It is an erect shrub with warty, hairy branches, three-part, clover-like leaves a ...

'' J.A.Armstr. – Floyd's zieria *'' Zieria formosa'' J.D.Briggs & J.A.Armstr. – shapely zieria *'' Zieria fraseri'' Hook. *'' Zieria furfuracea'' R.Br. ex

*'' Zieria graniticola'' J.A.Armstr. ex Duretto & P.I.Forst. *'' Zieria granulata'' C.Moore ex

– Illawarra zieria, hill zieria *'' Zieria hindii'' J.A.Armstr. – Hind's zieria *'' Zieria hydroscopica'' Duretto & P.I.Forst. *'' Zieria inexpectata'' Duretto & P.I.Forst. *'' Zieria ingramii'' J.A.Armstr – Keith's zieria *'' Zieria insularis'' Duretto & P.I.Forst. *'' Zieria involucrata'' R.Br. ex

*'' Zieria laevigata'' Bonpl. – smooth zieria, twiggy midge bush *'' Zieria lasiocaulis'' – J.A.Armstr. Willi Willi zieria *'' Zieria laxiflora'' (

)

Domin Karel Domin (4 May 1882, Kutná Hora, Kingdom of Bohemia – 10 June 1953, Prague) was a Czech botanist and politician. After gymnasium school studies in Příbram, he studied botany at the Charles University in Prague, and graduated in 19 ...

– wallum zieria *'' Zieria littoralis'' J.A.Armstr. – dwarf zieria *'' Zieria madida'' Duretto & P.I.Forst *'' Zieria minutiflora''

– twiggy zieria *'' Zieria montana'' J.A.Armstr. *'' Zieria murphyi'' Blakely – Murphy's zieria *'' Zieria obcordata''

– obcordate-leafed zieria *'' Zieria obovata'' (C.T.White) J.A.Armstr. *'' Zieria odorifera'' J.A.Armstr. *'' Zieria oreocena'' J.A.Armstr. – Grampians zieria *'' Zieria parrisiae'' J.D.Briggs & J.A.Armstr. – Parris' zieria *'' Zieria pilosa'' Rudge – hairy zieria *''

Zieria prostrata ''Zieria prostrata '' commonly known as headland zieria, is a plant in the citrus family Rutaceae and is endemic to the Coffs Harbour district in New South Wales. It is a prostrate shrub with leaves composed of three leaflets, and flowers wit ...

'' J.A.Armstr. – headland zieria *'' Zieria rimulosa''

*'' Zieria robertsiorum'' J.A.Armstr. *'' Zieria robusta''

Maiden Virginity is the state of a person who has never engaged in sexual intercourse. The term ''virgin'' originally only referred to sexually inexperienced women, but has evolved to encompass a range of definitions, as found in traditional, modern ...

Betche Daniel Ludwig Ernst Betche (31 December 1851, in Potsdam – 28 June 1913, in Sydney) was a German-Australian horticulturist and botanist. His mother died at his birth and he was of delicate constitution all his life. His father was sufficientl ...

– round-leafed zieria *'' Zieria scopulus'' Duretto & P.I.Forst. *'' Zieria smithii'' Jacks. – sandfly zieria *'' Zieria southwellii'' J.A.Armstr. *'' Zieria tenuis'' Duretto & P.I.Forst. *'' Zieria tuberculata'' J.A.Armstr. *''

Zieria vagans ''Zieria vagans'', commonly known as Gurgeena stink bush, is a plant in the citrus family Rutaceae and endemic to a small area near Binjour in south-eastern Queensland. It is an open, straggly shrub with densely hairy branches, three-part leaves ...

'' Duretto & P.I.Forst. *'' Zieria veronicea'' (

)

– pink zieria *'' Zieria verrucosa'' J.A.Armstr. *'' Zieria whitei'' J.A.Armstr. ex Duretto & P.I.Forst.

Conservation

'' Zieria parrisiae'' is listed as "critically endangered" under the Australian Government ''

Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 The ''Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999'' (Cth) is an Act of the Parliament of Australia that provides a framework for protection of the Australian environment, including its biodiversity and its natural and cult ...

''. A further eleven are listed as "endangered" and eight as "vulnerable".

References

External links

* {{Taxonbar, from=Q785572 Zanthoxyloideae genera