''Zanthoxylum'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nom ...

of about 250 species of

deciduous In the fields of horticulture and Botany, the term ''deciduous'' () means "falling off at maturity" and "tending to fall off", in reference to trees and shrubs that seasonally shed leaves, usually in the autumn; to the shedding of petals, ...

and

evergreen In botany, an evergreen is a plant which has foliage that remains green and functional through more than one growing season. This also pertains to plants that retain their foliage only in warm climates, and contrasts with deciduous plants, whic ...

trees, shrubs and climbers in the

family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...

Rutaceae The Rutaceae is a family, commonly known as the rueRUTACEAE
in BoDD – Botanical Der ...

that are native to warm

temperate In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (23.5° to 66.5° N/S of Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. These zones generally have wider temperature ranges throughout ...

and

subtropical The subtropical zones or subtropics are geographical and climate zones to the north and south of the tropics. Geographically part of the temperate zones of both hemispheres, they cover the middle latitudes from to approximately 35° north a ...

areas worldwide. It is the type genus of the tribe Zanthoxyleae in the subfamily

Rutoideae Rutoideae is a flowering plant subfamily in the family Rutaceae. The subfamily has had varying circumscriptions. In a 2012 classification of the family it was one of only two subfamilies and contained most of the genera, whereas in a 2021 classi ...

. Several of the species have yellow

heartwood Wood is a porous and fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants. It is an organic materiala natural composite of cellulose fibers that are strong in tension and embedded in a matrix of lignin t ...

, to which their generic name alludes.

Description

Plants in the genus ''Zanthoxylum'' are typically

dioecious Dioecy (; ; adj. dioecious , ) is a characteristic of a species, meaning that it has distinct individual organisms (unisexual) that produce male or female gametes, either directly (in animals) or indirectly (in seed plants). Dioecious reproducti ...

shrubs, trees or woody climbers armed with

trichomes Trichomes (); ) are fine outgrowths or appendages on plants, algae, lichens, and certain protists. They are of diverse structure and function. Examples are hairs, glandular hairs, scales, and papillae. A covering of any kind of hair on a plant ...

. The leaves are arranged alternately and are usually

pinnate Pinnation (also called pennation) is the arrangement of feather-like or multi-divided features arising from both sides of a common axis. Pinnation occurs in biological morphology, in crystals, such as some forms of ice or metal crystals, an ...

trifoliate The following is a list of terms which are used to describe leaf morphology in the description and taxonomy of plants. Leaves may be simple (a single leaf blade or lamina) or compound (with several leaflets). The edge of the leaf may be regular o ...

. The flowers are usually arranged in

panicle A panicle is a much-branched inflorescence. (softcover ). Some authors distinguish it from a compound spike inflorescence, by requiring that the flowers (and fruit) be pedicellate (having a single stem per flower). The branches of a panicle are of ...

s and usually function as male or female flowers with four

sepal A sepal () is a part of the flower of angiosperms (flowering plants). Usually green, sepals typically function as protection for the flower in bud, and often as support for the petals when in bloom., p. 106 The term ''sepalum'' was coine ...

s and four petals, the sepals remaining attached to the fruit. Male flowers have four

stamen The stamen (plural ''stamina'' or ''stamens'') is the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower. Collectively the stamens form the androecium., p. 10 Morphology and terminology A stamen typically consists of a stalk called the fila ...

s opposite the sepals. Female flowers have up to five, more or less free

carpels Gynoecium (; ) is most commonly used as a collective term for the parts of a flower that produce ovules and ultimately develop into the fruit and seeds. The gynoecium is the innermost whorl of a flower; it consists of (one or more) '' pistils' ...

with the styles free or sometimes fused near the tip. The fruit is usually of up to four follicles fused at the base, each containing a single seed almost as large as the follicle.

Taxonomy

The genus ''Zanthoxylum'' was first formally described in 1753 by

Carl Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, ...

in the first volume of ''

Species Plantarum ' (Latin for "The Species of Plants") is a book by Carl Linnaeus, originally published in 1753, which lists every species of plant known at the time, classified into genera. It is the first work to consistently apply binomial names and was the ...

''. The generic name is derived from

Ancient Greek Ancient Greek includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek (), Dark Ages (), the Archaic pe ...

words (''xanthos''), meaning "yellow," and (''xylon''), meaning "wood." It is technically misspelled, as the ''z'' should be ''x'', but botanical nomenclature does not allow for spelling corrections. It refers to a yellow dye made from the roots of some species. The first species that Linnaeus described was ''Zanthoxylum trifoliatum'', now regarded as a

synonym A synonym is a word, morpheme, or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another word, morpheme, or phrase in a given language. For example, in the English language, the words ''begin'', ''start'', ''commence'', and ''initiate'' are al ...

of '' Eleutherococcus trifoliatus''. The once separate genus ''Fagara'' is now included in ''Zanthoxylum''.

Fossil record

fossil A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved ...

seeds of †''Zanthoxylum kristinae'' from the early

Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and means "less recen ...

, have been found in the Kristina Mine at

Hrádek nad Nisou Hrádek nad Nisou (; german: Grottau, pl, Gródek nad Nysą) is a town in Liberec District in the Liberec Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 7,700 inhabitants. The town centre is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monumen ...

in North Bohemia, the

Czech Republic The Czech Republic, or simply Czechia, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Historically known as Bohemia, it is bordered by Austria to the south, Germany to the west, Poland to the northeast, and Slovakia to the southeast. The ...

Uses

Many ''Zanthoxylum'' species make excellent

bonsai Bonsai ( ja, 盆栽, , tray planting, ) is the Japanese art of growing and training miniature trees in pots, developed from the traditional Chinese art form of '' penjing''. Unlike ''penjing'', which utilizes traditional techniques to produc ...

and in temperate climates they can be grown quite well indoors. '' Zanthoxylum beecheyanum'' and '' Zanthoxylum piperitum'' are two species commonly grown as

.Wilbur, C. Keith, MD. ''Revolutionary Medicine 1700-1800''. The Globe Pequot Press. Page 23. 1980.

Culinary use

Spice A spice is a seed, fruit, root, bark, or other plant substance primarily used for flavoring or coloring food. Spices are distinguished from herbs, which are the leaves, flowers, or stems of plants used for flavoring or as a garnish. Spices a ...

s are made from a number of species in this genus, including: * '' Zanthoxylum acanthopodium'' - Andaliman * '' Zanthoxylum armatum'' - Sichuan pepper * '' Zanthoxylum bungeanum'' - Sichuan pepper * '' Zanthoxylum piperitum'' - Sansho,

Chopi Chopi may refer to: * Chopi people, an ethnic group of Mozambique * Chopi language, a Bantu language spoken along the southern coast of Mozambique * Chopi blackbird (''Gnorimopsar chopi''), a bird of family Icteridae * A spice made from ''Zanthoxy ...

* ''

Zanthoxylum nitidum ''Zanthoxylum nitidum'', commonly known as shiny-leaf prickly-ash, tez-mui (in Assamese) or liang mian zhen (in China), is a species of flowering plant in the family Rutaceae. It is a woody climber with prickles on the branchlets, thick, cone- ...

'' * ''

Zanthoxylum rhetsa ''Zanthoxylum rhetsa'', commonly known as Indian prickly ash, is a species of flowering plant in the family Rutaceae and occurs from India east to the Philippines and south to northern Australia. It is a deciduous shrub or tree with cone-shaped ...

'' - teppal, tirphal * '' Zanthoxylum schinifolium'' - Sancho * '' Zanthoxylum simulans'' - Sichuan pepper

Andaliman

Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Gui ...

North Sumatra North Sumatra ( id, Sumatra Utara) is a province of Indonesia located on the northern part of the island of Sumatra. Its capital and largest city is Medan. North Sumatra is Indonesia's fourth most populous province after West Java, East Java and ...

province, '' Zanthoxylum acanthopodium'' is harvested for ''andaliman''. In Indonesian Batak cuisine, '' andaliman'' is ground and mixed with chilies and seasonings into a green sambal or chili paste.

Arsik Arsik is an Indonesian spicy fish dish of the Batak Toba and Mandailing people of North Sumatra, usually using the common carp (known in Indonesia as ''ikan mas'' or gold fish). Distinctively Batak elements of the dish are the use of torch gi ...

is a typical Indonesian dish containing ''andaliman''.

Chopi and sansho

'' Zanthoxylum piperitum'' is harvested in Japan and Korea to produce '' sanshō'' () or ''

chopi Chopi may refer to: * Chopi people, an ethnic group of Mozambique * Chopi language, a Bantu language spoken along the southern coast of Mozambique * Chopi blackbird (''Gnorimopsar chopi''), a bird of family Icteridae * A spice made from ''Zanthoxy ...

'' (), which has numbing properties similar to those of Chinese Sichuan peppercorns.

Sancho

The Korean '' Sancho'' () is made from ('' Zanthoxylum schinifolium''), which is slightly less bitter than ''chopi''. In

Korean cuisine Korean cuisine has evolved through centuries of social and political change. Originating from ancient agricultural and nomadic traditions in Korea and southern Manchuria, Korean cuisine reflects a complex interaction of the natural envi ...

, ''sancho'' is often used to accompany fish soups such as '' chueo-tang''.

Sichuan pepper

The

fruit In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants that is formed from the ovary after flowering. Fruits are the means by which flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) disseminate their seeds. Edible fruits in partic ...

of Zanthoxylum armatum Zanthoxylum bungeanum Xanthoxylum species is used to make Sichuan pepper by grinding the husks that surround the berries.

Triphal and teppal

In the states of

Maharashtra Maharashtra (; , abbr. MH or Maha) is a state in the western peninsular region of India occupying a substantial portion of the Deccan Plateau. Maharashtra is the second-most populous state in India and the second-most populous country subdi ...

Karnataka Karnataka (; ISO 15919, ISO: , , also known as Karunāḍu) is a States and union territories of India, state in the southwestern region of India. It was Unification of Karnataka, formed on 1 November 1956, with the passage of the States Reor ...

, and Goa in Western

India India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area, the List of countries and dependencies by population, second-most populous ...

, the dried berries of ''

'' are known as teppal or tirphal in Marathi are added to foods such as legumes and fish. The name in both languages means three fruits or three pods. Because the trees bear fruit during the

monsoon A monsoon () is traditionally a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation but is now used to describe seasonal changes in atmospheric circulation and precipitation associated with annual latitudinal oscil ...

season, the berries are associated with the concurrent

Krishna Janmashtami Krishna Janmashtami , also known simply as Krishnashtami, Janmashtami, or Gokulashtami, is an annual Hindu festival that celebrates the birth of Krishna, the eighth avatar of Vishnu. According to the Hindu lunisolar calendar, it is observed ...

festival. The fresh fruits are parrot green in color and are used as a flavouring agent in many curries made with a paste of coconut, chilis, and other spices. When dried, the flesh of the fruit hardens, turns a brownish black color and opens up to show the black seeds within. The seeds are discarded and the dried fruit is stored in containers for use around the year. Mostly used in fish preparations and a few vegetarian dishes, with coconut masala, this spice has a very strong woody aroma and is discarded at the time of eating the curry.

Chemistry

Plants in the genus ''Zanthoxylum'' contain the lignan sesamin. Species identified in Nigeria contains several types of alkaloids including benzophenanthridines (

nitidine Nitidine is a benzophenanthridine alkaloid found in species of the genus '' Zanthoxylum '', notably in '' Zanthoxylum nitidum''. This compound has an anti-malarial activity.Bouquet, J., et al. (2012)Biological activities of nitidine, a potential a ...

, dihydronitidine, oxynitidine, fagaronine, dihydro avicine, chelerythrine, dihydrochelerythrine, methoxychelerythrine, norchelerythrine, oxychelerythrine, decarine and fagaridine), furoquinolines ( dictamine, 8-methoxydictamine, skimmianine, 3-dimethylallyl-4-methoxy-2-quinolone), carbazoles (3-methoxycarbazole, glycozoline), aporphines (

berberine Berberine is a quaternary ammonium salt from the protoberberine group of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids found in such plants as ''Berberis vulgaris'' (barberry), ''Berberis aristata'' (tree turmeric), ''Mahonia aquifolium'' (Oregon grape), ''Hydras ...

, tembetarine, magnoflorine, M-methyl- corydine), canthinones (6-canthinone), acridones (1-hydroxy-3-methoxy-10-methylacridon-9-one, 1-hydroxy-10-methylacridon-9-one, zanthozolin), and aromatic and aliphatic amides.The Nigerian Zanthoxylum; Chemical and biological values. S. K. Adesina, Afr. J. Trad. CAM, 2005, volume 2, issue 3, pages 282-301
article
) Hydroxy-alpha sanshool is a bioactive component of plants from the genus ''Zanthoxylum'', including the Sichuan pepper.

Ecology

''Zanthoxylum'' species are used as food plants by the

larvae A larva (; plural larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle. T ...

of some

Lepidoptera Lepidoptera ( ) is an order of insects that includes butterflies and moths (both are called lepidopterans). About 180,000 species of the Lepidoptera are described, in 126 families and 46 superfamilies, 10 percent of the total described speci ...

species including the engrailed (''Ectropis crepuscularia'').

Species list

The following is a list of species accepted by

Plants of the World Online Plants of the World Online (POWO) is an online database published by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. It was launched in March 2017 with the ultimate aim being "to enable users to access information on all the world's known seed-bearing plants by ...

as of August 2020: * '' Zanthoxylum acanthopodium'' D.R.Simpson (southern Asia) * '' Zanthoxylum aculeatissimum'' Engl. (Bolivia) * '' Zanthoxylum acuminatum''

Sw. Olof Peter Swartz (21 September 1760 – 19 September 1818) was a Swedish botanist and taxonomist. He is best known for his taxonomic work and studies into pteridophytes. Biography Olof Swartz attended the University of Uppsala where he s ...

(Cuba, Jamaica) * ''

Zanthoxylum ailanthoides ''Zanthoxylum ailanthoides'', also called ailanthus-like prickly ash, (, lit. "Ailanthus-leaved pepper",; the name is obviously adaptation of latin ailanthoides "ailanthus-like" , lit. " Yue pepper",, p.503 食茱萸 ''shi zhu yu'',, 「澳名に ...

'' Siebold & Zucc. – ailanthus-like prickly ash * '' Zanthoxylum albiflorum'' Baker f. (New Caledonia) * '' Zanthoxylum albuquerquei'' D.C. (Peru) * '' Zanthoxylum amamiense''

Ohwi was Japanese botanist. He was a distinguished member of the Faculty of Science of Kyoto Imperial University. He is perhaps best known for his 1953 . Species named after Ohwi * (Cyperaceae) '' Carex ohwii'' Masam. * (Cyperaceae) '' Cyperus ohwi ...

(

Ryukyu Islands The , also known as the or the , are a chain of Japanese islands that stretch southwest from Kyushu to Taiwan: the Ōsumi, Tokara, Amami, Okinawa, and Sakishima Islands (further divided into the Miyako and Yaeyama Islands), with Yon ...

) * '' Zanthoxylum amapaense'' (Albuq.) P.G.Waterm. (Brazil, Venezuela) * '' Zanthoxylum americanum'' Mill. – northern prickly ash, prickly ash, toothache tree (Canada, United States) * '' Zanthoxylum anadenium'' (

Urb. Ignatz Urban (7 January 1848 – 7 January 1931) was a German botanist. He is known for his contributions to the flora of the Caribbean and Brazil, and for his work as curator of the Berlin Botanical Garden. Born the son of a brewer, Urban sho ...

& Ekman) J.Jiménez Alm. (Haiti) * '' Zanthoxylum andamanicum'' Kurz (

Andaman Islands The Andaman Islands () are an archipelago in the northeastern Indian Ocean about southwest off the coasts of Myanmar's Ayeyarwady Region. Together with the Nicobar Islands to their south, the Andamans serve as a maritime boundary between t ...

) * '' Zanthoxylum andinum'' Reynel (Ecuador) * '' Zanthoxylum anison''

L.O.Williams Louis Otho (Otto) Williams (1908-1991) was a botanist from Wyoming. He received his BA and MA from the University of Wyoming then a PhD from Washington University in St. Louis. He went on to be editor of the '' American Orchid Society Bulletin''. W ...

(Guatemala) * '' Zanthoxylum anthyllidifolium'' Guillaumin (Vietnam) * '' Zanthoxylum apiculatum'' ( Sandwith) P.G.Waterman (South America) * '' Zanthoxylum arborescens''

Rose A rose is either a woody perennial flowering plant of the genus ''Rosa'' (), in the family Rosaceae (), or the flower it bears. There are over three hundred species and tens of thousands of cultivars. They form a group of plants that can be ...

(Mexico, Nicaragua) * '' Zanthoxylum armatum''

DC. Augustin Pyramus (or Pyrame) de Candolle (, , ; 4 February 17789 September 1841) was a Swiss botanist. René Louiche Desfontaines launched de Candolle's botanical career by recommending him at a herbarium. Within a couple of years de Candolle ...

– winged prickly ash (Indian subcontinent to temperate east Asia and Malesia) * '' Zanthoxylum atchoum'' ( Aké Assi) P.G.Waterman (

Côte d'Ivoire Ivory Coast, also known as Côte d'Ivoire, officially the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, is a country on the southern coast of West Africa. Its capital is Yamoussoukro, in the centre of the country, while its largest city and economic centre ...

) * '' Zanthoxylum austrosinense'' C.C.Huang (southern China) * '' Zanthoxylum avicennae'' ( Lam.) DC. (southern China to western and central Malesia) * '' Zanthoxylum backeri'' ( Bakh.f.) T.G.Hartley * '' Zanthoxylum beechyanum'' K.Koch (Bonin Islands, Ryukya Islands) * '' Zanthoxylum bifoliolatum'' Leonard – Maricao prickly ash (Hispaniola to Puerto Rico) * '' Zanthoxylum bissei'' Beurton (Cuba) * '' Zanthoxylum bonifaziae'' Cornejo & Reynel (Ecuador) * '' Zanthoxylum bouetense'' ( Pierre ex Letouzey) P.G.Waterman (Congo, Gabon) * ''

Zanthoxylum brachyacanthum ''Zanthoxylum brachyacanthum'', known as thorny yellow-wood, satinwood, satin tree or scrub mulga, is a species of flowering plant in the family Rutaceae and is endemic to north-eastern Australia. It is a rainforest shrub or tree with thick, cone ...

F.Muell. Baron Sir Ferdinand Jacob Heinrich von Mueller, (german: Müller; 30 June 1825 – 10 October 1896) was a German-Australian physician, geographer, and most notably, a botanist. He was appointed government botanist for the then colony of Victo ...

– thorny yellowwood (New South Wales, Queensland) * '' Zanthoxylum brisasanum'' ( Cuatrec.) P.G.Waterman (Colombia to Peru) * '' Zanthoxylum buesgenii'' ( Engl.) P.G.Waterman (southern Nigeria to west central tropical Africa) * '' Zanthoxylum bungeanum'' Maxim. – Chinese pepper, Sichuan pepper, Szechuan pepper (Himalaya to China) * '' Zanthoxylum burkillianum'' Babu * '' Zanthoxylum calcicola'' C.C.Huang (China) * '' Zanthoxylum campicola'' Reynel (Colombia) * '' Zanthoxylum canalense'' (Guillaumin) P.G.Waterman * ''

Zanthoxylum capense ''Zanthoxylum capense'', the small knobwood, is a species of plant in the family Rutaceae. It occurs in the eastern regions of southern Africa, from the vicinity of Knysna Knysna () is a town with 76,150 inhabitants (2019 mid-year estimate ...

'' ( Thunb.) Harv. (southern Africa) * ''

Zanthoxylum caribaeum ''Zanthoxylum caribaeum'' is a species of plant in the family Rutaceae. It is found in Belize, Guatemala, and Honduras Honduras, officially the Republic of Honduras, is a country in Central America. The republic of Honduras is bordered t ...

'' Lam. – yellow prickly ash (Mexico to tropical America) * '' Zanthoxylum caudatum'' Alston (Sri Lanka) * '' Zanthoxylum celebicum'' Koord. (Sulawesi) * '' Zanthoxylum chalybeum'' Engl. (

Belize Belize (; bzj, Bileez) is a Caribbean and Central American country on the northeastern coast of Central America. It is bordered by Mexico to the north, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and Guatemala to the west and south. It also shares a wa ...

Guatemala Guatemala ( ; ), officially the Republic of Guatemala ( es, República de Guatemala, links=no), is a country in Central America. It is bordered to the north and west by Mexico; to the northeast by Belize and the Caribbean; to the east by Hon ...

Honduras Honduras, officially the Republic of Honduras, is a country in Central America. The republic of Honduras is bordered to the west by Guatemala, to the southwest by El Salvador, to the southeast by Nicaragua, to the south by the Pacific Oce ...

) * '' Zanthoxylum chevalieri'' P.G.Waterman (western tropical Africa) * '' Zanthoxylum chuquisaquense'' Reynel (Bolivia) * '' Zanthoxylum ciliatum'' Engl. (Mexico to northern Venezuela) * '' Zanthoxylum claessensii'' ( De Wild.) P.G.Waterman (west central tropical Africa) * '' Zanthoxylum clava-herculis'' L. – Hercules' club, pepperbark, southern prickly ash, West Indian yellowwood (central and southeastern United States to eastern Mexico) * '' Zanthoxylum coco''

Gillies Gillies is both a Scottish surname and a given name shared by several notable people: Surname uses Politicians * Duncan Gillies (1834–1903), Australian colonial and state politician * James McPhail Gillies (born 1924), Canadian national pol ...

Hook.f. Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker (30 June 1817 – 10 December 1911) was a British botanist and explorer in the 19th century. He was a founder of geographical botany and Charles Darwin's closest friend. For twenty years he served as director of t ...

f. & Arn. – coco, cochucho, smelly sauco (

Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the List of South American countries by area, second-largest ...

Bolivia , image_flag = Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg , flag_alt = Horizontal tricolor (red, yellow, and green from top to bottom) with the coat of arms of Bolivia in the center , flag_alt2 = 7 × 7 square p ...

Paraguay Paraguay (; ), officially the Republic of Paraguay ( es, República del Paraguay, links=no; gn, Tavakuairetã Paraguái, links=si), is a landlocked country in South America. It is bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to t ...

) * '' Zanthoxylum collinsiae'' Craib (China to Indochina) * '' Zanthoxylum comosum'' (Theodor Carl Julius Herzog, Herzog) P.G.Waterman (central Bolivia) * '' Zanthoxylum compactum'' ( Huber ex Albuq.) P.G.Waterman (Venezuela to western South America) * '' Zanthoxylum conspersipunctatum''

Merr. Elmer Drew Merrill (October 15, 1876 – February 25, 1956) was an American botanist and taxonomist. He spent more than twenty years in the Philippines where he became a recognized authority on the flora of the Asia-Pacific region. Through t ...

& Perry (New Guinea) * '' Zanthoxylum cucullatipetalum'' Guillaumin (Vietnam) * '' Zanthoxylum davyi'' ( I.Verd.) P.G.Waterman – forest knobwood (Zimbabwe to South Africa) * '' Zanthoxylum decaryi'' H.Perrier (Madagascar) * '' Zanthoxylum delagoense'' P.G.Waterman (southern Mozambique) * '' Zanthoxylum deremense'' (Engl.) Kokwaro (

Malawi Malawi (; or aláwi Tumbuka: ''Malaŵi''), officially the Republic of Malawi, is a landlocked country in Southeastern Africa that was formerly known as Nyasaland. It is bordered by Zambia to the west, Tanzania to the north and northe ...

Tanzania Tanzania (; ), officially the United Republic of Tanzania ( sw, Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania), is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region. It borders Uganda to the north; Kenya to the northeast; Comoro Islands ...

) * '' Zanthoxylum dimorphophyllum'' Hemsl. (southern China to Indochina, Taiwan) * '' Zanthoxylum dinklagei'' (Engl.) P.G.Waterman (southern Nigeria to western central tropical Africa) * '' Zanthoxylum dipetalum'' H.Mann – Kāwau (Hawaii) * '' Zanthoxylum dissitum'' Hemsl. (central and southern China to Hainan) * '' Zanthoxylum diversifolium''

Warb. Otto Warburg (20 July 1859 – 10 January 1938) was a German-Jewish botanist. He was also a notable industrial agriculture expert, and president of the Zionist Organization from 1911 to 1921. Biography Otto Warburg was born in Hamburg on 20 J ...

(New Guinea) * '' Zanthoxylum djalma-batistae'' (Albuq.) P.G.Waterman (Brazil) * '' Zanthoxylum domingense'' ( Krug &

) J.Jiménez Alm. (Haiti) * '' Zanthoxylum dumosum'' A.Rich. (Cuba) * '' Zanthoxylum echinocarpum'' Hemsl. (southern China) * '' Zanthoxylum ekmanii'' (Urb.) Alain (southern Mexico to southern tropical America, western Cuba) * '' Zanthoxylum eliasii'' D.M.Porter (Panama to Peru) * '' Zanthoxylum engleri'' Waterm. * '' Zanthoxylum esquirolii'' H.Lév. (southern central China) * ''

Zanthoxylum fagara ''Zanthoxylum fagara'' or wild lime, is a species of flowering plant that—despite its name—is not part of the genus ''Citrus'' with real limes and other fruit, but is a close cousin in the larger citrus family, Rutaceae. It is native to sout ...

'' (L.) Sarg. – Lime prickly ash (tropical and subtropical America) * '' Zanthoxylum fauriei'' ( Nakai)

– lesser ailanthus-like prickly ash (South Korea, Japan) * '' Zanthoxylum finlaysonianum'' Wall. (Thailand) * ''

Zanthoxylum flavum ''Zanthoxylum flavum'' is a medium-sized tree in the family Rutaceae. Common names include noyer, West Indian satinwood, yellow sanders, tembetaria, and yellow sandalwood. It is native to Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, the Bahamas, Bermuda, Cuba ...

Vahl Vahl is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Christian-Friedrich Vahl (born 1955), German cardiac surgeon * Emanuel Vahl (born 1938), Ukrainian-Israeli composer *Herbert-Ernst Vahl, German SS general *Jens Vahl (1796–1854), Danis ...

– West Indian satinwood (

Caribbean The Caribbean (, ) ( es, El Caribe; french: la Caraïbe; ht, Karayib; nl, De Caraïben) is a region of the Americas that consists of the Caribbean Sea, its islands (some surrounded by the Caribbean Sea and some bordering both the Caribbean ...

) * '' Zanthoxylum foliolosum'' Donn.Sm. (Mexico to Nicaragua) * '' Zanthoxylum forbesii'' T.G.Hartley (Sumatra) * '' Zanthoxylum formiciferum'' ( Cuatrec.) P.G.Waterman (Colombia to northern Peru) * '' Zanthoxylum gardneri'' Engl. (Brazil) * '' Zanthoxylum gentryi'' Reynel (western Colombia) * '' Zanthoxylum ghisbreghtii''

Turcz. Nikolai Stepanovich Turczaninow ( ru , Николай Степанович Турчанинов, 1796 in Nikitovka, now in Krasnogvardeysky District, Belgorod Oblast, Russia – 1863 in Kharkov) was a Russian botanist and plant collector ...

(Gulf of Mexico) * '' Zanthoxylum gillespieanum'' (A.C.Sm) A.C.Sm. (Fiji) * '' Zanthoxylum gilletii'' (De Wild.) P.G.Waterman (tropical Africa) * '' Zanthoxylum glomeratum'' C.C.Huang (China) * '' Zanthoxylum grandifolium'' Tul. (Colombia) * '' Zanthoxylum haitiense'' (Urb.) J.Jiménez Alm. (Haiti) * '' Zanthoxylum hamadryadicum'' Pirani (north-eastern Brazil) * '' Zanthoxylum harrisii'' P.Wilson (Jamaica) * '' Zanthoxylum hartii'' Krug_&_Urb.)_P.Wilson_(Jamaica) *_''Zanthoxylum_hawaiiense''_William_Hillebrand.html" ;"title="Zanthoxylum_hawaiiense.html" ;"title="Krug & Urb.) P.Wilson (Jamaica) * ''Zanthoxylum hawaiiense">Krug & Urb.) P.Wilson (Jamaica) * ''Zanthoxylum hawaiiense'' William Hillebrand">Hillebr. – a'e, Hawai'i prickly ash (Hawaii) * ''Zanthoxylum heitzii'' (Aubrév. & Pellegr.) P.G.Waterm. (west central tropical Africa * ''Zanthoxylum heterophyllum'' ( Lam.) Sm. ( Mascarenes) * '' Zanthoxylum holtzianum'' (Engl.) P.G.Waterman (southern Somalia to northern Mozambique) * '' Zanthoxylum huberi'' P.G.Waterman (South America) * '' Zanthoxylum humile'' ( E.A.Bruce P.G.Waterman (Zimbabwe to Mozambique and

Mpumalanga Mpumalanga () is a province of South Africa. The name means "East", or literally "The Place Where the Sun Rises" in the Swazi, Xhosa, Ndebele and Zulu languages. Mpumalanga lies in eastern South Africa, bordering Eswatini and Mozambique. ...

) * '' Zanthoxylum impressinervium'' Reynel (Colombia) * '' Zanthoxylum integrifoliolum''

Elmer Elmer is a name of Germanic British origin. The given name originated as a surname, a medieval variant of the given name Aylmer, derived from Old English ''æþel'' (noble) and ''mær'' (famous). It was adopted as a given name in the United State ...

(Taiwan to the Philippines) * '' Zanthoxylum iwahigense'' Reynel (the Philippines) * '' Zanthoxylum jamaicense'' P.Wilson (Jamaica) * '' Zanthoxylum juniperinum'' Poepp. (Central America) * '' Zanthoxylum kauaense'' A.Gray – Kauai prickly ash (Hawaii) * '' Zanthoxylum khasianum''

(Assam to China (W. Yunnan)) * '' Zanthoxylum kleinii'' ( R.S.Cowan) P.G.Waterman (Brazil) * '' Zanthoxylum kwangsiense'' ( Hand.-Mazz.) Chun ex C.C.Huang (China) * '' Zanthoxylum laetum''

Drake Drake may refer to: Animals * A male duck People and fictional characters * Drake (surname), a list of people and fictional characters with the family name * Drake (given name), a list of people and fictional characters with the given name ...

(China to Vietnam) * '' Zanthoxylum laurentii'' (De Wild.) P.G.Waterman (Congo to Democratic Republic of Congo) * '' Zanthoxylum leiboicum'' C.C.Huang (China) * '' Zanthoxylum lemairei'' (De Wild.) P.G.Waterman (western tropical Africa to Uganda) * '' Zanthoxylum lenticellosum'' (Urb. & Ekman) J.Jiménez Alm. (Dominican Republic) * '' Zanthoxylum lenticulare'' Reynel (Colombia to Venezuela) * '' Zanthoxylum lepidopteriphilum'' Reynel (Ecuador to Peru, north-west Venezuela) * '' Zanthoxylum leprieurii'' Guill. & Perr. (tropical and southern Africa) * '' Zanthoxylum leratii'' Guillaumin (New Caledonia) * '' Zanthoxylum liboense'' C.C.Huang (China) * '' Zanthoxylum limoncello'' Planch. & Oerst. (Mexico to Colombia) * '' Zanthoxylum lindense'' (Engl.) Kokwaro (Tanzania) * '' Zanthoxylum macranthum'' (Hand.-Mazz.) C.C. Huang (south-east Tibet to southern China) * '' Zanthoxylum madagascariense''

Baker A baker is a tradesperson who baking, bakes and sometimes Sales, sells breads and other products made of flour by using an oven or other concentrated heat source. The place where a baker works is called a bakery. History Ancient history Si ...

(Madagascar) * '' Zanthoxylum magnifasciculatum'' Reynel (Venezuela) * '' Zanthoxylum mananarense'' H.Perrier (Madagascar) * '' Zanthoxylum mantaro'' (J.F.Macbr.) J.F.Macbr. (Peru) * '' Zanthoxylum maranionense'' Reynel (Peru) * '' Zanthoxylum martinicense'' ( Lam.) DC. – white prickly ash * '' Zanthoxylum mayu'' Bertero (

Juan Fernández Islands The Juan Fernández Islands ( es, Archipiélago Juan Fernández) are a sparsely inhabited series of islands in the South Pacific Ocean reliant on tourism and fishing. Situated off the coast of Chile, they are composed of three main volcanic ...

) * '' Zanthoxylum megistophyllum'' (B.L.Burtt) T.G.Hartley (Solomon Islands) * '' Zanthoxylum melanostictum'' Schltdl. &

Cham. Adelbert von Chamisso (; 30 January 178121 August 1838) was a German poet and botanist, author of '' Peter Schlemihl'', a famous story about a man who sold his shadow. He was commonly known in French as Adelbert de Chamisso (or Chamissot) de Bo ...

(Mexico to north-west Venezuela and Peru) * '' Zanthoxylum mezoneurispinosum'' ( Aké Assi) W.D.Hawth. (Liberia to Ivory Coast) * '' Zanthoxylum micranthum'' Hemsl. (China) * '' Zanthoxylum mildbraedii'' (Engl.) P.G.Waterman (east central tropical Africa to south-west Kenya * '' Zanthoxylum minahassae'' Koord. (Sulawesi) * '' Zanthoxylum molle'' Rehder (China) * '' Zanthoxylum mollissimum'' (Engl.) P.Wilson (Mexico to Colombia) * '' Zanthoxylum monogynum'' A.St.-Hil. (eastern Bolivia to Brazil) * '' Zanthoxylum motuoense'' C.C.Huang * '' Zanthoxylum multijugum'' Franch. (China) * '' Zanthoxylum myriacanthum'' Wall. ex Hook.f. (eastern Himalaya to southern China and western and central Malesia) * '' Zanthoxylum myrianthum'' (A.C.Sm.) P.G.Waterman (Fiji) * '' Zanthoxylum nadeaudii''

(

French Polynesia )Territorial motto: ( en, "Great Tahiti of the Golden Haze") , anthem = , song_type = Regional anthem , song = "Ia Ora 'O Tahiti Nui" , image_map = French Polynesia on the globe (French Polynesia centered).svg , map_alt = Location of French ...

) * '' Zanthoxylum nashii'' P.Wilson (Cuba to Hispaniola) * '' Zanthoxylum nebuletorum'' (Herzog) P.G.Waterman (Bolivia) * '' Zanthoxylum nemorale''

Mart. Carl Friedrich Philipp (Karl Friedrich Philipp) von Martius (17 April 1794 – 13 December 1868) was a German botanist and explorer. Life Martius was born at Erlangen, the son of Prof Ernst Wilhelm Martius, court apothecary. He graduated PhD f ...

(eastern Brazil) * '' Zanthoxylum neocaledonicum'' Baker f. (New Caledonia) * '' Zanthoxylum nigrum'' Mart. (Brazil) * ''

'' ( Roxb.) DC. – shiny-leaf prickly ash (tropical and subtropical Asia, Queensland) * '' Zanthoxylum novoguineense'' T.G.Hartley (New Guinea) * '' Zanthoxylum oahuense'' Hillebr. – Oahu prickly ash (Hawaii) * ''

Zanthoxylum ovalifolium ''Zanthoxylum ovalifolium'', commonly known as thorny yellowwood, oval-leaf yellow wood or little yellowwood, is a species of flowering plant in the family Rutaceae. It is a shrub or tree usually with trifoliate leaves, white, male and female f ...

'' Wight (Andaman Island, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Queensland) * '' Zanthoxylum ovatifoliolatum'' (Engl.) Finkelstein (Angola to north-west Namibia) * '' Zanthoxylum oxyphyllum'' Edgew. (Nepal to China and Myanmar) * '' Zanthoxylum panamense'' P.Wilson (Mexico to Central America) * '' Zanthoxylum pancheri'' P.S.Green (New Caledonia) * ''

Zanthoxylum paniculatum ''Zanthoxylum'' is a genus of about 250 species of deciduous and evergreen trees, shrubs and climbers in the family Rutaceae that are native to warm temperate and subtropical areas worldwide. It is the type genus of the tribe Zanthoxy ...

'' Balf.f. (

Rodrigues Rodrigues (french: Île Rodrigues, link=yes ; Creole: ) is a autonomous outer island of the Republic of Mauritius in the Indian Ocean, about east of Mauritius. It is part of the Mascarene Islands, which include Mauritius and Réunion. R ...

Mauritius Mauritius ( ; french: Maurice, link=no ; mfe, label= Mauritian Creole, Moris ), officially the Republic of Mauritius, is an island nation in the Indian Ocean about off the southeast coast of the African continent, east of Madagascar. It ...

) * '' Zanthoxylum paracanthum'' ( Mildbr.) Kokwaro (south-east Kenya to central Tanzania) * '' Zanthoxylum paulae'' (Albuq.) P.G. Waterman (Guianas to northern Brazil) * '' Zanthoxylum pentandrum'' ( Aubl.) R.A.Howard (Trinidad to northern Brazil) * '' Zanthoxylum petenense'' Lundell (Mexico to Guatemala) * '' Zanthoxylum petiolare'' A.St.-Hil. & Tul. (Bolivia to Brazil and northern Argentina) * '' Zanthoxylum piasezkii'' Maxim. (China) * '' Zanthoxylum pilosiusculum'' (Engl.) P.G.Waterman (Democratic Republic of Congo to Angola) * '' Zanthoxylum pilosulum'' Rehder & E.H.Wilson (south-central China) * '' Zanthoxylum pimpinelloides'' ( Lam.) DC. (Cuba to Hispaniola) * ''

Zanthoxylum pinnatum ''Zanthoxylum pinnatum'', commonly known as yellow wood, is a species of flowering plant of the family Rutaceae native to Lord Howe and Norfolk Islands. It is a tree with pinnate leaves, white male and female flowers arranged in groups in leaf a ...

'' (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) W.R.B.Oliv. (Norfolk Island, Lord Howe Island, south-west Pacific.) * '' Zanthoxylum piperitum'' (L.) DC. (China to South Korea, Japan) * '' Zanthoxylum phyllopterum'' (

Griseb. August Heinrich Rudolf Grisebach () was a German botanist and phytogeographer. He was born in Hannover on 17 April 1814 and died in Göttingen on 9 May 1879. Biography Grisebach studied at the Lyceum in Hanover, the cloister-school at Ilfeld, ...

) Wright (Cuba) * '' Zanthoxylum piasezkii'' Maxim. * '' Zanthoxylum pilosiusculum'' (Engl.) P.G.Waterm. * '' Zanthoxylum pilosulum'' Rehder & E.H. Wilson * '' Zanthoxylum pimpinelloides'' ( Lam.) DC. * ''

'' Druce * '' Zanthoxylum piperitum'' (L.) DC. – Japanese pepper, chopi, Korean pepper (

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, most populous country, with a Population of China, population exceeding 1.4 billion, slig ...

Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the n ...

Korea Korea ( ko, 한국, or , ) is a peninsular region in East Asia. Since 1945, it has been divided at or near the 38th parallel, with North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea) comprising its northern half and South Korea (Republic ...

) * '' Zanthoxylum pluviatile'' T.G.Hartley (New Guinea and Solomon Islands) * '' Zanthoxylum poggei'' (Engl.) P.G.Waterman (western central tropical Africa) * '' Zanthoxylum psammophilum'' (Aké Assi) P.G.Waterman (Ivory Coast) * '' Zanthoxylum pseudoxyphyllum'' Babu (Ivory Coast) * '' Zanthoxylum pteracanthum'' Rehder & E.H.Wilson (China) * '' Zanthoxylum pucro'' D.M Porter (Panama to north-west Colombia) * '' Zanthoxylum punctatum'' Vahl – dotted prickly ash (Caribbean) * '' Zanthoxylum quassiifolium'' ( Donn.Sm.) Standl. &

Steyerm. Julian Alfred Steyermark (January 27, 1909 – October 15, 1988) was a Venezuelan American botanist. His focus was on New World vegetation, and he specialized in the family Rubiaceae. Life and work Julian Alfred Steyermark was born in St. Louis, ...

(Mexico to Guatemala.) * '' Zanthoxylum quinduense'' Tul. (western South America to north-west Venezuela) * '' Zanthoxylum renieri'' (G.C.C.Gilbert) P.G.Waterman (Democratic Republic of Congo to Uganda) * '' Zanthoxylum retroflexum'' T.G.Hartley (Sumatra) * '' Zanthoxylum retusum'' (Albuq.) P.G.Waterman (Brazil) * ''

'' (Roxb.) DC. – Cape yellowwood, Indian ivy-rue, Indian pepper (tropical Asia, Queensland) * '' Zanthoxylum rhodoxylum'' (Urb.) P.Wilson (Jamaica) * '' Zanthoxylum rhoifolium'' Lam. (tropical and subtropical America) * '' Zanthoxylum rhombifoliolatum'' C.C.Huang (China) * '' Zanthoxylum riedelianum'' Engl. (Brazil to north-east Argentina) * '' Zanthoxylum rigidum'' Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. (western South America to Paraguay) * '' Zanthoxylum rubescens'' Planch. ex Hook. (western tropical Africa to south-west Kenya and Angola) * '' Zanthoxylum sapindifolium'' Wall. (Myanmar) * '' Zanthoxylum sarasinii'' Guillaumin (New Caledonia) * '' Zanthoxylum scandens'' Blume (southern China to Nansei-shoto and western Malesia) * '' Zanthoxylum schinifolium''

Philipp Franz von SieboldSiebold Philipp is both a surname and a given name. Notable people with the name include: "Philipp" has also been a shortened version of Philippson, a German language, German surname especially prevalent amongst German Jews and Dutch Jews. Surname * Adol ...

& Zucc. – mastic-leaf prickly ash, Sichuan pepper (central and eastern China to temperate eastern Asia) * '' Zanthoxylum schlechteri'' Guillaumin (New Caledonia) * '' Zanthoxylum schreberi'' ( J.F.Gmel.) Reynel ex C.Nelson (Mexico to Venezuela and Bolivia, Caribbean) * '' Zanthoxylum setulosum'' P.Wilson (Costa Rica to north-west Venezuela) * '' Zanthoxylum simulans'' Hance (China, South Korea, Taiwan) * '' Zanthoxylum spinosum'' (Sw.) Sw. (Florida to Caribbean) * '' Zanthoxylum spondiifolium'' Wall. (Myanmar) * '' Zanthoxylum sprucei'' Engl. (Ecuador to Peru and western Brazil) * '' Zanthoxylum stelligerum'' Turcz. (central and eastern Brazil) * '' Zanthoxylum stenophyllum'' Hemsl. (central and eastern central China) * '' Zanthoxylum subspicatum'' H. Perrier (Madagascar) * '' Zanthoxylum syncarpum'' (Tul.) Tul. ex B.D.Jacks. (Venezuela, eastern Brazil) * '' Zanthoxylum taediosum'' A.Rich. (Cuba) * '' Zanthoxylum tahitense'' ( Nadeaud) J.Florence & N.Hallé (Society Islands) * '' Zanthoxylum tambopatense'' Reynel (Peru) * '' Zanthoxylum tetraphyllum'' (urb. & Ekman) J.Jiménez Alm. (Haiti) * '' Zanthoxylum tetraspermum'' Wight & Arn. (southern India, Sri Lanka) * ''

Zanthoxylum thomense ''Zanthoxylum'' is a genus of about 250 species of deciduous and evergreen trees, shrubs and climbers in the family Rutaceae that are native to warm temperate and subtropical areas worldwide. It is the type genus of the tribe Zanthoxyleae in ...

'' (Engl.) A.Chev. ex P.G.Waterman (Gabon and Gulf of Guinea Island) * '' Zanthoxylum thornycroftii'' (I.Verd.) P.G.Waterman (

Limpopo Limpopo is the northernmost province of South Africa. It is named after the Limpopo River, which forms the province's western and northern borders. The capital and largest city in the province is Polokwane, while the provincial legislature ...

) * '' Zanthoxylum thouventii'' H.Perrier (Madagascar]) * '' Zanthoxylum tidorense'' Miq. (

Maluku Islands The Maluku Islands (; Indonesian: ''Kepulauan Maluku'') or the Moluccas () are an archipelago in the east of Indonesia. Tectonically they are located on the Halmahera Plate within the Molucca Sea Collision Zone. Geographically they are located ...

) * '' Zanthoxylum timoriense'' Span. (

Lesser Sunda Islands The Lesser Sunda Islands or nowadays known as Nusa Tenggara Islands ( id, Kepulauan Nusa Tenggara, formerly ) are an archipelago in Maritime Southeast Asia, north of Australia. Together with the Greater Sunda Islands to the west they make up ...

) * '' Zanthoxylum tingoassuiba'' A.St.-Hil. (eastern and southern Brazil) * '' Zanthoxylum tomentellum'' Hook.f. (Nepal to China and Myanmar) * '' Zanthoxylum tragodes'' (L.) DC. – Niaragato (Caribbean) * '' Zanthoxylum trijugum'' ( Dunkley) P.G.Waterman (central Tanzania to Zambia) * '' Zanthoxylum tsihanimposa'' H.Perrier (Madagascar) * '' Zanthoxylum undulatifolium'' Hemsl. (China) * '' Zanthoxylum unifoliatum'' Groppo & Pirani (Brazil) * '' Zanthoxylum usambarense'' (Engl.) Kokwara (Ethiopia to Rwanda) * '' Zanthoxylum usitatum'' Pierre ex Laness. (Vietnam) * '' Zanthoxylum venosum'' Leonard (Hispaniola) * '' Zanthoxylum verrucosum'' (Cuatrec.) P.G.Waterman (Colombia to Ecuador) * '' Zanthoxylum vinkii'' T.G.Hartley (New Guinea) * '' Zanthoxylum viride'' (A.Chev.) T.G.Hartley (west tropical Africa to Congo) * '' Zanthoxylum vitiense'' A.C.Sm. (Fiji) * '' Zanthoxylum wutaiense'' I.S.Chen (Taiwan) * '' Zanthoxylum xichouense'' C.C.Huang (China) * '' Zanthoxylum yakumontanum'' ( Sugim.) Nagam. (Japan) * '' Zanthoxylum yuanjiangensis'' C.C.Huang (China) * '' Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides'' ( Lam.) Zepern. & Timler – Senegal prickly ash (western tropical Africa)

Doubtful species

The genus ''Fagara'' has been sunk into ''Zanthoxylum'', but , no name seemed to have been provided for the former ''Fagara externa'', which was regarded as an unplaced name by

References

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External links

* * {{Taxonbar, from=Q147050 Peppers Zanthoxyloideae genera Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus Dioecious plants