Who Goes There?

''Who Goes There?'' is a 1938 science fiction horror novella by American author John W. Campbell, written under the pen name Don A. Stuart. Its story follows a group of people trapped in a scientific research outpost in Antarctica with shapeshifting alien monsters able to absorb and imitate any living being. The novella was first published in the August 1938 issue of '' Astounding Science Fiction'' and was also printed as ''The Thing from Another World''. Its extended novel version, found in an early manuscript titled ''Frozen Hell'', was finally published in 2019.

''Who Goes There?'' has been directly adapted to film in 1951 as ''The Thing from Another World'' and again in 1982 as '' The Thing'', a more faithful treatment by John Carpenter. The story's many other adaptations and works inspired by it have spanned various media.

Plot

A group of American researchers, isolated in their scientific station in Antarctica by the nearly-ended winter, discover an alien spaceship buried in the ice, where it crashed twenty million years before. They try to thaw the inside of the spacecraft with a thermite charge, but end up accidentally destroying it when the ship's magnesium hull is ignited by the charge. However, they do recover an alien creature from the ancient ice, which the researchers believe was searching for heat when it was frozen. Thawing revives the alien, a being which can assume the shape, memories, and personality of any living thing it devours, while maintaining its original body mass for further reproduction. Unknown to them, the alien immediately kills and then imitates the crew's physicist, a man named Connant; with some 90 pounds of its matter left over it tries to become a sled dog. The crew discovers the dog-Thing and kill it in the process of transformation. Pathologist Blair, who had lobbied for thawing the Thing, goes insane with paranoia and guilt, vowing to kill everyone at the base in order to save mankind; he is isolated within a locked cabin at their outpost. Connant is also isolated as a precaution and a "rule-of-four" is initiated in which all personnel must remain under the close scrutiny of three others.

The crew realizes that they must isolate their base and therefore disable their airplanes and vehicles, yet they pretend that everything is normal during radio transmissions to prevent any rescue attempts. The researchers try to figure out who may have been replaced by the alien (simply referred to as the Thing), in order to destroy the imitations before they can escape and take over the world. The task is almost impossibly difficult when they realize that the Thing is not only shapeshifting but also telepathic, able to read minds and project thoughts. A sled dog is conditioned by human blood injections (from Copper and Garry) to provide a human-immunity serum test, as in rabbits. The initial test of Connant is inconclusive as they realize that the test animal received both human and alien blood, meaning that either Doctor Copper or expedition Commander Garry is actually an alien. Assistant commander McReady takes over and deduces that all the other animals at the station, save the test dog, have already become imitations; all are killed by electrocution and their corpses burned.

Everyone suspects each other by now but must stay together for safety, deciding who will take turns sleeping and standing watch. Tensions mount and some men begin to go mad thinking that they are already the last human or wondering if they would even know if they were not human any longer. Ultimately, Kinner, the cook, is murdered and accidentally revealed to be a Thing. McReady realizes that even small pieces of the creature will behave as independent organisms. He then uses this fact to test which men have been "converted" by taking blood samples from everyone and dipping a heated wire in the vial of blood. Each man's blood is tested, one at a time, and the donor is immediately killed if his blood recoils from the wire; fourteen men in all, including Connant and Garry, are revealed to be Things. The remaining men go to test the isolated Blair and on the way see the first albatross of the Antarctic spring flying overhead; they shoot the bird to prevent a Thing from infecting it and flying to civilization.

When they reach Blair's cabin, they discover that he is a Thing. They realize that it has been left to its own devices for a week, coming and going as it pleased as it is able to squeeze under doors by transforming itself. With the creatures inside the base destroyed, McReady and two others enter the cabin to kill the Thing that was once Blair. McReady forces it out into the snow and destroys it with a blowtorch. Afterwards the trio discover that the Thing was dangerously close to finishing the construction of a nuclear-powered anti-gravity device that would have allowed it to escape to the outside world.

Characters

Humans

Although the expedition based at Big Magnet comprises 37 members, only 16 are named in the story, and all but three by last name alone. By the end of the story, 15 of them have been replaced by alien impostors.

* Barclay: present at alien excavation.
* Benning: aviation mechanic. He survives. He appears in the 1982 adaptation renamed George Bennings with the occupation of meteorologist, and is portrayed by Peter Maloney.
* Blair: biologist, present at alien excavation. Blair goes insane after the Thing escapes, due to his desire to thaw the Thing. Blair is locked in the tool shed, where he is replaced by a Thing. Blair appears in the 1982 adaptation portrayed by A. Wilford Brimley.
* (Bart) Caldwell: a member of the team.
* Clark: dog handler. Clark is later revealed to be a Thing. He appears in the 1982 adaptation, played by Richard Masur.
* Connant: physicist, cosmic ray specialist. He is the first member of the team to be assimilated. In ''Frozen Hell'', he is given the first name Jerry.
* Dr. Copper: physician, present at the alien excavation. Copper appears in the 1982 adaptation portrayed by Richard Dysart.
* (Samuel) Dutton: revealed to be a Thing.
* Garry: expedition commander. Garry is eventually revealed as a Thing and killed. Garry appears in the 1982 adaptation portrayed by Donald Moffat.
* Kinner: scar-faced cook. Kinner is later revealed to be a Thing.
* McReady: expedition second-in-command, meteorologist, present at alien excavation. McReady appears in the 1982 adaptation portrayed by Kurt Russell, now with the name "R.J. MacReady" and the occupation of the helicopter pilot. MacReady reappears in the video game played by Russell and in the comics based on the film.
* (Vance) Norris: muscular physicist. Norris appears in the 1982 adaptation portrayed by Charles Hallahan, though he is given Kinner's fate and much of Kinner's characterization.
* Pomroy: livestock handler.
* Ralsen: sledge keeper.
* Van Wall: chief pilot, present at alien excavation.

Non-humans

* "The Thing", the antagonist, is a malevolent, shapeshifting alien life form. It appears in all three film adaptions. In the first film (1951), the Thing is depicted as a tall, menacing humanoid alien that is composed of vegetable matter. In the two later film adaptions, the Things retain their ability to shapeshift, although they do not have telepathic abilities.
* Charnauk: lead Alaskan husky, first openly attacked by the Thing.
* Chinook and Jack: two other huskies.

Publication history

Two slightly different versions of the original novella exist. It was first published in '' Astounding Science Fiction'' in a 12-chapter version, which also appears in '' Adventures in Time and Space'' and '' The Antarktos Cycle: Horror and Wonder at the Ends of the Earth'' (under the title ''The Thing from Another World''). An extended 14-chapter version was later included in '' The Best of John W. Campbell'' and the collection '' Who Goes There?''.

In 1973, the story was voted by the Science Fiction Writers of America as one of the stories representing the "most influential, important, and memorable science fiction that has ever been written." It was promptly published with the other top voted stories in ''The Science Fiction Hall of Fame, Volume Two''.

''Frozen Hell''

In 2018, it was discovered that ''Who Goes There?'' was actually a shortened version of a larger novel previously written by Campbell. The vastly expanded manuscript including an entirely different opening, titled ''Frozen Hell'' (another working title was ''Pandora''), was found in a box of manuscripts sent by Campbell to Harvard University. The discovery was made by author and biographer Alec Nevala-Lee, during his research on a biography of Campbell and other authors from the Golden Age of Science Fiction.

A Kickstarter campaign was launched to publish the full novel. When completed on December 1, the campaign had raised more than $155,000, compared to its original $1,000 goal. An edited version of the two original drafts was published by Wildside Press under the full title ''Frozen Hell: The Book That Inspired The Thing'', illustrated by Bob Eggleton and with a preface by Nevala-Lee and an introduction by Robert Silverberg. E-book versions of the novel began distributing digitally to campaign backers on January 16, 2019, with physical copies following in June the same year.

Adaptations and spin-offs

Films

''The Thing from Another World'' (1951) is a loose adaptation of the original story. It features James Arness as the Thing, Kenneth Tobey as the Air Force officer, and Robert O. Cornthwaite as the lead scientist. In this adaptation, the alien is a humanoid invader (i.e., two arms, two legs, a head) from an unknown planet. A plant-based life form, the alien and its race need animal blood to survive. He, or rather it, is a one-alien army, capable of creating an entire army of invaders from seed pods contained within its body.

The John Carpenter 1982 adaptation '' The Thing'', from a screenplay by Bill Lancaster, sticks more closely to Campbell's original story. Carpenter remade the film due to ''The Thing from Another World'' being one of his favorite films, and the 1951 adaptation featured on a television in Carpenter's original '' Halloween''. Carpenter's idea was not to compete with the direction of the earlier film. In both the novella and this adaptation, the Thing can imitate any animal-based life form, absorbing the respective hosts' personalities and memories along with their bodies (although the telepathy aspect is omitted). When the story begins, the creature has already been discovered and released from the ice by another expedition. This version maintains the digestions and transformations alluded to in the original novella, via practical effects such as animatronics. A prequel to the Carpenter version, also titled '' The Thing'', was released in 2011.

William F. Nolan, author of '' Logan's Run'', also wrote a ''Who Goes There?'' screen treatment for Universal Studios in 1978; it was published in 2009 in the Rocket Ride Books edition of ''Who Goes There?''. Nolan's alternate take on Campbell's story reduced the number of characters and downplayed monster elements in favor of an "impostor" theme in a vein similar to ''The Body Snatchers'' by Jack Finney.

In January 2020, a new film was announced to be produced by Jason Blum's Blumhouse Productions and released and distributed by Universal Pictures (as a part of the former's first-look deal). The project is based on the ''Frozen Hell'' version of the story.

Literature

Héctor Germán Oesterheld and Alberto Breccia adapted the story as "Tres ojos" (Spanish: "Three Eyes") for their ''Sherlock Time'' series, published in the Argentine comic book '' Hora Cero'' (issues 89—104) from May to August 1959. In 1976, the story was also published in comic book form in issue 1 of '' Starstream'' with script by Arnold Drake and art by Jack Abel.

In 1991, Dark Horse Comics published a two-issue miniseries ''The Thing from Another World'' written by Chuck Pfarrer and drawn by John Higgins. It was followed in 1992 by a four-issue sequel, ''Climate of Fear'', written by John Arcudi. Standalone stories ''Questionable Research'' and ''Eternal Vows'' were further serialized in 1993-1994.

In 2010, Canadian science fiction writer Peter Watts published a short story titled " The Things" in which the alien entity from ''Who Goes There?'' is the first-person narrator. The characters and events are the same as those in the 1982 John Carpenter adaptation. In 2011, "The Things" was recorded and released by Escape Pod as an audio podcast.

In 2019, Wildside Press published ''Short Things'', a collection of short stories inspired by ''Who Goes There?'' and ''The Thing''. Edited by John Betancourt, ''Short Things'' features written contributions by G.D. Falksen ("Appolyon"), Paul Di Filippo ("Thingmaker"), Mark McLaughlin ("The Horror on a Superyacht"), Alan Dean Foster ("Leftovers"), Darrell Schweitzer ("The Interrogator"), Nina Kiriki Hoffman ("Good As Dead"), Kristine Kathryn Rusch ("A Mission at T-Prime"), Chelsea Quinn Yarbro ("The"), Kevin J. Anderson ("Cold Storage"), Pamela Sargent ("Two Wars"), Allen M. Steele ("According to a Reliable Source"), Allan Cole ("The Monster at World's End"), and Betancourt himself ("The Nature of the Beast"). It also contains illustrations by Dan Brereton, Marc Hempel and Mark Wheatley, among others.

As of 2019, a novel-length sequel to ''Frozen Hell'' is being written by Betancourt.

Radio dramas

The story has been adapted as a radio drama multiple times, including by BBC
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