William Jason Fields (December 29, 1874October 21, 1954) was an American politician from the U.S. state of Kentucky. Known as "Honest Bill from Olive Hill, Kentucky, Olive Hill", he represented Kentucky's 9th congressional district, Kentucky's Ninth District in the United States House of Representatives, U.S. House of Representatives from 1911 to 1923, resigning to become the state's List of Governors of Kentucky, 41st Governor of Kentucky, governor. Discouraged by an early defeat for a seat in the Kentucky General Assembly, state legislature, Fields took a job at a grocery store in Ashland, Kentucky that allowed him to travel the state and meet many people in his congressional district. In 1911, he became the first Democratic Party (United States), Democrat elected to United States Congress, Congress from the Ninth District in two decades. Elected to seven consecutive terms, he rose to become the ranking member of the United States House Committee on Armed Services, House Committee on Military Affairs during World War I. When Democratic gubernatorial nominee J. Campbell Cantrill died unexpectedly two months before the general election, the Democratic Central Committee chose Fields to replace Cantrill as the nominee. In a campaign that featured more name-calling than substantial debate, Fields secured the backing of the powerful Jockey Club political alliance and won a landslide victory over Republican Party (United States), Republican Attorney General of Kentucky, Attorney General Charles I. Dawson. The first legislative session of Fields' term was marked by infighting within his own party. His agenda was opposed by a Democratic faction led by former governor J. C. W. Beckham, ''Louisville Courier-Journal'' publisher Robert Worth Bingham, and political boss Percy Haly. Fields' signature issue, a $75 million bond issue to construct a state highway system, passed the legislature in 1924, but the electorate refused to approve it in November of that year. Among Fields' accomplishments as governor were an increase in the gasoline tax to help fund his highway program, a reorganization of the state's government bureaucracy, and the preservation of Cumberland Falls from industrial development. He never united the factions of his party, however. His political enemies charged him with nepotism and abusing his clemency, pardon power, and the Democrats lost the governorship in 1927 to Republican Flem D. Sampson. Following his service as governor, Fields failed in an attempt to return to his former congressional seat. He was appointed to the State Workman's Compensation Board by Governor Happy Chandler, A. B. "Happy" Chandler, and after his retirement from public service, he practiced law and worked as a real estate agent until his death on October 21, 1954.

Early life

William J. Fields was born December 29, 1874, in Willard, Kentucky, Willard, Carter County, Kentucky."Fields, William Jason". ''Biographical Directory of the United States Congress'' He was the fourth of twelve children born to Christopher C. and Alice (Rucker) Fields.Kleber, p. 316Powell, p. 88 He was educated in the local public schools, then matriculated to the University of Kentucky. After graduation, he started a real estate business in Olive Hill, Kentucky and engaged in farming. He also studied law on his own."Kentucky Governor William Jason Fields". National Governors Association On October 10, 1893, Fields married Dora McDaniel; the couple had six children. At age 21, he was elected constable of Carter County, but three years later, he fell short in his bid to capture a seat in Kentucky General Assembly, state legislature. Following the loss, he took a job at a grocery store in Ashland, Kentucky that would allow him to travel the state more freely, make acquaintances, and better position himself for a run for higher office.

House of Representatives

Campaigning under the moniker "Honest Bill from Olive Hill", Fields won a narrow victory as a Democratic Party (United States), Democrat to represent Kentucky's 9th congressional district, Kentucky's Ninth District in the United States House of Representatives, U.S. House of Representatives in 1910. The first Democrat to hold the seat in twenty years, he was re-elected for another six consecutive terms.Ellis, p. 156 A member of the United States House Committee on Armed Services, Committee on Military Affairs, he eventually became the ranking Democrat on the committee and the ranking member of the subcommittee that controlled appropriations for U.S. operations during World War I. In September 1923, Democratic gubernatorial nominee J. Campbell Cantrill died, leaving the party without a candidate. Alben Barkley, who Cantrill had defeated for the nomination, refused to be the Democratic candidate, perhaps because he had already decided to run for the United States Senate, U.S. Senate in 1926. The Democratic Central Committee chose Fields as a replacement for Cantrill.

Governor of Kentucky

The general election campaign generated little interest and quickly degenerated into name calling.Klotter, p. 275 Fields' opponent, Republican Party (United States), Republican Attorney General of Kentucky, Attorney General Charles I. Dawson, mocked Fields' traditional election slogan, calling him "Dodging Bill from Olive Hill, who answers no questions and never will".Harrison, p. 353 Fields countered by referring to Dawson as "Changing Charlie", a reference to Dawson's one-time affiliation with the Democratic Party prior to becoming a Republican. Fields secured the backing of a group of powerful political bosses, including Louisville, Kentucky, Louisville banker James B. Brown, U.S. Senator Augustus Owsley Stanley, and Lexington, Kentucky, Lexington power broker Billy Klair.Ellis, p. 157 These three were the leaders of the Jockey Club, a group dedicated to the preservation of parimutuel betting in the state, especially at racetracks. Discontent with incumbent Republican Governor Edwin P. Morrow further aided Fields' campaign, and he defeated Dawson by a vote of 356,035 to 306,277. It was one of the largest Democratic gubernatorial landslides in state history. He resigned from the House to accept the governorship. Already lightly regarded because he was selected by the Democratic Central Committee instead of a party primary, Fields further weakened his position due to some of his personal preferences. A devout Methodism, Methodist and Prohibition in the United States, prohibitionist, Fields prohibited both dancing and drinking at the Kentucky Governor's Mansion, Executive Mansion. He moved the inaugural ball from the mansion to the capitol rotunda, where dancing would be allowed, but he and his wife did not attend.Klotter, p. 276 Fields' frugality also led him to keep dairy cows on the mansion's lawn, drawing derision from urban citizens.

Fields' 1924 address to the General Assembly included several ambitious proposals, including the founding of a trade school for African-American, blacks at Paducah, Kentucky, Paducah, planning and developing normal schools at Murray, Kentucky, Murray and Morehead, Kentucky, Morehead, raising the gasoline tax to three cents per gallon, and the issuance of $75 million in state bonds to finance a state highway system. A dissenting faction of the Democratic party, led by former governor J. C. W. Beckham, political boss Percy Haly, and ''Louisville Courier-Journal'' publisher Robert Worth Bingham, voiced strong opposition to Fields' proposals, especially the bond issue. They charged that Fields had the support of a dangerous "bipartisan combine", with the Republican element of the combine led by Maurice Galvin. Tensions between the factions were inflamed almost as soon as the 1924 legislature convened. A bill to outlaw parimutuel betting in the state passed the Kentucky House of Representatives, House of Representatives, but failed in the Kentucky Senate, Senate. The next legislative battle centered on removing the head of the Board of Charities and Corrections and give the governor greater control over the board's makeup; this attempt also narrowly failed.Harrison, p. 354 When Senator Stanley, an opponent of prohibition, sought re-election to the Senate in 1924, Fields and his allies did not support him, leading to the election of Republican Frederick M. Sackett and giving the Republicans both of the state's senate seats for the first time in history.Klotter, p. 282 The signature issue of the session, however, was Fields' request for the bond issue. He engaged in a debate with opponents of the issue that was published in Bingham's ''Courier-Journal'' as well as the ''Louisville Herald'' and ''Louisville Post'', two papers owned by James B. Brown. Ultimately, the issue was approved by the General Assembly, which was considered a major victory for Fields. Still, the bond issue had to be approved by the state's electorate.Ellis, p. 158 The ''Courier-Journal'' continued the fight against the issue, while Desha Breckinridge's ''Lexington Herald-Leader, Lexington Herald'' came out in favor of it. Fields spent ten weeks criss-crossing the state speaking in favor of the bond issue, but on election day, it was rejected by a margin of 90,000 votes. Undaunted by the failure of the bond issue, Fields returned to the 1926 General Assembly with more proposals, including another increase in the gasoline tax to provide the funds needed to construct the state highway system. The 1926 Assembly passed more legislation than any previous legislature, including the increased gas tax and several bills to reorganize state government. The state purchasing commission and the Department of Bus Transportation were among the entities created in the reorganization. Under Fields, the state implemented the first phase of Desegregation busing in the United States, desegregation busing. Fields opposed a plan to develop hydroelectricity, hydroelectric power generation capabilities on the Cumberland Falls. In order to prevent development, he accepted an offer from T. Coleman du Pont to purchase the property around the falls and donate it to the state. He also suggested the creation of Carter Caves State Resort Park in his home county. Fields' political enemies charged him with corruption and chastised him for issuing too many clemency, pardons. He also drew criticism for appointing his eldest son as state examiner, political supporter James Brown as tax commissioner, and other relatives and political supporters to low-ranking positions in the state government. Although the party strongly supported Alben Barkley's senatorial bid in 1926, Fields and his allies refused to support 1927 gubernatorial candidate J. C. W. Beckham, and the governorship went to Republican Flem D. Sampson.

Later life and death

Following his service as governor, Fields returned to Olive Hill and was admitted to the Bar (law), bar in 1927. Sensing an opportunity for a political comeback in 1930, Fields launched a bid to regain his former seat in the U.S. House, which was now occupied by Republican Elva R. Kendall. Kendall had beaten Fields's successor, Fred M. Vinson in the 1928 Hoover landslide, which saw nine out of eleven (all but the two ancestrally Democratic western Kentucky) U.S. House seats go to the Republicans. Frederick Vinson portrait

Vinson instead chose not to stand aside for his former ally and decisively beat Fields in the August Democratic primary election, primary by a margin of 63% to 21% (with a third candidate, W.C. Hamilton taking the remaining 16%)."Fields, William J.". ''OurCampaigns'' Vinson successfully reclaimed his seat in the general election from Kendall. In 1932, Fields was elected Commonwealth's Attorney for Kentucky's thirty-seventh judicial district; he served until 1935. In 1934, Fields again challenged Congressman Vinson in the Democratic primary in the renumbered 8th district, but he lost again by a decisive margin of 68% to 32%. In 1936, Governor Happy Chandler, A. B. "Happy" Chandler appointed him to the State Workmen's Compensation Board. He served in this capacity until the election of Republican Simeon S. Willis. Fields retired from public service on August 8, 1944. From 1940 to 1945, he co-owned an insurance agency. He briefly moved to Florida before returning to Olive Hill, where he continued practicing law, and farming. He died in Grayson, Kentucky on October 21, 1954, and was buried in Olive Hill Cemetery in Olive Hill.

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