Wisconsin
Wisconsin (/wɪˈskɒnsɪn/ ( listen)) is a U.S. state
located in the north-central United States, in the Midwest and Great
Lakes regions. It is bordered by
Minnesota
Minnesota to the west,
Iowa
Iowa to the
southwest,
Illinois
Illinois to the south,
Lake Michigan
Lake Michigan to the east, Michigan
to the northeast, and
Lake Superior
Lake Superior to the north.
Wisconsin
Wisconsin is the
23rd largest state by total area and the 20th most populous. The state
capital is Madison, and its largest city is Milwaukee, which is
located on the western shore of Lake Michigan. The state is divided
into 72 counties.
Wisconsin's geography is diverse, having been greatly impacted by
glaciers during the
Ice Age
Ice Age with the exception of the Driftless Area.
The
Northern Highland
Northern Highland and
Western Upland
Western Upland along with a part of the
Central Plain occupies the western part of the state, with lowlands
stretching to the shore of Lake Michigan.
Wisconsin
Wisconsin is second to
Michigan
Michigan in the length of its
Great Lakes
Great Lakes coastline.
During the 19th and early 20th centuries, a large number of European
settlers entered the state, many of whom emigrated from Germany and
Scandinavia. Like neighboring Minnesota, the state remains a center of
German American
German American and
Scandinavian American
Scandinavian American culture.
Wisconsin
Wisconsin is known as "America's Dairyland"[11] because it is one of
the nation's leading dairy producers, particularly famous for its
cheese. Manufacturing, especially paper products, information
technology (IT), cranberries, and tourism are also major contributors
to the state's economy.
Contents
1 Etymology
2 History
2.1 Early history
2.2 European settlements
2.3 U.S. territory
2.4 Statehood
2.5 Civil War
2.6 Economic progress
2.7 20th century
2.8 21st century
3 Geography
3.1 Climate
4 Ecology
5 Demographics
5.1 Birth data
5.2 Ethnicity
5.3 Religion
5.4 Crime
6 Government
6.1 Executive
6.2 Legislative
6.3 Judicial
6.4 Federal
6.5 Taxes
6.6 International relations
7 Politics
7.1 Federal elections
7.2 Lawmakers
7.3 Socialist politics
7.4 Pivotal votes
7.5 Swing to the right
8 Economy
8.1 Agriculture
8.2 Manufacturing
8.3 Consumer goods
8.4 Tourism
8.5 Film industry
8.6 Energy
9 Transportation
9.1 Airports
9.2 Major highways
9.3 Rail service
10 Important municipalities
11 Education
12 Culture
12.1 Art
12.2 Music
12.3 Alcohol culture
13 Recreation
14 Sports
15 Notable people
16 See also
17 References
18 Further reading
19 External links
Etymology[edit]
The word
Wisconsin
Wisconsin originates from the name given to the Wisconsin
River by one of the Algonquian-speaking Native American groups living
in the region at the time of European contact.[12] French explorer
Jacques Marquette
Jacques Marquette was the first European to reach the
Wisconsin
Wisconsin River,
arriving in 1673 and calling the river Meskousing in his journal.[13]
Subsequent French writers changed the spelling from Meskousing to
Ouisconsin, and over time this became the name for both the Wisconsin
River and the surrounding lands. English speakers anglicized the
spelling from Ouisconsin to
Wisconsin
Wisconsin when they began to arrive in
large numbers during the early 19th century. The legislature of
Wisconsin Territory
Wisconsin Territory made the current spelling official in 1845.[14]
The Algonquin word for
Wisconsin
Wisconsin and its original meaning have both
grown obscure. Interpretations vary, but most implicate the river and
the red sandstone that lines its banks. One leading theory holds that
the name originated from the Miami word Meskonsing, meaning "it lies
red", a reference to the setting of the
Wisconsin River
Wisconsin River as it flows
through the reddish sandstone of the
Wisconsin
Wisconsin Dells.[15] Other
theories include claims that the name originated from one of a variety
of
Ojibwa
Ojibwa words meaning "red stone place", "where the waters gather",
or "great rock".[16]
History[edit]
Main article: History of Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin in 1718,
Guillaume de L'Isle
Guillaume de L'Isle map, approximate state area
highlighted.
Early history[edit]
Wisconsin
Wisconsin has been home to a wide variety of cultures over the past
14,000 years. The first people arrived around 10,000 BCE during the
Wisconsin
Wisconsin Glaciation. These early inhabitants, called Paleo-Indians,
hunted now-extinct ice age animals such as the Boaz mastodon, a
prehistoric mastodon skeleton unearthed along with spear points in
southwest Wisconsin.[17] After the ice age ended around 8000 BCE,
people in the subsequent Archaic period lived by hunting, fishing, and
gathering food from wild plants. Agricultural societies emerged
gradually over the
Woodland period
Woodland period between 1000 BCE to 1000 CE. Toward
the end of this period,
Wisconsin
Wisconsin was the heartland of the "Effigy
Mound culture", which built thousands of animal-shaped mounds across
the landscape.[18] Later, between 1000 and 1500 CE, the Mississippian
and
Oneota
Oneota cultures built substantial settlements including the
fortified village at Aztalan in southeast Wisconsin.[19] The Oneota
may be the ancestors of the modern
Ioway
Ioway and
Ho-Chunk
Ho-Chunk tribes who
shared the
Wisconsin
Wisconsin region with the
Menominee
Menominee at the time of European
contact.[20] Other Native American groups living in
Wisconsin
Wisconsin when
Europeans first settled included the Ojibwa, Sauk, Fox, Kickapoo, and
Pottawatomie, who migrated to
Wisconsin
Wisconsin from the east between 1500 and
1700.[21]
European settlements[edit]
Jean Nicolet, depicted in a 1910 painting by Frank Rohrbeck, was
probably the first European to explore Wisconsin. The mural is located
in the Brown
County
County Courthouse in Green Bay.
The first European to visit what became
Wisconsin
Wisconsin was probably the
French explorer Jean Nicolet. He canoed west from
Georgian Bay
Georgian Bay through
the
Great Lakes
Great Lakes in 1634, and it is traditionally assumed that he came
ashore near Green Bay at Red Banks.[22]
Pierre Radisson
Pierre Radisson and Médard
des Groseilliers visited Green Bay again in 1654–1666 and
Chequamegon Bay
Chequamegon Bay in 1659–1660, where they traded for fur with local
Native Americans.[23] In 1673,
Jacques Marquette
Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet
became the first to record a journey on the
Fox-Wisconsin Waterway
Fox-Wisconsin Waterway all
the way to the
Mississippi River
Mississippi River near Prairie du Chien.[24] Frenchmen
like
Nicholas Perrot
Nicholas Perrot continued to ply the fur trade across Wisconsin
through the 17th and 18th centuries, but the French made no permanent
settlements in
Wisconsin
Wisconsin before Great Britain won control of the
region following the
French and Indian War
French and Indian War in 1763. Even so, French
traders continued to work in the region after the war, and some,
beginning with Charles de Langlade in 1764, now settled in Wisconsin
permanently rather than returning to British-controlled Canada.[25]
The British gradually took over
Wisconsin
Wisconsin during the French and Indian
War, taking control of Green Bay in 1761 and gaining control of all of
Wisconsin
Wisconsin in 1763. Like the French, the British were interested in
little but the fur trade. One notable event in the fur trading
industry in
Wisconsin
Wisconsin occurred in 1791, when two free African
Americans set up a fur trading post among the
Menominee
Menominee at present day
Marinette. The first permanent settlers, mostly French Canadians, some
Anglo-New Englanders and a few
African American
African American freedmen, arrived in
Wisconsin
Wisconsin while it was under British control. Charles Michel de
Langlade is generally recognized as the first settler, establishing a
trading post at Green Bay in 1745, and moving there permanently in
1764.[26] Settlement began at
Prairie du Chien
Prairie du Chien around 1781. The French
residents at the trading post in what is now Green Bay, referred to
the town as "La Baye", however British fur traders referred to it as
"Green Bay", because the water and the shore assumed green tints in
early spring. The old French title was gradually dropped, and the
British name of "Green Bay" eventually stuck. The region coming under
British rule had virtually no adverse effect on the French residents
as the British needed the cooperation of the French fur traders and
the French fur traders needed the goodwill of the British. During the
French occupation of the region licenses for fur trading had been
issued scarcely and only to select groups of traders, whereas the
British, in an effort to make as much money as possible from the
region, issued licenses for fur trading freely, both to British and
French residents. The fur trade in what is now
Wisconsin
Wisconsin reached its
height under British rule, and the first self-sustaining farms in the
state were established as well. From 1763 to 1780, Green Bay was a
prosperous community which produced its own foodstuff, built graceful
cottages and held dances and festivities.[27]
U.S. territory[edit]
Wisconsin
Wisconsin became a territorial possession of the
United States
United States in 1783
after the American Revolutionary War. However, the British remained in
control until after the War of 1812, the outcome of which finally
established an American presence in the area.[28] Under American
control, the economy of the territory shifted from fur trading to lead
mining. The prospect of easy mineral wealth drew immigrants from
throughout the U.S. and
Europe
.svg/400px-Eurasia_(orthographic_projection).svg.png)
Europe to the lead deposits located at Mineral
Point, Dodgeville, and nearby areas. Some miners found shelter in the
holes they had dug and earned the nickname "badgers", leading to
Wisconsin's identity as the "Badger State."[29] The sudden influx of
white miners prompted tension with the local Native American
population. The
Winnebago War
Winnebago War of 1827 and the
Black Hawk War
Black Hawk War of 1832
culminated in the forced removal of Native Americans from most parts
of the state.[30]
Following these conflicts,
Wisconsin Territory
Wisconsin Territory was created by an act
of the
United States
United States Congress on April 20, 1836. By fall of that year,
the best prairie groves of the counties surrounding what is now
Milwaukee
Milwaukee were occupied by farmers from the
New England
New England states.[31]
Statehood[edit]
The
Erie Canal
Erie Canal facilitated the travel of both
Yankee
Yankee settlers and
European immigrants to
Wisconsin
Wisconsin Territory. Yankees from New England
and upstate New York seized a dominant position in law and politics,
enacting policies that marginalized the region's earlier Native
American and French-Canadian residents.[32] Yankees also speculated in
real estate, platted towns such as Racine, Beloit, Burlington, and
Janesville, and established schools, civic institutions, and
Congregationalist churches.[33][34][35] At the same time, many
Germans, Irish,
Norwegians
Norwegians and other immigrants also settled in towns
and farms across the territory, establishing
Catholic
Catholic and Lutheran
institutions.
The growing population allowed
Wisconsin
Wisconsin to gain statehood on May 29,
1848, as the 30th state. Between 1840 and 1850, Wisconsin's non-Indian
population had swollen from 31,000 to 305,000. Over a third of
residents (110,500) were foreign born, including 38,000 Germans,
28,000 British immigrants from England, Scotland and Wales, and 21,000
Irish. Another third (103,000) were Yankees from
New England
New England and
western New York state. Only about 63,000 residents in 1850 had been
born in Wisconsin.[36]
Nelson Dewey, the first governor of Wisconsin, was a Democrat. Dewey
oversaw the transition from the territorial to the new state
government.[37] He encouraged the development of the state's
infrastructure, particularly the construction of new roads, railroads,
canals, and harbors, as well as the improvement of the Fox and
Wisconsin
Wisconsin Rivers.[37] During his administration, the State Board of
Public Works was organized.[37] Dewey, an abolitionist, was the first
of many
Wisconsin
Wisconsin governors to advocate against the spread of slavery
into new states and territories.[37]
Civil War[edit]
The
Little White Schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin, held the nation's
first meeting of the Republican Party
Politics in early
Wisconsin
Wisconsin were defined by the greater national
debate over slavery. A free state from its foundation, Wisconsin
became a center of northern abolitionism. The debate became especially
intense in 1854 after Joshua Glover, a runaway slave from Missouri,
was captured in Racine. Glover was taken into custody under the
Federal Fugitive Slave Law, but a mob of abolitionists stormed the
prison where Glover was held and helped him escape to Canada. In a
trial stemming from the incident, the
Wisconsin
Wisconsin Supreme Court
ultimately declared the Fugitive Slave Law unconstitutional.[38] The
Republican Party, founded on March 20, 1854, by anti-slavery expansion
activists in Ripon, Wisconsin, grew to dominate state politics in the
aftermath of these events.[39] During the Civil War, around 91,000
troops from
Wisconsin
Wisconsin fought for the Union.[40]
Economic progress[edit]
Drawing of Industrial
Milwaukee
Milwaukee in 1882
Wisconsin's economy also diversified during the early years of
statehood. While lead mining diminished, agriculture became a
principal occupation in the southern half of the state. Railroads were
built across the state to help transport grains to market, and
industries like J.I. Case & Company in Racine were founded to
build agricultural equipment.
Wisconsin
Wisconsin briefly became one of the
nation's leading producers of wheat during the 1860s.[41] Meanwhile,
the lumber industry dominated in the heavily forested northern
sections of Wisconsin, and sawmills sprang up in cities like La
Crosse, Eau Claire, and Wausau. These economic activities had dire
environmental consequences. By the close of the 19th century,
intensive agriculture had devastated soil fertility, and lumbering had
deforested most of the state.[42] These conditions forced both wheat
agriculture and the lumber industry into a precipitous decline.
The
Daniel E. Krause Stone Barn
Daniel E. Krause Stone Barn in
Chase, Wisconsin
Chase, Wisconsin was built in 1903
as dairy farming spread across the state
Beginning in the 1890s, farmers in
Wisconsin
Wisconsin shifted from wheat to
dairy production in order to make more sustainable and profitable use
of their land. Many immigrants carried cheese-making traditions that,
combined with the state's suitable geography and dairy research led by
Stephen Babcock at the University of Wisconsin, helped the state build
a reputation as "America's Dairyland."[43] Meanwhile, conservationists
including
Aldo Leopold
Aldo Leopold helped reestablish the state's forests during
the early 20th century,[44] paving the way for a more renewable lumber
and paper milling industry as well as promoting recreational tourism
in the northern woodlands.
Manufacturing
Manufacturing also boomed in Wisconsin
during the early 20th century, driven by an immense immigrant
workforce arriving from Europe. Industries in cities like Milwaukee
ranged from brewing and food processing to heavy machine production
and toolmaking, leading
Wisconsin
Wisconsin to rank 8th among U.S. states in
total product value by 1910.[45]
20th century[edit]
Wisconsin
Wisconsin Governor Robert La Follette addressing an assembly in
Decatur, Illinois, 1905.
The early 20th century was also notable for the emergence of
progressive politics championed by Robert M. La Follette. Between 1901
and 1914, Progressive Republicans in
Wisconsin
Wisconsin created the nation's
first comprehensive statewide primary election system,[46] the first
effective workplace injury compensation law,[47] and the first state
income tax,[48] making taxation proportional to actual earnings. The
progressive
Wisconsin Idea
Wisconsin Idea also promoted the statewide expansion of
the
University of Wisconsin
University of Wisconsin through the
UW-Extension system at this
time.[49] Later, UW economics professors
John R. Commons
John R. Commons and Harold
Groves helped
Wisconsin
Wisconsin create the first unemployment compensation
program in the
United States
United States in 1932.[50]
In the immediate aftermath of World War II, citizens of
Wisconsin
Wisconsin were
divided over things such as the creation of the United Nations,
support for the European recovery, and the growth of the Soviet
Union's power. However, when
Europe
Europe divided into Communist and
capitalist camps and the Communist revolution in China succeeded in
1949, public opinion began to move towards support for the protection
of democracy and capitalism against Communist expansion.[51]
Wisconsin
Wisconsin took part in several political extremes in the mid to late
20th century, ranging from the anti-communist crusades of Senator
Joseph McCarthy
Joseph McCarthy in the 1950s to the radical antiwar protests at
UW-Madison that culminated in the
Sterling Hall bombing
Sterling Hall bombing in August
1970. The state became a leader in welfare reform under Republican
Governor
Tommy Thompson
Tommy Thompson during the 1990s.[52] The state's economy also
underwent further transformations towards the close of the 20th
century, as heavy industry and manufacturing declined in favor of a
service economy based on medicine, education, agribusiness, and
tourism.
Two U.S. Navy battleships, BB-9 and BB-64, were named for the state.
21st century[edit]
In 2011,
Wisconsin
Wisconsin became the focus of some controversy when newly
elected governor Scott Walker proposed, successfully passed, and
enacted the 2011
Wisconsin
Wisconsin Act 10, which made large changes in the
areas of collective bargaining, compensation, retirement, health
insurance, and sick leave of public sector employees, among other
changes.[53] A series of major protests by union supporters took place
that year in response to the changes, and Walker survived a recall
election held the next year, becoming the first governor in United
States history to do so.[54] Walker enacted other bills promoting
conservative governance, such as a right-to-work law,[55] abortion
restrictions,[56] and legislation removing certain gun
controls.[57][58][59]
Geography[edit]
Wisconsin
Wisconsin can be divided into five geographic regions.
The
Driftless Area
Driftless Area of southwestern
Wisconsin
Wisconsin is characterized by
bluffs carved in sedimentary rock by water from melting Ice Age
glaciers.
Wisconsin
Wisconsin Pole of Inaccessibility
Timms Hill
Timms Hill is the highest natural point in
Wisconsin
Wisconsin at
1,951.5 ft (594.8 m); it is located in the Town of Hill,
Price County.
Main article: Regions of Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin is bordered by the Montreal River;
Lake Superior
Lake Superior and
Michigan
Michigan to the north; by
Lake Michigan
Lake Michigan to the east; by
Illinois
Illinois to
the south; and by
Iowa
Iowa to the southwest and
Minnesota
Minnesota to the
northwest. A border dispute with
Michigan
Michigan was settled by two cases,
both
Wisconsin
Wisconsin v. Michigan, in 1934 and 1935. The state's boundaries
include the
Mississippi River
Mississippi River and St. Croix River in the west, and the
Menominee
Menominee River in the northeast.
With its location between the
Great Lakes
Great Lakes and the
Mississippi
Mississippi River,
Wisconsin
Wisconsin is home to a wide variety of geographical features. The
state is divided into five distinct regions. In the north, the Lake
Superior Lowland occupies a belt of land along Lake Superior. Just to
the south, the
Northern Highland
Northern Highland has massive mixed hardwood and
coniferous forests including the 1,500,000 acres (6,100 km2)
Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest, as well as thousands of glacial
lakes, and the state's highest point, Timms Hill. In the middle of the
state, the Central Plain has some unique sandstone formations like the
Dells of the
Wisconsin River
Wisconsin River in addition to rich farmland. The Eastern
Ridges and Lowlands region in the southeast is home to many of
Wisconsin's largest cities. The ridges include the Niagara Escarpment
that stretches from New York, the Black River Escarpment and the
Magnesian Escarpment.[60][61][62]
The bedrock of the
Niagara Escarpment
Niagara Escarpment is dolomite, while the two
shorter ridges have limestone bedrock. In the southwest, the Western
Upland is a rugged landscape with a mix of forest and farmland,
including many bluffs on the
Mississippi
Mississippi River. This region is part of
the Driftless Area, which also includes portions of Iowa, Illinois,
and Minnesota. This area was not covered by glaciers during the most
recent ice age, the
Wisconsin
Wisconsin Glaciation. Overall, 46% of Wisconsin's
land area is covered by forest. Langlade
County
County has a soil rarely
found outside of the county called Antigo silt loam.[63]
Areas under the management of the
National Park Service
National Park Service include the
following:[64]
Apostle Islands National Lakeshore
Apostle Islands National Lakeshore along Lake Superior
Ice Age
Ice Age National Scenic Trail
North Country National Scenic Trail
Saint Croix National Scenic Riverway
There is one national forest managed by the U.S. Forest Service in
Wisconsin, Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest.
Wisconsin
Wisconsin has sister-state relationships with Germany's Hesse, Japan's
Chiba Prefecture, Mexico's Jalisco, China's Heilongjiang, and
Nicaragua.[65]
The pole of inaccessibility for Wisconsin, located approximately 15
miles (24 km) southwest of Wausau at 44°52′57″N
89°54′43″W / 44.8824°N 89.912°W / 44.8824; -89.912
(
Wisconsin
Wisconsin Pole of Inaccessibility), marks the location furthest from
any point not within
Wisconsin
Wisconsin (94.24 mi or 151.66 km).
Climate[edit]
Köppen climate types of Wisconsin
Most of
Wisconsin
Wisconsin is classified as warm-summer humid continental
climate (Köppen Dfb), while southern and southwestern portions are
classified as hot-summer humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa). The
highest temperature ever recorded in the state was in the Wisconsin
Dells, on July 13, 1936, where it reached 114 °F (46 °C).
The lowest temperature ever recorded in
Wisconsin
Wisconsin was in the village
of Couderay, where it reached −55 °F (−48 °C) on both
February 2 and 4, 1996.
Wisconsin
Wisconsin also receives a large amount of
regular snowfall averaging around 40 inches (100 cm) in the
southern portions with up to 160 inches (410 cm) annually in the
Lake Superior
Lake Superior snowbelt each year.[66]
Monthly normal high and low temperatures for selected
Wisconsin
Wisconsin cities
[°F (°C)]
City
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Green Bay
25/10
(−4/−12)
29/13
(−2/−11)
40/23
(5/−5)
55/35
(13/1)
67/45
(19/7)
76/55
(25/13)
81/59
(27/15)
79/58
(26/14)
71/49
(22/10)
58/38
(14/4)
43/28
(6/−2)
30/15
(−1/−9)
Hurley
19/0
(−7/−18)
26/4
(−4/−16)
36/16
(2/−9)
49/29
(9/−2)
65/41
(18/5)
73/50
(23/10)
76/56
(25/13)
75/54
(24/12)
65/46
(18/8)
53/35
(12/2)
36/22
(2/−6)
24/8
(−5/−14)
La Crosse
26/6
(−3/−14)
32/13
(0/−11)
45/24
(7/−4)
60/37
(16/3)
72/49
(22/9)
81/58
(27/14)
85/63
(29/17)
82/61
(28/16)
74/52
(23/11)
61/40
(16/4)
44/27
(7/−3)
30/14
(−1/−10)
Madison
27/11
(−3/−12)
32/15
(0/−9)
44/25
(7/−4)
58/36
(14/2)
69/46
(21/8)
79/56
(26/13)
82/61
(28/16)
80/59
(27/15)
73/50
(23/10)
60/39
(15/3)
45/28
(7/−2)
31/16
(−1/−9)
Milwaukee
29/16
(−2/−9)
33/19
(0/−7)
42/28
(6/−2)
54/37
(12/3)
65/47
(18/8)
75/57
(24/14)
80/64
(27/18)
79/63
(26/17)
71/55
(22/13)
59/43
(15/6)
46/32
(8/0)
33/20
(0/−7)
Superior[67]
21/2
(−6/−17)
26/6
(−3/−14)
35/17
(2/−8)
46/29
(8/-2)
56/38
(13/3)
66/47
(19/8)
75/56
(24/13)
74/57
(23/14)
65/47
(18/8)
52/36
(11/2)
38/23
(3/−5)
25/9
(−4/−13)
Ecology[edit]
Further information: List of taxa described from Wisconsin
Demographics[edit]
Historical population
Census
Pop.
%±
1820
1,444
—
1830
3,635
151.7%
1840
30,945
751.3%
1850
305,391
886.9%
1860
775,881
154.1%
1870
1,054,670
35.9%
1880
1,315,457
24.7%
1890
1,693,330
28.7%
1900
2,069,042
22.2%
1910
2,333,860
12.8%
1920
2,632,067
12.8%
1930
2,939,006
11.7%
1940
3,137,587
6.8%
1950
3,434,575
9.5%
1960
3,951,777
15.1%
1970
4,417,731
11.8%
1980
4,705,767
6.5%
1990
4,891,769
4.0%
2000
5,363,675
9.6%
2010
5,686,986
6.0%
Est. 2017
5,795,483
1.9%
Source: 1910–2010[68]
2016 estimate[69]
Wisconsin
Wisconsin 2010 Population Density Map
The
United States
United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of
Wisconsin
Wisconsin was 5,771,337 on July 1, 2015, a 1.48% increase since the
2010
United States
United States Census.[70]
Birth data[edit]
Note: Births in table add to over 100%, because Hispanics are counted
both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall
number.
Live births by race or ethnicity of mother
Race
2013[71]
2014[72]
2015[73]
White:
55,485 (83.2%)
55,520 (82.7%)
55,350 (82.6%)
Non-Hispanic White
49,357 (74.0%)
49,440 (73.6%)
49,024 (73.1%)
Black
6,956 (10.4%)
7,328 (10.9%)
7,386 (11.0%)
Asian
3,197 (4.8%)
3,333 (5.0%)
3,276 (4.9%)
Native
1,011 (1.5%)
980 (1.5%)
1,029 (1.5%)
Hispanic (of any race)
6,398 (9.6%)
6,375 (9.5%)
6,604 (9.9%)
Total Wisconsin
66,649 (100%)
67,161 (100%)
67,041 (100%)
Ethnicity[edit]
Since its founding,
Wisconsin
Wisconsin has been ethnically heterogeneous.
Following the period of French fur traders, the next wave of settlers
were miners, many of whom were Cornish, who settled the southwestern
area of the state. The next wave was dominated by "Yankees", migrants
of
English descent
English descent from
New England
New England and upstate New York; in the early
years of statehood, they dominated the state's heavy industry,
finance, politics and education. Between 1850 and 1900, large numbers
of European immigrants followed them, including Germans, Scandinavians
(the largest group being Norwegian), and smaller groups of Belgians,
Dutch, Swiss, Finns, Irish, Poles, Italians, Luxembourgers, and
others. In the 20th century, large numbers of Mexicans and African
Americans came, settling mainly in Milwaukee; and after the end of the
Vietnam War
Vietnam War came an influx of Hmongs.
According to the 2010 Census, the racial composition of the population
was:
86.2%
White American
White American (83.3% non-Hispanic white, 2.9% White Hispanic)
6.3% Black or African American
1.0% Native American and
Alaska
Alaska Native
2.3% Asian American
1.8% Multiracial American
2.4% Some other race
In the same year, 5.9% of the total population was of Hispanic or
Latino origin, of any race.[74]
Wisconsin
Wisconsin population by race
Racial composition
1990[75]
2000[76]
2010[77]
White
92.2%
88.9%
86.2%
Black
5.0%
5.7%
6.3%
Asian
1.1%
1.7%
2.3%
Native
0.8%
0.9%
1.0%
Native Hawaiian
Native Hawaiian and
other Pacific Islander
–
–
–
Other race
0.9%
1.6%
2.4%
Two or more races
–
1.3%
1.8%
The six largest ancestry groups in
Wisconsin
Wisconsin are: German (42.6%),
Irish (10.9%), Polish (9.3%), Norwegian (8.5%), English (6.5%), and
Italian (6.1%).[78] German is the most common ancestry in every county
in the state, except Menominee, Trempealeau and Vernon.[79] Wisconsin
has the highest percentage of residents of Polish ancestry of any
state.[78]
The various ethnic groups settled in different areas of the state.
Although
Germans
Germans settled throughout the state, the largest
concentration was in Milwaukee.
Norwegians
Norwegians settled in lumbering and
farming areas in the north and west. Small colonies of Belgians,
Swiss,
Finns
Finns and other groups settled in their particular areas, with
Irish, Italian, and Polish immigrants settling primarily in urban
areas.[80]
Menominee
Menominee
County
County is the only county in the eastern United
States with a Native American majority.
African Americans
African Americans came to Milwaukee, especially from 1940 on. 86% of
Wisconsin's African-American population live in four cities:
Milwaukee, Racine, Beloit, Kenosha, with
Milwaukee
Milwaukee home to nearly
three-fourths of the state's black Americans. In the Great Lakes
region, only
Detroit
Detroit and
Cleveland
Cleveland have a higher percentage of
African-American residents.[citation needed]
33% of Wisconsin's Asian population is Hmong, with significant
communities in Milwaukee, Wausau, Green Bay, Sheboygan, Appleton,
Madison, La Crosse, Eau Claire, Oshkosh, and Manitowoc.[81]
Of the residents of Wisconsin, 71.7% were born in Wisconsin, 23.0%
were born in a different US state, 0.7% were born in Puerto Rico, U.S.
Island areas, or born abroad to American parent(s), and 4.6% were
foreign born.[82]
Religion[edit]
Religion in
Wisconsin
Wisconsin (2014)[83]
religion
percent
Protestant
44%
Catholic
25%
unaffiliated
25%
Jewish
1%
Eastern Orthodox
1%
Jehovah's Witness
1%
Islam
1%
Other faith
1%
The percentage of
Wisconsin
Wisconsin residents who belong to various
affiliations are [84] Christian 81% (
Protestant
Protestant 50%, Roman Catholic
29%, Mormon 0.5%),
Jewish
Jewish 0.5%, Muslim 0.5%, Buddhist 0.5%, Hindu 0.5%
and the unaffiliated at 15%.
Christianity is the predominant religion of Wisconsin. As of 2008, the
three largest denominational groups in
Wisconsin
Wisconsin were Catholic,
Evangelical Protestant, and Mainline Protestant.[85] As of 2010, the
Catholic Church
Catholic Church had the highest number of adherents in
Wisconsin
Wisconsin (at
1,425,523), followed by the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America
with 414,326 members, and the Lutheran Church–
Missouri
Missouri Synod with
223,279 adherents.[86] The
Wisconsin
Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod, which
has the fourth highest numbers of adherents in Wisconsin, and the
international conference it belongs to, the Confessional Evangelical
Lutheran Conference, both have their headquarters in Waukesha,
Wisconsin.[87][88]
Crime[edit]
Statewide FBI Crime statistics for 2009 include 144
murders/nonnegligent manslaughter; 1,108 rapes; 4,850 robberies; 8,431
aggravated assaults; and 147,486 property crimes.[89]
Wisconsin
Wisconsin also
publishes its own statistics through the Office of Justice
Assistance.[90] The OJA reported 14,603 violent crimes in 2009, with a
clearance rate (% solved) of 50%.[91] The OJA reported 4,633 sexual
assaults in 2009, with an overall clearance rate for sexual assaults
of 57%.
Government[edit]
The
Wisconsin Blue Book
Wisconsin Blue Book is the primary published reference about the
government and politics of the state, documenting the organization of
the state's three branches of government. Published every two years
with updated information, copies are available by contacting state
legislators.
Wisconsin's Constitution outlines the structure and function of state
government. Wisconsin's government is organized into three branches:
executive, legislative, and judicial.
The
Wisconsin
Wisconsin State Capitol
Executive[edit]
The executive branch is headed by the governor. The current governor,
Scott Walker, assumed office on January 3, 2011. In addition to the
governor, the executive branch includes five other elected
constitutional officers: Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of State,
Attorney General, Treasurer, and State Superintendent of Public
Instruction. Four members of the
Wisconsin
Wisconsin executive branch are
Republicans. The Secretary of State is a Democrat, and the
Superintendent of Public Instruction of Wisconsin
Superintendent of Public Instruction of Wisconsin is a non-partisan
position.
Legislative[edit]
The
Wisconsin
Wisconsin State
Legislature
Legislature is Wisconsin's legislative branch. The
Legislature
Legislature is a bicameral body consisting of the Assembly and the
Senate.
Judicial[edit]
Wisconsin's court system has four levels: municipal courts, circuit
courts, the Court of Appeals, and the Supreme Court. Municipal courts
typically handle cases involving local ordinance matters. The circuit
courts are Wisconsin's trial courts, they have original jurisdiction
in all civil and criminal cases within the state. Challenges to
circuit court rulings are heard by the
Wisconsin
Wisconsin Court of Appeals,
consisting of sixteen judges who typically sit in three-judge panels.
As the state's highest appellate court, the
Wisconsin
Wisconsin Supreme Court
may hear both appeals from lower courts and original actions. In
addition to deciding cases, the Supreme Court is responsible for
administering the state's court system and regulating the practice of
law in Wisconsin.[92]
Federal[edit]
In the
United States
United States Senate
Wisconsin
Wisconsin is represented by Ron Johnson
and Tammy Baldwin.
Wisconsin
Wisconsin is divided into eight congressional
districts.
Taxes[edit]
Wisconsin
Wisconsin collects personal income taxes (based on five income
brackets) which range from 4% to 7.65%. The state sales and use tax
rate is 5.0%. Fifty-nine counties have an additional sales/use tax of
0.5%.[93]
Milwaukee
Milwaukee
County
County and four surrounding counties have an
additional temporary 0.1% tax that helps fund the Miller Park baseball
stadium, which was completed in 2001.
The most common property tax assessed on
Wisconsin
Wisconsin residents is the
real property tax, or their residential property tax.
Wisconsin
Wisconsin does
not impose a property tax on vehicles, but does levy an annual
registration fee. Property taxes are the most important tax revenue
source for Wisconsin's local governments, as well as major methods of
funding school districts, vocational technical colleges, special
purpose districts and tax incremental finance districts. Equalized
values are based on the full market value of all taxable property in
the state, except for agricultural land. In order to provide property
tax relief for farmers, the value of agricultural land is determined
by its value for agricultural uses, rather than for its possible
development value. Equalized values are used to distribute state aid
payments to counties, municipalities, and technical colleges.
Assessments prepared by local assessors are used to distribute the
property tax burden within individual municipalities.
Wisconsin
Wisconsin does not assess a tax on intangible property.
Wisconsin
Wisconsin does
not collect inheritance taxes. Until January 1, 2008, Wisconsin's
estate tax was decoupled from the federal estate tax laws; therefore
the state imposed its own estate tax on certain large estates.[94]
There are no toll roads in Wisconsin; highway construction and
maintenance are funded in part by motor fuel tax revenues, and the
remaining balance is drawn from the State General Fund. Non-highway
road construction and maintenance are funded by local governments
(municipalities or counties).
International relations[edit]
A
Mexican consulate
Mexican consulate opened in
Milwaukee
Milwaukee on July 1, 2016.[95] Wisconsin
has had a diplomatic relationship with the Japanese prefecture of
Chiba since 1990.[65]
Politics[edit]
Federal elections[edit]
Treemap
Treemap of the popular vote by county, 2016 presidential election.
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help
improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources.
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Presidential elections results
Year
Republican
Democratic
2016
47.26% 1,407,028
46.45% 1,382,947
2012
45.89% 1,407,966
52.83% 1,620,985
2008
42.31% 1,262,393
56.22% 1,677,211
2004
49.31% 1,478,120
49.71% 1,489,504
2000
47.56% 1,237,279
47.83% 1,242,987
1996
38.48% 845,029
48.81% 1,071,971
1992
36.78% 930,855
41.13% 1,041,066
1988
47.80% 1,047,794
51.41% 1,126,794
1984
54.19% 1,198,800
45.02% 995,847
1980
47.90% 1,088,845
43.18% 981,584
1976
47.83% 1,004,987
49.50% 1,040,232
1972
53.40% 989,430
43.72% 810,174
1968
47.89% 809,997
44.27% 748,804
1964
37.74% 638,495
62.09% 1,050,424
1960
51.77% 895,175
48.05% 830,805
Donald Trump
Donald Trump won
Wisconsin
Wisconsin by fewer than 25,000 votes (a margin of
less than .8%) in the 2016 election. This marked the first time
Wisconsin
Wisconsin voted for a Republican presidential candidate since 1984,
when every state except
Minnesota
Minnesota and Washington D.C. went Republican.
Both the 2000 and 2004 presidential elections were quite close, with
Wisconsin
Wisconsin receiving heavy doses of national advertising, in accord
with its status as a "swing", or pivot, state.
Al Gore
Al Gore carried the
presidential vote in 2000 by 5,700 votes, and
John Kerry
John Kerry won Wisconsin
in 2004 by 11,000 votes. Again,
Barack Obama
Barack Obama carried the state in 2008
by 381,000 votes (56%).
On November 26, 2016, Green Party presidential candidate Jill Stein
filed for a recount in
Wisconsin
Wisconsin due to concerns regarding hacking or
other tampering with votes. It is the first presidential recount ever
conducted in the state.[96]
During the period of the Civil War,
Wisconsin
Wisconsin was a Republican state;
in fact it is the state that gave birth to the Republican Party,
although ethno-religious issues in the late 19th century caused a
brief split in the Republican coalition. Through the first half of the
20th century, Wisconsin's politics were dominated by Robert La
Follette and his sons, originally of the Republican Party, but later
of the revived Progressive Party. Since 1945, the state has maintained
a close balance between Republicans and Democrats. Republican Senator
Joe McCarthy
Joe McCarthy was a controversial national figure in the early 1950s.
Recent leading Republicans include former Governor
Tommy Thompson
Tommy Thompson and
Congressman Jim Sensenbrenner; prominent Democrats include Senators
Herb Kohl
Herb Kohl and Russ Feingold, and Congressman David Obey.[97]
The most famous controversy in the state's political history dealt
with foreign language teaching in schools. This was fought out in the
Bennett Law campaign of 1890, when the
Germans
Germans switched to the
Democratic Party because of the Republican Party's support of the
Bennett Law, which led to a major victory for the Democrats.[98]
The cities of
Wisconsin
Wisconsin have been active in increasing the
availability of legislative information on the internet, thereby
providing for greater government transparency. Currently three of the
five most populous cities in
Wisconsin
Wisconsin provide their constituents with
internet-based access of all public records directly from the cities'
databases.
Wisconsin
Wisconsin cities started to make this a priority after
Milwaukee
Milwaukee began doing so, on their page, in 2001. One such city,
Madison, has been named the Number 1 digital city by the Center for
Digital Government in consecutive years.[citation needed]
Wisconsin
Wisconsin has voted for Democratic candidates in six of the last seven
presidential elections. Republican
Donald Trump
Donald Trump carried the state by
23,000 votes in 2016. Before that, the last Republican to carry the
state was
Ronald Reagan
Ronald Reagan in 1984. In 2012, Republican presidential
candidate
Mitt Romney
Mitt Romney chose
Wisconsin
Wisconsin Congressman Paul Ryan, a native
of Janesville, as his running mate against incumbent Democratic
President
Barack Obama
Barack Obama and Vice President Joe Biden. Obama
nevertheless carried
Wisconsin
Wisconsin by a margin of 53% to 46%.
At the statewide level,
Wisconsin
Wisconsin is competitive, with control
regularly alternating between the two parties. The 2010 elections saw
a huge Republican resurgence in Wisconsin. Republicans took control of
the governor's office and both houses of the state legislature.
Republican Ron Johnson defeated Democratic incumbent U.S. Senator Russ
Feingold, and Republicans took two previously Democratic-held House
seats, creating a 5–3 Republican majority House delegation.
On February 14, 2011, the
Wisconsin State Capitol
Wisconsin State Capitol erupted with
protests when the
Legislature
Legislature took up a bill that would end most
collective bargaining rights for state employees, except for wages, to
address the $3.6 bil. deficit. The protests attracted tens of
thousands of people each day,[when?] and garnered international
attention.
The Assembly passed the bill 53–42 on March 10 after the State
Senate passed it the night before, and sent it to the Governor for his
signature.[99] In response to the bill, enough signatures were
gathered to force a recall election against Governor Walker. Tom
Barrett, the mayor of
Milwaukee
Milwaukee and Walker's 2010 opponent, won the
Democratic primary and faced Walker again. Walker won the election by
53% to 46% and became the first governor in
United States
United States history to
retain his seat after a recall election.
Further information: 2011
Wisconsin
Wisconsin protests, Political party strength
in Wisconsin, Recall elections in Wisconsin, and Wisconsin
gubernatorial recall election
Lawmakers[edit]
Republicans had a stronghold in the Fox Valley, but elected a
Democrat, Steve Kagen, of Appleton, for the 8th Congressional District
in 2006. However, Kagen survived only two terms and was replaced by
Republican Reid Ribble in the Republican Party's sweep of
Wisconsin
Wisconsin in
November 2010, the first time the Republican Party has taken back both
chambers of the state legislature and the governorship in the same
election. Republicans have held Waukesha County. The City of Milwaukee
heads the list of Wisconsin's Democratic strongholds, which also
includes Madison and the state's Native American reservations.
Wisconsin's largest Congressional district, the 7th, had voted
Democratic since 1969. Its representative, David Obey, chaired the
powerful House Appropriations Committee.[100] However, Obey retired
and the once Democratic seat was overtaken by Republican
Sean Duffy
Sean Duffy in
November 2010.
Socialist politics[edit]
Wisconsin's political history encompasses, on the one hand, "Fighting
Bob" La Follette and the Progressive movement; and on the other, the
Republican and anti-Communist Joe McCarthy. From the early 20th
century, the
Socialist Party of America
Socialist Party of America had a base in Milwaukee. The
phenomenon was referred to as "sewer socialism" because the elected
officials were more concerned with public works and reform than with
revolution (although revolutionary socialism existed in the city as
well). Its influence faded in the late 1950s, largely because of the
red scare and racial tensions.[101] The first Socialist mayor of a
large city in the
United States
United States was Emil Seidel, elected mayor of
Milwaukee
Milwaukee in 1910; another Socialist, Daniel Hoan, was mayor of
Milwaukee
Milwaukee from 1916 to 1940; and a third, Frank P. Zeidler, from 1948
to 1960. Succeeding Frank Zeidler, the last of Milwaukee's Socialist
mayors, (Henry Maier), a former
Wisconsin
Wisconsin State Senator and member of
the Democratic Party was elected mayor of
Milwaukee
Milwaukee in 1960. Maier
remained in office for 28 years, the longest serving mayor in
Milwaukee
Milwaukee history. Socialist newspaper editor
Victor Berger
Victor Berger was
repeatedly elected as a U.S. Representative, although he was prevented
from serving for some time because of his opposition to the First
World War.
Pivotal votes[edit]
William Proxmire, a Democratic Senator (1957–89), dominated[citation
needed] the Democratic party for years; he was best known for
attacking waste and fraud in federal spending. Democrat Russ Feingold
was the only Senator to vote against the
Patriot Act
.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg.png)
Patriot Act in 2001.
Republican
Paul Ryan
.jpg/440px-Speaker_Paul_Ryan_official_photo_(cropped_2).jpg)
Paul Ryan was, at age 28, the youngest member of the
Congressional freshman class when he took office in January 1999. In
2012, he was selected as the Republican party's candidate for Vice
President, running with Mitt Romney. In 2004, Gwen Moore, a Democrat
from Milwaukee, became Wisconsin's first African-American U.S.
Representative.
In 2006, Democrats gained in a national sweep of opposition to the
Bush administration, and the Iraq War. The retiring GOP 8th District
Congressman, Mark Green, of Green Bay, ran against the incumbent
Governor Jim Doyle. Green lost by 8% statewide, making Doyle the first
Democratic governor to be re-elected in 32 years. The Republicans lost
control of the state Senate. Although Democrats gained eight seats in
the state Assembly, Republicans retained a five-vote majority in that
house. In 2008, Democrats regained control of the State Assembly by a
52–46 margin, marking the first time since 1987 that the governor
and state legislature were both Democratic.[citation needed]
Swing to the right[edit]
With the election of Scott Walker, Republicans won both chambers of
the legislature and the governorship, the first time all three changed
partisan control in the same election. They have maintained that
status since 2010. Following the 2014 general election on November 4,
2014, the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, State Attorney General and
State Treasurer are all Republicans; the Secretary of State is a
Democrat.[102] The state also chose the Republican candidate for
President in 2016, Donald Trump, for the first time since 1984.
Economy[edit]
See also:
Wisconsin
Wisconsin locations by per capita income
The U.S. Bank Center in
Milwaukee
Milwaukee is Wisconsin's tallest building.
In 2010 Wisconsin's gross state product was $248.3 billion, making it
21st among U.S. states.[103] The economy of
Wisconsin
Wisconsin is driven by
manufacturing, agriculture, and health care. The state's economic
output from manufacturing was $48.9 billion in 2008, making it the
tenth largest among states in manufacturing gross domestic
product.[104]
Manufacturing
Manufacturing accounts for about 20% of the state's
gross domestic product, a proportion that is third among all
states.[105] The per capita personal income was $35,239 in 2008. In
March 2017, the state's unemployment rate was 3.4% (seasonally
adjusted).[106]
In quarter four of 2011, the largest employers in
Wisconsin
Wisconsin were:
Wal-Mart
University of Wisconsin–Madison
Milwaukee
Milwaukee Public Schools
U.S. Postal Service
Wisconsin
Wisconsin Department of Corrections
Menards
Marshfield Clinic
Wisconsin
Wisconsin Department of Veterans Affairs
Target Corporation, and
City of Milwaukee.[107]
Agriculture[edit]
Wisconsin
Wisconsin produces about a quarter of America's cheese, leading the
nation in cheese production.[108][109] It is second in milk
production, after California,[110] and third in per-capita milk
production, behind
California
California and Vermont.[111]
Wisconsin
Wisconsin is second in
butter production, producing about one-quarter of the nation's
butter.[112] The state ranks first nationally in the production of
corn for silage, cranberries[113] ginseng,[114] and snap beans for
processing. It grows over half the national crop of cranberries.[113]
and 97% of the nation's ginseng.[114]
Wisconsin
Wisconsin is also a leading
producer of oats, potatoes, carrots, tart cherries, maple syrup, and
sweet corn for processing. The significance of the state's
agricultural production is exemplified by the depiction of a Holstein
cow, an ear of corn, and a wheel of cheese on Wisconsin's state
quarter design.[115] The state annually selects an "Alice in
Dairyland" to promote the state's agricultural products around the
world.[116]
A large part of the state's manufacturing sector includes commercial
food processing, including well-known brands such as Oscar Mayer,
Tombstone frozen pizza, Johnsonville brats, and Usinger's sausage.
Kraft Foods
Kraft Foods alone employs over 5,000 people in the state.
Milwaukee
Milwaukee is
a major producer of beer and was formerly headquarters for Miller
Brewing Company – the nation's second-largest brewer – until it
merged with Coors Brewing Company. Formerly, Schlitz, Blatz, and Pabst
were cornerstone breweries in Milwaukee.
Badger State
State Animal:
Badger
State Domesticated
Animal:
Dairy cow
State Wild Animal:
White-tailed deer
State Beverage:
Milk
State Dairy Product:
Cheese[117]
State Fruit:
Cranberry
State Bird:
Robin
State Capital:
Madison
State Dog:
American water spaniel
State pro football team:
Green Bay Packers
State pro baseball team:
Milwaukee
Milwaukee Brewers
State pro basketball team:
Milwaukee
Milwaukee Bucks
State pro hockey team:
Milwaukee
Milwaukee Admirals
State Fish:
Muskellunge
State Flower:
Wood violet
State Fossil:
Trilobite
State Grain:
Corn
State Insect:
European honey bee
State Motto:
Forward
State Song:
"On, Wisconsin!"
State Tree:
Sugar maple
State Mineral:
Galena
Galena (Lead sulfide)
State Rock:
Red granite
State Soil:
Antigo silt loam
State Dance:
Polka
State Symbol of
Peace:
Mourning dove
State microbe
Lactococcus lactis
State Pastry:
Kringle
Manufacturing[edit]
Wisconsin
Wisconsin is home to a very large and diversified manufacturing
economy, with special focus on transportation and capital equipment.
Major
Wisconsin
Wisconsin companies in these categories include the Kohler
Company; Mercury Marine; Rockwell Automation; Johnson Controls; John
Deere; Briggs & Stratton;
Milwaukee
Milwaukee Electric Tool Company; Miller
Electric; Caterpillar Inc.; Joy Global; Oshkosh Corporation;
Harley-Davidson; Case IH; S. C. Johnson & Son; Ashley Furniture;
Ariens; and Evinrude Outboard Motors.
Consumer goods[edit]
Wisconsin
Wisconsin is a major producer of paper, packaging, and other consumer
goods. Major consumer products companies based in the state include SC
Johnson & Co., and Diversey Inc.,
Wisconsin
Wisconsin also ranks first
nationwide in the production of paper products; the lower Fox River
from
Lake Winnebago
Lake Winnebago to Green Bay has 24 paper mills along its 39 miles
(63 km) stretch.
The development and manufacture of health care devices and software is
a growing sector of the state's economy, with key players such as GE
Healthcare, Epic Systems, and TomoTherapy.
Tourism[edit]
Wisconsin
Wisconsin state welcome sign
Tourism is a major industry in
Wisconsin
Wisconsin – the state's third
largest, according to the Department of Tourism. Tourist destinations
such as the
House on the Rock
House on the Rock near Spring Green, Circus World Museum
in Baraboo, and The Dells of the
Wisconsin River
Wisconsin River draw thousands of
visitors annually, and festivals such as
Summerfest
Summerfest and the EAA
Oshkosh Airshow
Oshkosh Airshow draw international attention, along with hundreds of
thousands of visitors.[118]
Given the large number of lakes and rivers in the state, water
recreation is very popular. In the North Country, what had been an
industrial area focused on timber has largely been transformed into a
vacation destination. Popular interest in the environment and
environmentalism, added to traditional interests in hunting and
fishing, has attracted a large urban audience within driving
range.[119]
The distinctive Door Peninsula, which extends off the eastern coast of
the state, contains one of the state's tourist destinations, Door
County. Door
County
County is a popular destination for boaters because of
the large number of natural harbors, bays, and ports on the Green Bay
and
Lake Michigan
Lake Michigan side of the peninsula that forms the county. The
area draws hundreds of thousands of visitors yearly to its quaint
villages, seasonal cherry picking, and fish boils.[120]
Film industry[edit]
On January 1, 2008, a new tax incentive for the film industry came
into effect. The first major production to take advantage of the tax
incentive was Michael Mann's Public Enemies. While the producers spent
$18 million on the film, it was reported that most of that went to
out-of-state workers and for out-of-state services; Wisconsin
taxpayers had provided $4.6 million in subsidies, and derived only $5
million in revenues from the film's making.[121]
Energy[edit]
See also: Focus on Energy
Wisconsin
Wisconsin has no production of oil, gas, or coal.[122] Its in-state
electrical generation is mostly from coal. Other important electricity
sources are natural gas and nuclear.[122]
The state has a mandate that ten percent of its electrical energy come
from renewable sources by the end of 2015.[123] This goal has been
met, but not with in state sources. One third of that ten percent
comes from out of state sources, mostly wind generated electricity
from
Minnesota
Minnesota and Iowa. The state has agnostic policies for
developing wind power in state.[124]
Transportation[edit]
Airports[edit]
See also: List of airports in Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin is served by eight commercial service airports, in addition
to a number of general aviation airports.
Major highways[edit]
The
Wisconsin Department of Transportation
Wisconsin Department of Transportation is responsible for
planning, building and maintaining the state's highways. Eight
Interstate Highways are located in the state.
Rail service[edit]
Amtrak provides daily passenger rail service between
Chicago
Chicago and
Milwaukee. It also provides cross-country service via the Empire
Builder with station stops in several cities in Wisconsin.[125]
Important municipalities[edit]
Wisconsin
Wisconsin counties
Further information: List of municipalities in
Wisconsin
Wisconsin by population
and Administrative divisions of Wisconsin
Over 68% of
Wisconsin
Wisconsin residents live in urban areas, with the Greater
Milwaukee
Milwaukee area home to roughly one-third of the state's
population.[126] With over 594,000 residents,
Milwaukee
Milwaukee is the
30th-largest city in the country.[127] The string of cities along the
western edge of
Lake Michigan
Lake Michigan is generally considered to be an example
of a megalopolis.
With a population of around 233,000 and metropolitan area of over
600,000, Madison has a dual identity as state capital and college
town. Madison's suburb, Middleton, was ranked the "Best Place to Live
in America" in 2007 by Money Magazine. Medium-size cities dot the
state and anchor a network of working farms surrounding them. As of
2011, there were 12 cities in
Wisconsin
Wisconsin with a population of 50,000 or
more, accounting for 73% of the state's employment.[128]
Wisconsin
Wisconsin has three types of municipality: cities, villages, and
towns. Cities and villages are incorporated urban areas. Towns are
unincorporated minor civil divisions of counties with limited
self-government.
v
t
e
Largest cities or towns in Wisconsin
[U.S.Census Bureau 2016] [129][130]
Rank
Name
County
Pop.
Milwaukee
Madison
1
Milwaukee
Milwaukee
595,047
Green Bay
Kenosha
2
Madison
Dane
252,551
3
Green Bay
Brown
105,139
4
Kenosha
Kenosha
99,631
5
Racine
Racine
77,571
6
Appleton
Outagamie
74,370
7
Waukesha
Waukesha
72,363
8
Eau Claire
Eau Claire
68,339
9
Oshkosh
Winnebago
66,579
10
Janesville
Rock
64,159
Education[edit]
See also: List of colleges and universities in Wisconsin, List of high
schools in Wisconsin, and List of school districts in Wisconsin
Wisconsin, along with
Minnesota
Minnesota and Michigan, was among the Midwestern
leaders in the emergent American state university movement following
the Civil War in the United States. By the start of the 20th century,
education in the state advocated the "
Wisconsin
Wisconsin Idea", which
emphasized service to the people of the state. The "
Wisconsin
Wisconsin Idea"
exemplified the
Progressive movement
Progressive movement within colleges and universities
at the time.[131]
Today, public post-secondary education in
Wisconsin
Wisconsin includes both the
26-campus
University of Wisconsin
University of Wisconsin System, with the flagship university
University of Wisconsin–Madison, and the 16-campus Wisconsin
Technical College System. Private colleges and universities include
Alverno College, Beloit College, Cardinal Stritch University, Carroll
University, Carthage College, Concordia University Wisconsin, Edgewood
College, Lakeland College, Lawrence University, Marquette University,
Medical College of Wisconsin,
Milwaukee
Milwaukee School of Engineering, Ripon
College, St. Norbert College,
Wisconsin
Wisconsin Lutheran College, and others.
Culture[edit]
Music stage at
Summerfest
Summerfest in 1994
The
Milwaukee
Milwaukee Art Museum
Frank Lloyd Wright's Taliesin in Spring Green
Residents of
Wisconsin
Wisconsin are referred to as Wisconsinites. The
traditional prominence of references to dairy farming and cheesemaking
in Wisconsin's rural economy (the state's license plates have read
"America's Dairyland" since 1940[132]) have led to the nickname
(sometimes used pejoratively among non-residents) of "cheeseheads" and
to the creation of "cheesehead hats" made of yellow foam in the shape
of a wedge of cheese.
Numerous ethnic festivals are held throughout
Wisconsin
Wisconsin to celebrate
the heritage of its citizens. Such festivals include Summerfest,
Oktoberfest, Polish Fest, Festa Italiana, Irish Fest, Bastille Days,
Syttende Mai
Syttende Mai (Norwegian Constitution Day), Brat(wurst) Days in
Sheboygan,
Polka
.jpg/480px-Prague_Street_Musicians_(Polka_Band).jpg)
Polka Days,
Cheese
Cheese Days in Monroe and Mequon, African World
Festival, Indian Summer, Arab Fest,
Wisconsin
Wisconsin Highland Games and many
others.[133]
Art[edit]
The
Milwaukee
Milwaukee Art Museum, with its brise soleil designed by Santiago
Calatrava, is known for its interesting architecture. Monona Terrace
in Madison, a convention center designed by Taliesin architect Anthony
Puttnam, is based on a 1930s design by Frank Lloyd Wright.[134]
Wright's home and studio in the 20th century was at Taliesin, south of
Spring Green. Decades after Wright's death, Taliesin remains an
architectural office and school for his followers.
Music[edit]
Main article: Music of Wisconsin
Wisconsin's music festivals include Eaux Claires,[135] Country Fest,
Country Jam USA, the Hodag Country Festival, Porterfield Country Music
Festival, Country Thunder USA in Twin Lakes,[135] and Country USA.
Milwaukee
Milwaukee hosts Summerfest, dubbed "The World's Largest Music
Festival", every year. This festival is held at the lakefront Henry
Maier Festival Park just south of downtown, as are a summer-long array
of ethnic musical festivals. The
Wisconsin
Wisconsin Area Music Industry
provides an annual WAMI event where it presents an awards show for top
Wisconsin
Wisconsin artists.[136]
Alcohol culture[edit]
Drinking has long been considered a significant part of Wisconsin
culture, and the state ranks at or near the top of national measures
of per-capita alcohol consumption, consumption of alcohol per state,
and proportion of drinkers. Consumption per-capita per-event, however,
ranks low among the nation; number of events (number of times alcohol
is involved) is significantly higher or highest, but consumption at
each event smaller, marking Wisconsin's consumption as frequent and
moderate.[137] Factors such as cultural identification with the
state's heritage of German immigration, the longstanding presence of
major breweries in Milwaukee, and a cold climate are often associated
with the prevalence of drinking in Wisconsin.
In Wisconsin, the legal drinking age is 21, except when accompanied by
a parent, guardian, or spouse who is at least 21 years old. Age
requirements are waived for possessing alcohol when employed by a
brewer, brewpub, beer and/or liquor wholesaler, or producer of alcohol
fuel. The minimum legal age to purchase alcohol is 21, with no
exceptions.[138] The Absolute Sobriety law states that any person not
of legal drinking age (currently 21 years of age) may not drive after
consuming alcohol.[139]
On September 30, 2003, the state legislature, reluctant to lower a DUI
offense from BAC 0.10 to 0.08, did so only as a result of federal
government pressure.[140] The
Wisconsin
Wisconsin Tavern League opposes raising
the alcoholic beverage tax. The
Milwaukee
Milwaukee Journal Sentinel series
"Wasted in Wisconsin" examined this situation.[141]
Recreation[edit]
The varied landscape of
Wisconsin
Wisconsin makes the state a popular vacation
destination for outdoor recreation. Winter events include skiing, ice
fishing and snowmobile derbies.
Wisconsin
Wisconsin is situated on two Great
Lakes and has many inland lakes of varied size; the state contains
11,188 square miles (28,980 km2) of water, more than all but
three other states – Alaska, Michigan, and Florida.[142]
Outdoor activities are popular in Wisconsin, especially hunting and
fishing. One of the most prevalent game animals is the whitetail deer.
Each year, in Wisconsin, well over 600,000 deer-hunting licenses are
sold.[143] In 2008, the
Wisconsin
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
projected the pre-hunt deer population to be between 1.5 and 1.7
million.
See also: List of
Wisconsin
Wisconsin amusement parks
Sports[edit]
Main article: Sports in Wisconsin
Lambeau Field
Lambeau Field in Green Bay is home to the NFL's Green Bay Packers.
Wisconsin
Wisconsin is represented by major league teams in three sports:
football, baseball, and basketball. Lambeau Field, located in Green
Bay, Wisconsin, is home to the National Football League's Green Bay
Packers. The Packers have been part of the NFL since the league's
second season in 1921 and hold the record for the most NFL titles,
earning the city of Green Bay the nickname "Titletown USA". The
Packers are the smallest city franchise in the NFL and the only one
owned by shareholders statewide. The franchise was founded by "Curly"
Lambeau who played and coached for them. The
Green Bay Packers
Green Bay Packers are one
of the most successful small-market professional sports franchises in
the world and have won 13 NFL championships, including the first two
AFL-NFL Championship games (Super Bowls I and II),
Super Bowl
Super Bowl XXXI and
Super Bowl
Super Bowl XLV. The state's support of the team is evidenced by the
81,000-person waiting list for season tickets to Lambeau Field.[144]
Miller Park is the home stadium of Major League Baseball's Milwaukee
Brewers
The
Milwaukee
Milwaukee Brewers, the state's only major league baseball team,
play in Miller Park in Milwaukee, the successor to
Milwaukee
Milwaukee County
Stadium since 2001. In 1982, the Brewers won the American League
Championship, marking their most successful season. The team switched
from the
American League
American League to the National League starting with the 1998
season. Before the Brewers,
Milwaukee
Milwaukee had two prior Major League
teams. The first team, also called the Brewers, played only one season
in the newly founded
American League
American League in 1901 before moving to St.
Louis and becoming the Browns, who are now the Baltimore Orioles.
Milwaukee
Milwaukee was also the home of the Braves franchise when they moved
from Boston from 1953 to 1965, winning the
World Series
World Series in 1957 and
the National League pennant in 1958, before they moved to
Atlanta.[145]
The
Milwaukee
Milwaukee Bucks of the
National Basketball Association
National Basketball Association play home
games at the Bradley Center. The Bucks won the NBA Championship in
1971.[146] They will move to the new
Wisconsin
Wisconsin Entertainment and
Sports Center for the 2018-2019 season.[147]
The state also has minor league teams in hockey (
Milwaukee
Milwaukee Admirals)
and baseball (the
Wisconsin
Wisconsin Timber Rattlers, based in Appleton and the
Beloit Snappers
Beloit Snappers of the Class A minor leagues).
Wisconsin
Wisconsin is also home
to the Madison Mallards, the La Crosse Loggers, the Lakeshore
Chinooks, the Eau Claire Express, the Green Bay Bullfrogs, the Kenosha
Kingfish, the
Wisconsin
Wisconsin Woodchucks, and the
Wisconsin
Wisconsin Rapids Rafters
of the Northwoods League, a collegiate all-star summer league. In
addition to the Packers, Green Bay is also the home to an indoor
football team, the
Green Bay Blizzard
Green Bay Blizzard of the IFL. The state is home to
the six-time MSL Champion
Milwaukee
Milwaukee Wave.[148]
Wisconsin
Wisconsin also has many college sports programs, including the
Wisconsin
Wisconsin Badgers, of the
University of Wisconsin–Madison
University of Wisconsin–Madison and the
Panthers of the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee. The Wisconsin
Badgers football former head coach
Barry Alvarez
Barry Alvarez led the Badgers to
three Rose Bowl championships, including back-to-back victories in
1999 and 2000. The Badger men's basketball team won the national title
in 1941 and made trips to college basketball's
Final Four in 2000,
2014, and 2015. The Badgers claimed a historic dual championship in
2006 when both the women's and men's hockey teams won national titles.
The
Marquette Golden Eagles
Marquette Golden Eagles of the Big East Conference, the state's
other major collegiate program, is known for its men's basketball
team, which, under the direction of Al McGuire, won the NCAA National
Championship in 1977. The team returned to the
Final Four in 2003.
Many other schools in the
University of Wisconsin
University of Wisconsin system compete in
the
Wisconsin Intercollegiate Athletic Conference
Wisconsin Intercollegiate Athletic Conference at the Division III
level. The conference is one of the most successful in the nation,
claiming 107 NCAA national championships in 15 different sports as of
March 30, 2015.[149]
The Semi-Professional Northern Elite Football League consists of many
teams from Wisconsin. The league is made up of former professional,
collegiate, and high school players. Teams from
Wisconsin
Wisconsin include: The
Green Bay Gladiators from Green Bay, The Fox Valley Force in Appleton,
The Kimberly Storm in Kimberly, The Central
Wisconsin
Wisconsin Spartans in
Wausau, The Eau Claire Crush and the
Chippewa Valley
Chippewa Valley Predators from
Eau Claire, and the
Lake Superior
Lake Superior Rage from Superior. The league also
has teams in
Michigan
Michigan and Minnesota. Teams play from May until August.
Wisconsin
Wisconsin is home to the world's oldest operational racetrack. The
Milwaukee
Milwaukee Mile, located in
Wisconsin State Fair Park
Wisconsin State Fair Park in West Allis,
Wisconsin, held races there that considerably predate the Indy
500.[150]
Wisconsin
Wisconsin is home to the nation's oldest operating velodrome in
Kenosha where races have been held every year since 1927.[151]
Sheboygan is home to
Whistling Straits
Whistling Straits golf club which has hosted PGA
Championships in 2004, 2010 and 2015 and will be home to the Ryder Cup
golf competition between USA and
Europe
Europe in 2020.[152] The Greater
Milwaukee
Milwaukee Open, later named the U.S. Bank Championship in Milwaukee,
was a PGA Tour tournament from 1968 to 2009 held annually in Brown
Deer. In 2017, Erin Hills, a golf course in Erin, Wisconsin,
approximately 30 miles northwest of Milwaukee, hosted the U.S.
Open.[153]
Notable people[edit]
Main article: List of people from Wisconsin
See also[edit]
Wisconsin
Wisconsin portal
Index of Wisconsin-related articles
Outline of Wisconsin
Outline of Wisconsin – organized list of topics about Wisconsin
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Wisconsin Finally Gets Around to Naming Cheese
Their Official State Dairy Product". Food & Wine. Time Inc.
Retrieved July 10, 2017.
^ Birgit Leisen, "Image segmentation: the case of a tourism
destination." Journal of services marketing (2001) 15#1 pp: 49–66 on
Oshkosh.
^ Aaron Shapiro, The Lure of the North Woods: Cultivating Tourism in
the Upper Midwest (University of
Minnesota
Minnesota Press, 2015).
^ William H. Tishler, Door County's Emerald Treasure: A History of
Peninsula State Park
Peninsula State Park (Univ of
Wisconsin
Wisconsin Press, 2006)
^ ""Commerce study slams film incentives law" The Business Journal of
Milwaukee
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July 25, 2010.
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Wisconsin hits renewable goal
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Further reading[edit]
Barone, Michael; Cohen, Richard E. (2005). The Almanac of American
Politics, 2006. Washington, DC: National Journal.
ISBN 0-89234-112-2.
Current, Richard (2001). Wisconsin: A History. Urbana, IL: University
of
Illinois
Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-07018-6.
Gara, Larry (1962). A Short History of Wisconsin. Madison, WI: State
Historical Society of Wisconsin.
Holmes, Fred L. (1946). Wisconsin. 5 vols. Chicago, IL. Detailed
popular history and many biographies.
Nesbit, Robert C. (1989). Wisconsin: A History (Rev. ed.). Madison:
University of Wisconsin
University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-10800-7.
Pearce, Neil (1980). The
Great Lakes
Great Lakes States of America. New York:
Norton. ISBN 0-393-05619-8.
Quaife, Milo M. (1924). Wisconsin, Its History and Its People,
1634–1924. 4 vols. Detailed popular history & biographies.
Raney, William Francis (1940). Wisconsin: A Story of Progress. New
York: Prentice-Hall.
Robinson, Arthur H.; Culver, J. B., eds. (1974). The Atlas of
Wisconsin.
Sisson, Richard, ed. (2006). The American Midwest: An Interpretive
Encyclopedia. Bloomington, IN:
Indiana
Indiana University Press.
ISBN 0-253-34886-2.
Tuttle, Charles R (1875), An Illustrated History of the State of
Wisconsin: Being a Complete Civil, Political, and Military History of
the State from its First Exploration down to 1875, Madison, WI: B. B.
Russell .
Van Ells, Mark D. (2009).
Wisconsin
Wisconsin [On-The-Road Histories].
Northampton, MA: Interlink Books. ISBN 978-1-56656-673-5.
Vogeler, I. (1986). Wisconsin: A Geography. Boulder: Westview Press.
ISBN 0-86531-492-6.
Wisconsin
Wisconsin Cartographers' Guild (2002). Wisconsin's Past and Present: A
Historical Atlas.
Works Progress Administration (1941). Wisconsin: A Guide to the Badger
State. Detailed guide to every town and city, and cultural
history.
See additional books at History of Wisconsin
External links[edit]
Find more aboutWisconsinat's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary
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Official website
Wisconsin
Wisconsin (PDF). National Atlas (map).
United States
United States Government.
"
Wisconsin
Wisconsin state symbols". State of Wisconsin.
"
Wisconsin
Wisconsin State Legislature".
"Court System". Wisconsin.
"
Wisconsin
Wisconsin State Facts". USDA.
Wisconsin
Wisconsin Health and Demographic Data La Crosse Medical Health Science
Consortium
Energy Profile for
Wisconsin
Wisconsin – Economic, environmental, and energy
data U.S. Energy Information Administration
Wisconsin
Wisconsin Historical Society
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Wisconsin
Wisconsin Collection from the UW Digital Collections
Center
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Wisconsin Free Speech Legacy
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Coordinates: 44°30′N 89°30′W / 44.5°N 89.5°W / 44.5;
-89.5
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WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 152370817
LCCN: n79022855
ISNI: 0000 0004 0423 6408
GND: 4119135-3
BNF: cb11957757g (d