Zayd ibn Haritha

Zayd ibn Haritha ( ar, زَيْد ٱبْن حَارِثَة, ') (), was an early Muslim, sahabah and the adopted son of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad. He is commonly regarded as the fourth person to have accepted Islam, after Muhammad's wife Khadija, Muhammad's cousin Ali, and Muhammad's close companion Abu Bakr, Zayd was a slave in Khadija's household for several years, but Muhammad later freed and legally adopted Zayd as his own son. Zayd was afterwards married to two prominent women of Muhammad's household, including his cousin Zaynab and his mother's servant Umm Ayman.

Zayd was a commander in the early Muslim army and led several early military expeditions during the lifetime of Muhammad. Zayd led his final expedition in September 629 CE, and set out to raid the Byzantine city of Bosra. However the Muslim army was intercepted by Byzantine forces and Zayd was subsequently killed at the Battle of Mu'tah.

Childhood

Zayd is said to have been ten years younger than Muhammad, suggesting a birth-year of c. 581 A.D. He is also said to have been 55 (lunar) years old at his death in 629, indicating a birthdate of 576.

He was born into the Udhra branch of the Kalb tribe in the Najd, central Arabia. He claimed a pedigree twelfth in descent from Udhra ibn Zayd al-Lat ibn Rufayda ibn Thawr ibn Kalb ibn Wabara. Zayd's mother, Suda bint Thaalaba, was from the Maan branch of the Tayy tribe.

When Zayd was "a young boy of an age at which he could be a servant" he accompanied his mother on a visit to her family. While they were staying with the Maan tribe, horsemen from the Qayn tribe raided their tents and kidnapped Zayd. They took him to the market at Ukkaz and sold him as a slave for 400 ''dinars ''.

Zayd's family searched for him, but without success. A lament is attributed to his father, Harithah ibn Sharahil (BaSharahil):
''I weep for Zayd, not knowing what became of him.''
''Is he alive, is he to be expected, or has Death come over him?''
''By God, I ask yet do not comprehend.''
''Was it the plain or the mountain that brought about your end?''
''I wish that I knew: Will you ever return?''
''In this world only for your coming back I yearn.''
''The sun reminds me of him when it dawns, evoking his memory as the dusk falls.''
''When the winds blow, they stir up memories like dust.''
''O how long my sorrow and fear for him last!''

Slavery in Mecca

Zayd was purchased by a merchant of Mecca, Hakim ibn Hizam, who gave the boy as a present to his aunt, Khadijah bint Khuwaylid. He remained in her possession until the day she married Muhammad, when she gave the slave as a wedding present to her bridegroom. Muhammad became very attached to Zayd, to whom he referred as ''al-Ḥabīb'' ( ar, ٱلْحَبِيْب, lit=the Beloved).

Some years later, some members of Zayd's tribe happened to arrive in Mecca on pilgrimage. They encountered Zayd and recognised each other, and he asked them to take a message home.
''Carry a message from me to my people,''
''for I am far away, that close to the House and the places of pilgrimage I stay.''
''Let go of the grief that has deeply saddened you,''
''and do not hasten your camels all over the earth.''
''I live with the best of families, may God be blessed;''
''from father to son, of Ma'ad they are the noblest.''

On receiving this message, Zayd's father and uncle immediately set out for Mecca. They found Muhammad at the Kaaba and promised him any ransom if he would return Zayd to them. Muhammad replied that Zayd should be allowed to choose his fate, but that if he wished to return to his family, Muhammad would release him without accepting any ransom in exchange. They called for Zayd, who easily recognised his father and uncle, but told them that he did not want to leave Muhammad, "for I have seen something in this man, and I am not the kind of person who would ever choose anyone in preference to him." At this, Muhammad took Zayd to the steps of the Kaaba, where legal contracts were agreed and witnessed, and announced to the crowds: "Witness that Zayd becomes my son, with mutual rights of inheritance." On seeing this, Zayd's father and uncle "were satisfied," and they returned home without him.

In accordance with the Arabic custom of adoption at the time, Zayd was thereafter known as "Zayd ibn Muhammad" and was a freedman, regarded socially and legally as Muhammad's son.

Conversion to Islam

At an unknown date before 610, Zayd accompanied Muhammad to Ta'if, where it was a tradition to sacrifice meat to the idols. Near Baldah on their way back to Mecca, they met Zayd ibn Amr and offered him some of the cooked meat that Zayd was carrying in their bag.Muhammad ibn Ishaq, via Yunus ibn Bukayr, cited i
Guillaume, A. (1960). ''New Light on the Life of Muhammad'', pp. 27-28. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
/ref>Muhammad ibn Ishaq, via Yunus ibn Bukayr, cited i
Kister, M. J. (1970). "A Bag of Meat." A Study of an Early Hadith. ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 33'', 267-275.
Zayd ibn Amr, an outspoken monotheist,Muhammad ibn Ishaq, ''Sirat Rasul Allah''. Translated by Guillaume, A. (1955). ''The Life of Muhammad''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. replied, "I do not eat anything which you slaughter in the name of your stone idols. I eat none but those things on which Allah's Name has been mentioned at the time of slaughtering." After this encounter, said Muhammad, "I never stroked an idol of theirs, nor did I sacrifice to them, until God honoured me with his apostleship."

When Muhammad reported in 610 that he had received a revelation from the angel Jibril (Gabriel), Zayd was one of the first converts to Islam. While Khadijah was the first Muslim of all in the Ummah of Muhammad, she was closely followed by her neighbour Lubaba bint al-Harith, her four daughters, and the first male converts, Ali, Zayd and Abu Bakr.

The ''Hijrah''

In 622, Zayd joined the other Muslims in the ''Hijrah'' to Medina. Once settled in the new city, Muhammad urged each Muslim to "take a brother in Religion" so that each would have an ally in the community. Zayd was paired with Muhammad's uncle Hamza. Hamza accordingly trusted his last testament to Zayd just before his death in 625.

A few months later, Muhammad and Abu Bakr sent Zayd back to Mecca to escort their families to Medina. The return party consisted of Muhammad's wife Sawda, his daughters Umm Kulthum and Fatimah, his servant Abu Rafi, Zayd's wife Baraka and their son Usama, Abu Bakr's wife Umm Rumman, his children Asma, Abdullah and Aisha, and a guide named Abdullah ibn Urayqit, and Abu Bakr's kinsman Talhah also decided to accompany them.

Marriages and Children

Zayd married at least six times.
# Durrah (Fakhita) bint Abi Lahab, a cousin of Muhammad. They were divorced; the dates are unknown, but Durrah's two brothers were divorced from Muhammad's two daughters in 613.
# Umm Ayman (Barakah), Muhammad's freedwoman and mother of Ayman ibn Ubayd. They were married "after Islam" and their son was born in 612.
# Hind bint Al-Awwam, a niece of Khadijah.Muhammad ibn Sa'd. ''Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir''. Translated by Bewley, A. (2013). ''Volume 3: The Companions of Badr''. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.
# Humayma bint Sayfi (Umm Mubashshir), the widow of Al-Baraa ibn Maarur, a chief in Medina. Al-Baraa died in August or September 622, so the marriage to Zayd was presumably in or after 623.
# Zaynab bint Jahsh, a cousin of Muhammad. They were married in 625 and divorced in late 626.
# Umm Kulthum bint Uqba, a maternal sister of Caliph Uthman. This marriage was ordered by Muhammad in 628, but it ended in divorce."

Zayd had three children.
# Usama, son of Barakah, who had descendants, but their number "never exceeded twenty in any given generation."
# Zayd, son of Umm Kulthum, who died in infancy.
# Ruqayya, daughter of Umm Kulthum, who died while under the care of Uthman.

Marriage to Zaynab bint Jahsh

Around 625 Muhammad proposed that his cousin, Zaynab bint Jahsh, should marry Zayd. At first, she refused on the grounds that she was of the Quraysh. It has been suggested that differences between Zaynab's social status and Zayd's were precisely the reason why Muhammad wanted to arrange the marriage:

The Prophet was well aware that it is a person's standing in the eyes of Allah that is important, rather than his or her status in the eyes of the people ... their marriage would demonstrate that it was not who their ancestors were, but rather their standing in the sight of Allah, that mattered.

By contrast, Montgomery Watt points out that Zayd was high in Muhammad's esteem.

She can hardly have thought that he was not good enough. She was an ambitious woman, however, and may already have hoped to marry Muhammad, or she may have wanted to marry someone with whom Muhammad did not want his family to be so closely allied.

When Muhammad announced a new verse of the Qur'an, ,

Zaynab acquiesced and married Zayd.

Divorce from Zaynab

The marriage lasted less than two years.

According to the 9th-century historians Ibn Sa'd and al-Tabari, Muhammad paid a visit to Zayd's house. The hairskin curtain that served as Zayd's front door was blown aside, accidentally revealing Zaynab dressed only in her shift. Zaynab arose to dress herself, advising Muhammad that Zayd was not at home but he was welcome to visit. However, he did not enter. He exclaimed to himself, “Praise be to Allah, who turns hearts around!” and then departed. When Zayd came home, Zaynab told him what had happened. Zayd went to Muhammad, saying: "Prophet, I have heard about your visit. Perhaps you admire Zaynab, so I will divorce her." Muhammad replied, "No, fear Allah and keep your wife."Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari. ''Tarikh al-Rusul wa'l-Muluk''. Translated by Fishbein, M. (1997). ''Volume 8: The Victory of Islam''. Albany: State University of New York Press.Muhammad ibn Sa'd. ''Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir''. Translated by Bewley, A. (1995). ''Volume 8: The Women of Madina''. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.

After this there was conflict between the couple, and Zaynab shut Zayd out of the bedroom. Zayd divorced Zaynab in December 626.Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari. ''Tarikh al-Rusul wa'l-Muluk''. Translated by Landau-Tasseron, E. ''Volume 39: The Biographies of the Companions and Their Successors''. Albany: State University of New York Press.

However, this story has been rejected by most Muslim scholars mainly because of its lack of having any chain of narration and its complete absence from any authentic hadith. Some commentators have found it absurd that Muhammad would suddenly become aware of Zaynab's beauty one day after having known her all her life; if her beauty had been the reason for Muhammad to marry her, he would have married her himself in the first place rather than arranging her marriage to Zayd.

According to the translato
Fishbein

Zaynab, who was Muhammad's cousin, had been married by Muhammad's arrangement to Muhammad's freed slave Zayd b. Harithah, who lived in Muhammad's household and came to be regarded as his adoptive son - so that he was regularly addressed as Zayd, son of Muhammad. Whether the marriage between Zayd and Zaynab was a ''mesalliance'' from the beginning is speculation, though the account maintains that Zayd was not reluctant to divorce his wife and allow her to marry Muhammad. Muhammad is portrayed as reluctant to proceed with the marriage because of scruples about whether marrying one's adopted son's former wife violated the prohibited degrees of marriage. Arab customary practice recognized kinship relations not based on blood ties: fosterage (having nursed from the same woman) was one such relationship; the question whether adoption fell into this category must have been unclear among Muslims. The marriage did not take place until after a Qur'anic revelation was received, giving permission for believers to marry the divorced wives of their adopted sons.

Change of adoption laws in Islam

After these events, the traditional Arab form of adoption was no longer recognized in Islam; it was replaced by '' kafala''. Three verses of the Qur'an were revealed about this. Al-Tabari states that Q33:40 was revealed because "the Munafiqun made this a topic of their conversation and reviled the Prophet, saying 'Muhammad prohibits arriagewith the ormerwives of one's own sons, but he married the ormerwife of his son Zayd.'"

Zayd reverted to being known by his original name of Zayd ibn Harithah and was no longer considered Muhammad's legal son after the revelation of Q33:5:

Ibn Saad indicates that Q33:37 was a specific instruction to Muhammad and Zaynab to marry and that it explains why their marriage was necessary.

Military expeditions

Zayd was "one of the famous archers among the Prophet's Companions." He fought at Uhud, Trench and Khaybar, and was present at the expedition to Hudaybiyyah. When Muhammad raided Al-Muraysi, he left Zayd behind as governor in Medina.

Zayd commanded seven military expeditions.
# Al-Qarada in November 624. He captured a caravan of merchandise, but most of the Meccan merchants escaped.
# Al-Jumum in September 627.Note: Book contains a list of battles of Muhammad in Arabic, English translation availabl
here
/ref>
# Al-'Is in October 627.
free online

# At-Taraf, a raid in the Nakhl region "on the road to Iraq".
# Wadi al-Qura. Zayd raided the area in November 627, but the Fazara tribe counter-attacked, killing some of the Muslims, while Zayd was carried wounded from the field. Zayd swore revenge and, after he had recovered from his injuries in January 628, he returned to Wadi al-Qura with a larger army. This time he defeated the Fazari.
# Hisma, or Khushayn, against the Judham tribe in October 628.
# The Battle of Mu'tah in September 629, where Zayd was killed.

According to Aisha, "The Messenger of Allah did not ever send Zayd ibn Haritha in an army without putting him in command of it, even if he stayed after he appointed him."

Death in the Battle of Mu'tah and aftermath

Zayd ibn Harithah led his final expedition in September 629 C.E. A Muslim force of 3,000 men set out to raid the Byzantine city of Bosra. However, a Byzantine force of "100,000 Greeks joined by 100,000 men from Lakhm and Judham and Al-Qayn and Bahra' and Bali" intercepted them at a village called ' Mu'tah' in present day Jordan. Zayd held the standard at the battle, until he was struck down by a spear-thrust and he bled to death. The other two leaders, Ja`far ibn Abī Tālib and `Abd Allāh ibn Rawāḥah, were also killed, and the Muslim army was routed.

On hearing of Zayd's death, Muhammad went to the family. "The daughter of Zayd wept before the Messenger of Allah and the Messenger of Allah wept until he sobbed. Saad ibn Ubada said, 'Messenger of Allah, what is this?' He answered, 'This is the yearning of the lover for the beloved.'"

Family tree

* * indicates that the marriage order is disputed
* Note that direct lineage is marked in bold.

See also

*Islamic adoptional jurisprudence
*Companions of the Prophet
*List of expeditions of Muhammad
* Expedition of Zayd ibn Harithah (disambiguation)

References

Further reading

* Powers, David, '' Zayd, the little-known story of Muhammad's adopted son'', Pennsylvania University Press, 2014
* Watt, Montgomery, '' Muhammad at Mecca'', Oxford University Press, 1953
* Watt, Montgomery, '' Muhammad at Medina'', Oxford University Press, 1956
* Lings, Martin. The life of Muhammad from the earliest sources.
*

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zayd Ibn Harithah
581 births
629 deaths
Family of Muhammad
Sahabah killed in battle
Sahabah who participated in the battle of Uhud
Banu Kalb
Adoptees
Arabian slaves and freedmen