Women in Senegal
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Women in
Senegal Senegal,; Wolof: ''Senegaal''; Pulaar: 𞤅𞤫𞤲𞤫𞤺𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭 (Senegaali); Arabic: السنغال ''As-Sinighal'') officially the Republic of Senegal,; Wolof: ''Réewum Senegaal''; Pulaar : 𞤈𞤫𞤲𞤣𞤢𞥄𞤲𞤣𞤭 ...
have a traditional social status as shaped by local custom and religion. According to 2005 survey, the female genital mutilation prevalence rate stands at 28% of all women in Senegal aged between 15 and 49.Female Genital Mutilation in Senegal
Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development, Germany (September 2011)


History

The traditional division of labour in Senegal saw women responsible for household tasks such as cooking, cleaning, and childcare. They were also responsible for a large share of agricultural work, including weeding and harvesting, for such common crops as rice. Women of the nobility used to be influential in political scenes. This is partly because matrilineage was the means for a prince to become king (particularly in the Wolof kingdoms). Such ''lingeer'' as Yacine Boubou, Ndate Yalla and her sister Njembeut Mbodji are hailed as inspirations for contemporary Senegalese women. In recent decades, economic change and urbanization has led to many young men migrating to the cities, such as Dakar. Rural women have become increasingly involved in managing village forestry resources and operating millet and rice mills. The government's rural development agency aims to organize village women and involve them more actively in the development process. Women play a prominent role in village health committees and prenatal and postnatal programs. In urban areas, despite women's second-class status within Islam, cultural change has led to women entering the labour market as office and retail clerks, domestic workers and unskilled workers in textile mills and tuna-canning factories. Non-government organizations are also active in promoting women's economic opportunities. Micro-financing loans for women's businesses have improved the economic situation of many. Senegal ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly, as well as the additional protocol. Senegal is also a signatory of the African Charter of Human and People's Rights, which was adopted during the 2003 African Union Summit. However, Senegalese feminists have been critical of the government's lack of action in enforcing the protocols, conventions and other texts that have been signed as a means of protecting women's rights.


Women's rights

Women in Senegal face a number of disparities in their social status. Women have high rates of illiteracy. They make up less than 10% of the formal labour force. Female genital mutilation is a persistent practise in some rural areas, despite being outlawed by the constitution of 2001. Women's legal rights are similar via
polygyny Polygyny (; from Neoclassical Greek πολυγυνία (); ) is the most common and accepted form of polygamy around the world, entailing the marriage of a man with several women. Incidence Polygyny is more widespread in Africa than in any ...
marriages, and
Islamic law Sharia (; ar, شريعة, sharīʿa ) is a body of religious law that forms a part of the Islamic tradition. It is derived from the religious precepts of Islam and is based on the sacred scriptures of Islam, particularly the Quran and the ...
involving property ownership.


Female genital mutilation

Female genital mutilation is present in Senegal."FGC Prevalence Rates Diagram"
African Women's Health Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, accessed 7 September 2011.
According to 2005 survey, the FGM prevalence rate is 28% of all women aged between 15 and 49. There are significant differences in regional prevalence. FGM is most widespread in the Southern Senegal (94% in Kolda Region) and in Northeastern Senegal (93% in Matam Region). FGM rates are lower in other regions: Tambacounda (86%), Ziguinchor (69%), and less than 5% in Diourbel and Louga Regions. Senegal is 94% Muslim (FGM is not an Islamic practice) The FGM prevalence rate varies by religion: 29% of Muslim women have undergone FGM, 16% of Animists, and 11% of Christian women.FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION/CUTTING: A Statistical Exploration
UNICEF (2010); see Table 1C, page 34


Notable people


Religious figures

* Mame Diarra Bousso


Female politicians

* Ndoumbe Ndiaye – Thioumbe Samb – Mame Yacine Diagne – Aline Sitoé Diatta –
Arame Diene , sea oak is a species of kelp, of the brown algae, best known for its use in Japanese cuisine. Description ''Eisenia bicyclis'' is indigenous to temperate Pacific Ocean waters centered near Japan, although it is deliberately cultured elsewher ...
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Caroline Faye Caroline may refer to: People *Caroline (given name), a feminine given name * J. C. Caroline (born 1933), American college and National Football League player * Jordan Caroline (born 1996), American (men's) basketball player Places Antarctica * ...
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Anne Marie Sohai Anne, alternatively spelled Ann, is a form of the Latin female given name Anna. This in turn is a representation of the Hebrew Hannah, which means 'favour' or 'grace'. Related names include Annie. Anne is sometimes used as a male name in the ...
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Lena Diagne Lena or LENA may refer to: Places * Léna Department, a department of Houet Province in Burkina Faso * Lena, Manitoba, an unincorporated community located in Killarney-Turtle Mountain municipality in Manitoba, Canada * Lena, Norway, a village in ...
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Awa Dia Thiam Awa (or variants) may refer to: People * Awa (given name), notable people named Awa or Hawa * Awá (Brazil), an indigenous people of Brazil * Awa-Kwaiker, an indigenous people of Colombia and Ecuador Languages * Awa language (China) or Wa (Va) ...
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Mame Madior Boye Mame Madior Boye ( wo, Maam Maajoor Bóoy; born 1940)"Mame Mad ...
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Marie-Angélique Savané Marie-Angélique Savané (née Sagna, born 2 November 1947) is a Senegalese sociologist and feminist activist, who has been "an extremely vocal proponent of legal and social reforms in Senegalese society on behalf of women", according to the ''Dict ...
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Awa Marie Coll Seck Awa Marie Coll-Seck (born 1951 in Dakar, Senegal) is as Senegalese infectious diseases specialist and politician who served as Minister of Health of Senegal from 2001 to 2003 and again from 2012 to 2017. She also served as former Executive Direct ...
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Aminata Tall Aminata Tall (born 1949 in Diourbel) is a politician of the Senegalese Democratic Party (PDS). Life and career Tall attended the Girls' Normal Schools of Thiès and Rufisque, where she earned a D-series ''Baccalauréat''. She earned a doctorate ...
– Ndaté Yalla –
Aminata Mbengue Ndiaye Aminata Mbengue Ndiaye is a Senegalese politician. In 2012, she was appointed Minister of Livestock and Animal Production in the government of Prime Minister Abdou Mbaye and from 2014 under the government of Prime Minister Mahammad Boun Abdallah ...
– Penda Mbow –
Safiatou Thiam Safiatou Thiam is a Senegalese public health doctor, a specialist in HIV/AIDS and former Minister of Health and Disease Prevention in the government of Cheikh Hadjibou Soumaré.She later became Executive Secretary of CNLS National Council against ...
– Aïda Mbodj – Ndeye Fatou Ba –
Lena Diagne Lena or LENA may refer to: Places * Léna Department, a department of Houet Province in Burkina Faso * Lena, Manitoba, an unincorporated community located in Killarney-Turtle Mountain municipality in Manitoba, Canada * Lena, Norway, a village in ...
– Gnagna Thouré – Arame Ndoye


Scientists

*
Awa Marie Coll Seck Awa Marie Coll-Seck (born 1951 in Dakar, Senegal) is as Senegalese infectious diseases specialist and politician who served as Minister of Health of Senegal from 2001 to 2003 and again from 2012 to 2017. She also served as former Executive Direct ...
– Rose Dieng-Kuntz – Penda Mbow –
Safiatou Thiam Safiatou Thiam is a Senegalese public health doctor, a specialist in HIV/AIDS and former Minister of Health and Disease Prevention in the government of Cheikh Hadjibou Soumaré.She later became Executive Secretary of CNLS National Council against ...


Female writers

*
Mariama Bâ Mariama Bâ (April 17, 1929 – August 17, 1981) was a Senegalese author and feminist, whose two French-language novels were both translated into more than a dozen languages. Born in Dakar, she was raised a Muslim. Her frustration with the fate ...
– Mariama Barry – Ndèye Coumba Mbengue Diakhaté – Sokhna Benga – Jacqueline Fatima Bocoum –
Ken Bugul Ken Bugul (born 1947 in Ndoucoumane) is the pen name of Senegalese Francophone novelist Mariètou Mbaye Biléoma.'Bugul, Ken', in Simon Gikandi (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of African Literature''. Routledge; 2002. In the Wolof language, her pen name m ...
– Aïssatou Cissé –
Fama Diagne Sène Fama Diagne Sène (born 1969, Thiès) is a Senegalese writer. Educated in Thiès, she became a teacher there. Ken Bugul listed her among "illustrious women" in Senegalese literature. In 1997, she won the presidential award for art and literature ...
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Nafissatou Niang Diallo Nafissatou Niang Diallo (11 March 1941 – 1982) was a Senegalese writer who wrote in French. After studying in Toulouse, France, she began writing. She was active in social services both as a midwife and as director of a maternal and child hea ...
– Aïssatou Diamanka-Besland –
Mame Younousse Dieng Mame Younousse Dieng (1939 – 1 April 2016) was a Senegalese writer born in Tivaouane who lived in Dakar. Her novel ''Aawo bi'' is noteworthy as one of the first Senegalese novels in the Wolof language Wolof (; Wolofal: ) is a language of Sen ...
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Fatou Diome Fatou Diome (born 1968 in Niodior) is a France, French-Senegal, Senegalese writer known for her best-selling novel ''The Belly of the Atlantic'', which was published in 2001. Her work explores immigrant life in France, and the relationship betwee ...
– Khadi Fall – Khadi Hane –
Aminata Maïga Ka Kehsna (1940 – November 2005) was a Senegalese writer. She studied in several different nations, including the United States and France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. ...
– Ndèye Fatou Kane – Annette Mbaye d'Erneville –
Aminata Sow Fall Aminata Sow Fall (born 27 April 1941) is a Senegalese-born author. While her native language is Wolof, her books are written in French. She is considered "the first published woman novelist from francophone Black Africa".Margaret Busby, '' Daugh ...
– Fatou Ndiaye Sow – Mariama Ndoye – Mame Seck Mbacké – Khady Sylla – Abibatou Traoré- Rahmatou Seck Samb – Nafissatou Dia Diouf -


Filmmakers

* Laurence Attali – Angèle Diabang Brener –
Safi Faye Safi Faye (born November 22, 1943) is a Senegalese film director and ethnologist.Petrolle, p. 177. She was the first Sub-Saharan African woman to direct a commercially distributed feature film, ''Kaddu Beykat'', which was released in 1975. She ...
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Dyana Gaye Dyana Gaye (born 1975) is a French-Senegalese film director. Biography Born in Paris in 1975, the daughter of Senegalese immigrants, Gaye attended the University of Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis and studied film. She received the Louis Lumière ...
– Khady Sylla – Aïcha Thiam – Sokhna Amar


Stylists

*
Oumou Sy (Oumou Sy) (born 1952 in Podor, Senegal) is a Senegalese fashion designer frequently referred to as "Senegal's Queen of Couture"."Art of Africa: The 50 best African artists", ''The Independent'', December 1, 2006. https://www.independent.co.uk/n ...
– Koukou Kane – Collé Ardo Sow – Adama Paris – Diouma Dieng Diakhaté – Joelle Le Bussy – Nafissatou Diop


Choreographers

* Germaine Acogny


Singers

* Fambaye Issa Diop – Adja Mbana Diop – Adja Khar Mbaye – Coumba Gawlo Seck –
Diarra Diarra is a French translation of the clan name Jara used in West Africa, as a hangover from the French colonial empire in that region. It originates from the Bambara language word ''jara'', meaning lion, synonymous with waraba. The Kingdom ...
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Viviane Ndour Viviane (born Viviane Chidid) is a Senegalese pop singer who is the former backing vocalist and former sister-in-law of Youssou N'Dour. Viviane is known as the queen or reine of Senegalese music. On March 31, 2012 the label Wonda Music of produ ...
- Diabou Samb - Kine Lam – Daro Mbaye – Ndeye Mbaye


Athletes

*
Senegal women's national basketball team The Senegal women's national basketball team is the national basketball team representing Senegal at world and continental basketball competitions for women. It is administered by the Fédération Sénégalaise de Basket-Ball. The Senegalese s ...
* Kene Ndoye –
Amy Mbacké Thiam Amy Mbacké Thiam (born November 10, 1976) is a Senegalese athlete competing in the 400 metres. Biography She has won medals in two World Championships, but at the 2004 Olympics she was knocked out in the heats. She is best known for winning the ...


Others

* Oulimata Sarr


See also

* Levirate marriage * Health in Senegal *
Education in Senegal The Senegalese education system is based on its French equivalent. The state is responsible for the creation of an educational system that enables every citizen access to education.United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organizatio ...


Bibliography

* Bettina Marcinowski, ''Die Frau in Afrika : Unters. zum schwarzafrikan. frankophonen Roman Kameruns u. Senegals'', Francfort et Berne, Lang, 1982, 246 p. (version abrégée d'une thèse de l'Université de Fribourg, 1981 *Isabelle Guérin, « Women and Money: Lessons from Senegal », ''Development and Change'', 2006, 37 (3), p. 549–570. *Lisa McNee, ''Selfish Gifts: Senegalese Women's Autobiographical Discourses'', State University of New York, 2000, 197 p.  *Kathleen Sheldon, ''Historical Dictionary of Women in Sub-Saharan Africa'', The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 2005, 448 p. * Philippe Antoine et Jeanne Nanitelamio, ''Peut-on échapper à la polygamie à Dakar ?'', Paris, CEPED, 1995, 31 p.  * ''Femmes en politique : l'expérience dans cinq pays : Sénégal, Bénin, Burkina Faso, Cameroun, Mali'', Dakar, Éditions Démocraties africaines, 1999 ou 2000, 151 p. * Philippe Antoine et Jeanne Nanitelamio, ''Peut-on échapper à la polygamie à Dakar ?'', Paris, CEPED, 1995, 31 p.  * Hélène Bouchard et Chantal Rondeau, ''Commerçantes et épouses à Dakar et Bamako. La réussite par le commerce'', Paris, L'Harmattan, 2007, 436 p.  * May Clarkson, ''La femme Bedik. Mariage et procréation, approche ethno-démographique à un problème de micro-évolution'', Université de Montréal, 1977 (M.Sc.) * Katy Cissé Wone, « Le passé politique des femmes : une trajectoire ambiguë », ''Démocraties africaines'', n° 5, 1996/03, p. 47-51 * Marina Co Trung Yung, ''Des enquêtes sur la participation des femmes sénégalaises à la vie politique de 1945 à 1960'', Paris, Université de Paris I, 1980 (Diplôme d'Etudes Approfondies) * Sidy Diallo, ''Contribution à l'étude du phénomène de la migration au Sénégal : les jeunes filles sereer et diola à Dakar'', Dakar, Université de Dakar, 1981, 104 p. (Mémoire de Maîtrise) * Nafissatou Diop, ''La fécondité des adolescentes au Sénégal'', Université de Montréal, 1993 (thèse) * Adama Diouf, ''L’éducation des filles dans les quatre communes fin du XIXe-1920. Le cas de Rufisque'', Université de Dakar, 1998, 103 p. (Mémoire de Maîtrise) * Hadiza Djibo, ''La participation des femmes africaines à la vie politique : les exemples du Sénégal et du Niger'', Paris, L'Harmattan, 2002, 426 p.  * Colette Le Cour Grandmaison, ''Rôles traditionnels féminins et urbanisation. Lébou et wolof de Dakar'', Paris, EPHE, 1970, 4+310+23 p. (Thèse de 3e cycle, publiée en 1972 sous le titre "Femmes dakaroises : rôles traditionnels féminins et urbanisation", Abidjan, ''Annales de l'Université d'Abidjan'', 249 p.) * Awa Kane Ly, ''La femme haal-pulaar au Fuuta Tooro'', Dakar, Université de Dakar, 1980, 158 p. (Mémoire de Maîtrise) * Khalifa Mbengue, ''Stratégies de communication en planification familiale : Campagne d'information Sénégal (1988–1989)'', Université de Montréal, 1993 (MSc.) * Gora Mboup, ''Étude des déterminants socio-économiques et culturels de la fécondité au Sénégal à partir de l'enquête sénégalaise sur la fécondité (ESF, 1978) et l'enquête démographique et de santé (EDS, 1986)'', Université de Montréal, 1993 (thèse) * Maty Ndiaye et Marina Co Trung Yung, ''La condition des femmes colonisées du Sénégal et du Soudan français'', Paris, Université de Paris VIII, 1979, 413 p. (Mémoire de Maîtrise) * Oumy K. Ndiaye, ''Femmes sérères et projets de développement : exemple de la diffusion des foyers améliorés dans le Département de Fatick, Sénégal'', Université Laval, 1988 (M.A.) * Abdou Karim Ndoye, ''Facteurs socio-économiques et réussite scolaire des filles en fin d'enseignement élémentaire : cas de deux régions du Sénégal'', Dakar?, Rapport d'étude UEPA, 2002, 136 p.  * Mame Fama Niang, ''Situation de la femme musulmane au Sénégal'', Dakar, Université de Dakar, 1979, 95 p. (Mémoire de Maîtrise) * Dauphine Ravololomanikara, ''Le rôle et la place de la femme dans quelques romans sénégalais'', University of British Columbia, 1974 (M.A.) * Ahmed Rufa'i, ''L'image de la femme africaine dans l'Å“uvre d'Ousmane Sembène'', Université de Sherbrooke, 1983 (M.A.) *
Marie-Angélique Savané Marie-Angélique Savané (née Sagna, born 2 November 1947) is a Senegalese sociologist and feminist activist, who has been "an extremely vocal proponent of legal and social reforms in Senegalese society on behalf of women", according to the ''Dict ...
, ''Les projets pour les femmes en milieu rural au Sénégal'', Genève, Bureau International du Travail, 1983, 139 p.  * F. Sow, ''Le pouvoir économique des femmes dans le département de Podor'', Saint-Louis, SAED, 1990 * F. Sow, (sous la direction de), ''Les femmes sénégalaises à l'horizon 2015'', Dakar, Ministère de la Femme, de l'Enfant et de la Famille, République du Sénégal, 1993 * Papa Sow, « Les récolteuses de sel du lac Rose (Sénégal) : Histoire d'une innovation sociale féminine », ''Géographie et cultures'', 2002, n° 41, p. 93-113


Filmography

* ''Traumatisme de la femme face à la polygamie'' (
Ousmane Sembène Ousmane Sembène (; 1 January 1923 or 8 January 1923 – 9 June 2007), often credited in the French style as Sembène Ousmane in articles and reference works, was a Senegalese film director, producer and writer. The ''Los Angeles Times'' consider ...
, 1969) * ''
Moolaadé ''Moolaadé'' ("magical protection") is a 2004 film by the Senegalese writer and director Ousmane Sembène. It addresses the subject of female genital mutilation, a common practice in a number of African countries, from Egypt to Nigeria. The film ...
'' (Ousmane Sembène, 2004) * ''Mon beau sourire'' ( Angèle Diabang Brener, 2005) * ''Sénégalaises et islam'' (Angèle Diabang Brener, (2007)


References


External links


Femmes écrivains et littératures africaines

« Le vote des femmes au Sénégal »
(article dans ''
Éthiopiques ''Éthiopiques'' is a series of compact discs featuring Ethiopian singers and musicians. Many of the CDs compile songs from various singles and albums that Amha Records, Kaifa Records and Philips-Ethiopia released during the 1960s and 1970s in Eth ...
'', n° 6, 1976)
''Contribution à la réflexion sur la participation des femmes sénégalaises à la vie politique de 1945 à 2001''
Seynabou Ndiaye Sylla, mémoire de DEA, Université de Paris I, 2001)
« L'Islam et la femme sénégalaise »
(article dans ''Éthiopiques'', n° 66–67, 1e et 2e semestres 2001)
« L'émergence d'une écriture féministe au Sénégal et au Québec »
(article dans ''Éthiopiques'', n° 74, 1er semestre 2005) {{Senegal topics
Senegal Senegal,; Wolof: ''Senegaal''; Pulaar: 𞤅𞤫𞤲𞤫𞤺𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭 (Senegaali); Arabic: السنغال ''As-Sinighal'') officially the Republic of Senegal,; Wolof: ''Réewum Senegaal''; Pulaar : 𞤈𞤫𞤲𞤣𞤢𞥄𞤲𞤣𞤭 ...