Yooper dialect

North-Central American English (in the United States, also known as the Upper Midwestern or North-Central dialect and stereotypically recognized as a Minnesota accent or Wisconsin accent) is an American English dialect native to the Upper Midwestern United States, an area that somewhat overlaps with speakers of the separate Inland North dialect situated more in the eastern Great Lakes region. The North-Central dialect is considered to have developed in a residual dialect region from the neighboring distinct dialect regions of the Western United States, Inland North, and Canada.

If a strict ''cot–caught'' merger is used to define the North-Central regional dialect, it covers the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, the northern border of Wisconsin, the whole northern half of Minnesota, some of northern South Dakota, and most of North Dakota; otherwise, the dialect may be considered to extend to all of Minnesota, North Dakota, most of South Dakota, northern Iowa, and all of Wisconsin outside of the eastern ridges and lowlands.

History and geography

The appearance of monophthongs in this region is sometimes attributed to the high degree of Scandinavian and German immigration to these northern states in the late 19th century. Linguist Erik R. Thomas argues that these monophthongs are the product of language contact and notes that other areas where they occur are places where speakers of other languages have had an influence such as the Pennsylvania "Dutch" region. An alternative account posits that these monophthongal variants represent historical retentions, since diphthongization of the mid vowels seems to have been a relatively recent phenomenon in the history of the English language, appearing within the last few centuries, and did not affect all dialects in the U.K. The monophthongs heard in this region may stem from the influence of Scots-Irish or other British dialects that maintain such forms. The fact that the monophthongs also appear in Canadian English may lend support to this account since Scots-Irish speech is known as an important influence in Canada.

People living in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan (whose demonym, and sometimes sub-dialect, is known as "Yooper," deriving from the acronym "U.P." for "Upper Peninsula"), many northern areas of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, and in Northern Wisconsin are largely of Finnish, French Canadian, Cornish, Scandinavian, German, and/or Native American descent. The North-Central dialect is so strongly influenced by these areas' languages and Canada that speakers from other areas may have difficulty understanding it. Almost half the Finnish immigrants to the U.S. settled in the Upper Peninsula, some joining Scandinavians who moved on to Minnesota. Another sub-dialect is spoken in Southcentral Alaska's Matanuska-Susitna Valley, because it was settled in the 1930s (during the Great Depression) by immigrants from the North-Central dialect region.

Phonology

Not all of these characteristics are unique to the North-Central region.

Vowels

* and are "conservative" in this region, meaning they do not undergo the fronting that is common in some other regions of the United States. In addition to being conservative, may be monophthongal . The same is true for , which can be realized as , though data suggests that monophthongal variants are more common for than for , and also that they are more common in ''coat'' than in ''ago'' or ''road'', which may indicate phonological conditioning. Regionally, monophthongal mid vowels are more common in the northern tier of states, occurring more frequently in Minnesota and the Dakotas but much rarer in Iowa and Nebraska. The appearance of monophthongs in this region is sometimes explained due to the high degree of Scandinavian and German immigration to these northern states in the late nineteenth century. Erik R. Thomas argues that these monophthongs are the product of language contact and notes that other areas where they occur are places where speakers of other languages have had an influence such as the Pennsylvania "Dutch" region. An alternative account posits that these monophthongal variants represent historical retentions. Diphthongization of the mid vowels seems to have been a relatively recent phenomenon, appearing within the last few centuries, and did not affect all dialects in the UK. The monophthongs heard in this region may stem from the influence of Scots-Irish or other British dialects that maintain such forms. The fact that the monophthongs also appear in Canadian English may lend support to this account since Scots-Irish speech is known as an important influence in Canada.
* Some or partial evidence of the Northern Cities Vowel Shift, which normally defines neighboring Inland Northern American English, exists in North-Central American English. For example, may be generally raised and generally fronted in comparison to other American English accents.
* Some speakers exhibit extreme raising of before voiced velars ( and ), with an up-glide, so that ''bag'' sounds close to ''beg'' or even as raised as the first syllable of ''bagel''. Other examples of where this applies include the word ''flag'' and ''agriculture''.
* Raising of is found in this region. It occurs before some voiced consonants. For example, many speakers pronounce ''fire'', ''tiger'', and ''spider'' with the raised vowel. Some speakers in this region raise as well.
* The onset of when not subject to raising is often quite far back, resulting in pronunciations like .
* The ''cot–caught'' merger is common throughout the region, and the vowel can be quite forward: .
* The words ''roof'' and ''root'' may be variously pronounced with either or ; that is, with the vowel of ''foot'' or ''boot'', respectively. This is highly variable, however, and these words are pronounced both ways in other parts of the country.
* The North-Central accent shows certain General American features, such as rhoticity and the ''Mary-marry-merry'' merger, as well as a lack of the ''pen–pin'' merger of the American South or the Canadian shift.

Consonants

Word-initial th-stopping is possible among speakers of working-class backgrounds, especially with pronouns ('deez' for ''these'', 'doze' for ''those'', 'dem' for ''them'', etc.). In addition, traces of a pitch accent as in Swedish and Norwegian can persist in some areas of heavy Norwegian or Swedish settlement, and among people who grew up in those areas (some of whom are not of Scandinavian descent).

Phonemic incidence

Certain phonemes appear in particular words, setting the North-Central dialect apart from some other American English:Jøhndal, Marius et al. (2018) 004-2006
The UWM Dialect Survey
. Cambridge University.
*''absurd'' often uses (rather than )
*''across'' may end with a final , rhyming with ''cost'', particularly in Wisconsin
*''anti'' often uses (rather than )
*''aunt'' often uses (rather than )
*''roof'' often uses (rather than )
*''turbine'' often uses (rather than ): the same pronunciation as ''turban''
*Words spelled with ''ag'', such as '' bag'' or ''ragged'', use or (rather than )

Grammar

In this dialect, the preposition ''with'' is used without an object as an adverb in phrases like '' come with'', as in ''Do you want to come with?'' for standard ''Do you want to come with me?'' or ''with us?''. In standard English, other prepositions can be used as adverbs, like ''go down'' (''down'' as adverb) for ''go down the stairs'' (''down'' as preposition). ''With'' is not typically used in this way in standard English (particularly in British and Irish English), and this feature likely came from languages spoken by some immigrants, such as Scandinavian (Danish, Swedish, Norwegian), German, or Dutch and Luxembourgish, all of which have this construction, like Swedish .

The word ''yet'' can be used in a phrase such as "I need to clean this room yet" to mean 'still', particularly around Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula. "Shut the lights" can mean "shut off the lights", particularly in that same region.

Vocabulary

* ''boulevard'', a grassy median strip
* ''berm, boulevard,'' or ''terrace'', a grassy road verge
* ''bubbler'', a drinking fountain (mainly used in Wisconsin)
* ''breezeway'' or ''skyway'', a hallway-bridge connecting two buildingsCassidy, Frederic Gomes, and Joan Houston Hall (eds). (2002) ''Dictionary of American Regional English''. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
* '' eh?'', a question tag (particularly used in the northern sections of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Upper Michigan)
* ''frontage road'', a service or access roadVaux, Bert, Scott A. Golder, Rebecca Starr, and Britt Bolen. (2000-2005)
The Dialect Survey
'. Survey and maps.
* '' hotdish'', a simple entree (main) cooked in a single dish, like a casserole
* ''pop'' or ''soda pop'', a sweet carbonated soft drink
* ''parking ramp'', a multi-story parking structure
* ''rummage sale'', a yard or garage sale
* ''sliver'', a splinter
* ''spendy'', expensive or high-priced
* ''stocking cap'', a knit wool hat
* ''supposably'' (for ''supposedly''), particularly in Wisconsin
* ''troll'', a person from the Lower Peninsula of Michigan
* ''Yooper'', a person from the Upper Peninsula of Michigan

Sub-varieties

A North-Central " dialect island" exists in southcentral Alaska's Matanuska-Susitna Valley, since, in the 1930s, it absorbed large numbers of settlers from Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. "Yooper" English spoken in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan and Iron Range English spoken in Minnesota's Mesabi Iron Range are strong sub-varieties of the North-Central dialect, largely influenced by Fenno-Scandinavian immigration to those areas around the beginning of the twentieth century. Iron Range English is sometimes called "Rayncher" English (an eye spelling of "Ranger").

Upper Peninsula English

English of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, plus some bordering areas of northeast Wisconsin, colloquially known as U.P. or "Yooper" English, or Yoopanese, is a North-Central sub-variety with some additional influences from Finnish-speaking immigrants to the region. However, younger speakers may be starting to align closer to nearby Standard Canadian English, according to a recent study of Marquette County.

The traditional Yooper accent is associated with certain features: the alveolar stops and in place of the English dental fricatives and (like in "then" and "thigh", so that ''then'' () becomes ''den'' (), etc.); the German/Scandinavian affirmative ''ja'' to mean 'yeah' or 'yes' (often Anglicized in spelling to ''ya''); the filler or question tag ''eh'' or ''hey'' at the ends of sentences, as in Canadian English; notably raised nuclei in the vowels and ; the word ''youse'' as a second-personal plural noun, like ''you guys'' in neighboring dialects; and a marked deletion of ''to the'' (e.g., "I'm going store," "We went mall," and "We'll go Green Bay"), influenced by Finnish, which does not have any articles corresponding to ''a'', ''an'', or ''the''.

In popular culture

The Upper Midwestern accent is made conspicuous, often to the point of parody or near-parody, in the film '' Fargo'' (especially as displayed by Frances McDormand's character Marge Gunderson) and the radio program ''A Prairie Home Companion'' (as displayed by many minor characters, especially those voiced by Sue Scott, with whom lead characters, most frequently male roles voiced by Garrison Keillor). It is also evident in the film '' New in Town''.

Notable lifelong native speakers

* Steven Avery — "recognizably thick Wisconsin accent"
* Michele Bachmann — "that calming, matzoh-flat Minnesota accent"
* Charlie Berens
* Jan Kuehnemund
*Brock Lesnar
*Don Ness — "You'll find that Ms. Palin and Duluth Mayor Don Ness don't sound all that different."What Americans sound like". ''The Economist''. The Economist Newspaper Limited 2011.
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* Julianne Ortman
*Sarah Palin — "Listeners who hear the Minnewegian sounds of the characters from '' Fargo'' when they listen to Ms. Palin are on to something: the Matanuska-Susitna Valley in Alaska, where she grew up, was settled by farmers from Minnesota"
*Mark Proksch

See also

* Inland Northern American English
*North American English regional phonology
* Regional vocabularies of American English

Notes

References

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{{DEFAULTSORT:North-Central American English
American English
Iowa culture
Michigan culture
Languages of Minnesota
Languages of Montana
North Dakota culture
South Dakota culture
Wisconsin culture
Culture of the Midwestern United States
Montana culture