Wilgefortis

Wilgefortis ( pt, Vilgeforte) is a female folk saint whose legend arose in the 14th century, and whose distinguishing feature is a large beard. According to the legend of her life, set in Portugal and Galicia, she was a teenage noblewoman who had been promised in marriage by her father to a Moorish king. To thwart the unwanted wedding, she had taken a vow of virginity, and prayed that she would be made repulsive. In answer to her prayers she sprouted a beard, which ended the engagement. In anger, Wilgefortis's father had her crucified.

Her name is thought to have derived from the Latin "virgo fortis" ("courageous virgin"). In England her name was Uncumber, and in Dutch Ontkommer (meaning one who avoids something, here specifically other people from suffering).

In German lands she was known as Kümmernis ("grief" or "anxiety"). In Poland she was called Frasobliwa ("sorrowful"). She was sometimes confused with a female martyr saint known as Liberata in Italy and Librada in Spain ("liberated") whose feast day is on July 10th; while Saint Liberata is a crucified, beardless female usually with a crown, Wiltegefortis is always depicted with a beard and generally crownless. In France Wiltegefortis is known as Débarras ("riddance"). The confusion between the martyr Saint Liberata and Wiltegefortis extended to places such as Sigüenza, Spain, where Liberata was widely venerated.

While venerated by some Catholics, Wiltegefortis was never officially canonised by the church, but instead was a popular intercessor for people seeking relief from tribulations, in particular by women who wished to be liberated ("disencumbered") from abusive husbands.

History

Art historians have argued that the origins of the art can be found with Eastern-style representations of the crucified Christ, and in particular the ''Holy Face of Lucca'', a large 11th-century carved wooden figure of Christ on the Cross (now replaced by a 13th-century copy), bearded like a man, but dressed in a full-length tunic that might have appeared to be like that of a woman instead of the loin cloth familiar and by the Late Middle Ages normal in depictions in the West.

The Holy Face is sometimes described as typical of early Byzantine robed crucifixes. John Shinners (2003). "Religion, Popular: Cult of Saints", in ''Dictionary of the Middle Ages'', Supplement 1. But no comparable large carved figures formed part of Byzantine art, whilst there are several surviving from Germany. Any Byzantine influence is very remote, as the face and hair are typical of German crucifixes, and many Ottonian manuscripts show robes in crucifixions. The Byzantine examples are from icons, illuminations or small relief carvings.G Schiller, ''Iconography of Christian Art, Vol. II'', 1972 (English trans. from German), Lund Humphries, London, figs 327–37, 379–394, 455–75,

The theory is that when the composition was copied and brought north of the Alps over the next 150 years, in small copies by pilgrims and dealers, this unfamiliar image led Northerners to create a narrative to explain the androgynous icon.James Hall, ''A History of Ideas and Images in Italian Art'', p. 172, 1983, John Murray, London, Some older images of the crucified Christ were repurposed as Wilgefortis, and new images clearly intended to represent the saint created, many with female clothes and breasts. Some older images of Christ on the cross are argued to have already deliberately included hints at an androgynous figure for theological reasons. Single images normally showed Wilgefortis on her cross, but two prominent standing images where she carries a smaller cross as an attribute as part of a group of saints, are mentioned below. Images showing a set of scenes covering the whole legend are unusual, but a German one of 1513 is illustrated here.

Veneration

The popularity of prayer in the period of the Middle Ages has been connected to the ''Devotio Moderna'' and related devotion, where meditation on and identification with the sufferings of Christ was encouraged by writers such as Thomas à Kempis author of ''The Imitation of Christ'' or mostly encouraged by the Groote to focus on the personal structure of simplicity, obedience, and followed the book The Imitation of Christ circulating from the 1420s.

St Wilgefortis remained popular in the North of England until the end of the Gothic period; there is a carving in the Henry VII Chapel of Westminster Abbey of Wilgefortis, standing while holding a cross, with a very long beard.http://www.philipresheph.com/a424/study/picview.html URL unavailable 17 March 2018. She also appears in a similar pose, very lightly bearded, on the outside of a triptych door by Hans Memling.

Her cult was decisively supressed during the late 16th century (after a period in the 15th and 16th centuries in which she was popular), and thereafter disappears from high art, although lingering well into the 20th century in more popular forms, especially in Bavaria and Austria, but also in northern France and Belgium. In the 12th-century church of Saint-Etienne in Beauvais, there is a 16th-century wooden statue of Saint Wilgefortis on the cross. She is depicted in a full blue tunic with a substantial beard. She is venerated by the name of Santa Librada in Argentina and Panama.Marcella Althuas-Reid. ''Indecent Theology: Theological Perversions in Sex, Gender, and Politics.'' (London. Routledge: 2000), pp.83–87

She is often shown with a small fiddler at her feet, and with one shoe off. This derives from a legend, also attached to the Volto Santo of Lucca, of a silver shoe with which the statue had been clothed dropping spontaneously at the feet of a poor pilgrim. In Wilgefortis's version, the poor devotee became a fiddler, perhaps in the 13th century.

Because of her appearance, Wilgerfortis has been described as a "transgender saint" and is sometimes seen as a patron saint of gender fluid people.

See also

* Anorexia mirabilis
* Bearded lady

Notes

References

*

Further reading

"Wilgefortis"
from the ''Catholic Encyclopedia''.
* Robertson Davies (1970). ''Fifth Business'', .

External links

*

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14th-century Christian saints
Portuguese Roman Catholic saints
Folk saints
Christian iconography
Legendary Portuguese people
Cross symbols
Bearded women
Christian female saints of the Middle Ages
People executed by crucifixion