Western Ganga administration

The Western Ganga administration (350 - 1000 CE) ( kn, ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಗಂಗ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ) refers to the administrative structure that existed during the rule of this important dynasty of ancient Karnataka. They are known as Western Gangas to distinguish them from the Eastern Gangas who in later centuries ruled over modern Orissa. The Western Ganga sovereignty lasted from about 350 to 550, initially ruling from Kolar and later moving their capital to Talakad on the banks of the Kaveri River in modern Mysore district. Later they ruled as an important feudatory to the imperial Chalukyas of Badami and the Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta.

Administration

The Western Ganga administration was influenced by some principles in ancient text '' Arthashastra''. Succession to the throne was hereditary though there were instances when it was overlooked.Kamath (2001), p46 Though a feudatory of larger South Indian empires for most of their long rule, they wielded significant autonomy in local affairs. The kingdom was divided into ''Rashtra'' (district) and further into ''Visaya'' (possibly 1000 villages) and ''Desa''. From the 8th century the Sanskrit term ''Visaya'' was replaced by the Kannada term ''Nadu'', example of which are Sindanadu-8000, Punnadu-6000,Adiga (2006), p10 with scholars differing about the significance of the numerical suffix. They opine that it was the revenue yield of the division computed in cash terms,Rice in Adiga (2006), p15) denoted the number of fighting men in that division, the number of revenue paying hamlets in that division,Sharma in Adiga (2006), p16 and most popularly it may meant the number of villages included in that territory. Further it has been suggested that for large territories such as Gangavadi-96000, the "thousand" suffix may have meant one ''Nadu'' and hence Gangavadi-96000 was Gangavadi with 96 ''Nadus''Settar in Adiga 2006, p15

Inscriptions have revealed several administrative designations such as prime minister (''sarvadhikari''), treasurer (''shribhandari''), foreign minister (''sandhivirgrahi''), chief minister (''mahapradhana'') all of whom also served as commanders (''dandanayaka''), royal steward (''manevergade''), master of robes (''mahapasayita''), commander of elephant corps (''gajasahani''), commander of cavalry (''thuragasahani''), superintendent (''antahpuradhyaksha''), chief guard (''mahapadiyara''), betel leaf carrier (''hadapada'' or ''adepa''), royal secretary (''rajasutradhari''), private secretary (''rahasyadhikrita''), archivist of records (''mahamatra'' or ''sasanadore''), survey official (''rajjuka''), accountant (''lekhaka'').Kamath (2001), p47 In the royal house, ''Niyogis'' oversaw palace administration, royal clothing and jewellery etc.; the ''Padiyara'' were responsible for court ceremonies including door keeping and protocol.Adiga (2006), p238 Officials at the local level were the ''pergade'', ''nadabova'', ''nalagamiga'', ''prabhu'' and ''gavunda''.Adiga (2006), pp161-177

The ''pergades'' were superintendents from all social classes; artisan, goldsmith, blacksmith etc. ''pergades'' dealing with the royal household were called ''manepergade'' (house superintendent), when they collected tolls they were called ''Sunka vergades''.From the Kanatur inscription (Adiga 2006, p161) The ''nadabovas'' were accountants and tax collectors at the ''Nadu'' level and sometimes functioned as scribes.From the Kanatur inscription (Adiga 2006, p164) The ''nalagamigas'' were officers who organized and maintained defence at the ''Nadu'' level.From the Mavali inscription of the 8th century and Indravalli inscription (Adiga 2006), p165 The ''prabhu'' constituted a group of elite drawn together to witness land grants and demarcation of land boundaries.Doddakunce inscription, the Karagada and Maruru inscription (Adiga 2006, p167-68)

The ''gavundas'' who appear most often in inscriptions were the backbone of medieval polity of the southern Karnataka region. As landlords and local elite, the state utilized their services to collect taxes, maintain records of landownership, bear witness to grants and transactions and even raise militia when required.Bedirur inscriptions of 635 (Adiga 2006, p168) Owing strong personal allegiance to the king, they were vested with certain rights over villages.Adiga 2006, p173 It appears the ''gavundas'' operated as corporations in the Kaveri valley but as individuals in the northern and eastern domains of the Gangas. They had rights to make grants that may have been occasionally exempt of local taxes.Adiga (2006), p176-177 There were two types of ''gavundas''; the ''ur-gavundas'' who were lower in status and wielded control at the village level and the ''nadu-gavunda'' who oversaw the ''Nadu'' and were directly appointed by the king.Adiga (2006), p20

Inscriptions that specify land grants, rights and ownership were descriptive of the boundaries of demarcation using natural features such as rivers, streams, water channels, hillocks, large boulders, layout of the village, location of forts (''kote'') if any in the proximity, irrigation canals, temples, tanks, even shrubs and large trees. Also included was the type of soil, the crops meant to be grown, tanks or wells to be excavated for irrigation.From the Kumsi inscription of 931 and Doddahomma inscription of 977 (Adiga 2006, pp21-22, p27, p29)From the Mavali inscription and Indivalli inscription (Adiga 2006, p31) Inscriptions mention wet land, cultivable land, forest and waste land.From the Devarahalli and Hosur copper plates (Adiga 2006, p33) There are numerous references to hamlets (''palli'') attesting to the hunter communities that existed (''bedapalli'').From inscriptions and literary writings such as ''Vaddaradhane'' (920) and ''Pampa Bharata'' (940) (Adiga 2006, p36-37)

The size of land granted to the family of a hero who perished in defence of cattle raids was small compared to endowments made to heroes of inter-dynastic battles. These families received large tracts of land, hamlets or even villages in recognition of the sacrifice, the title held by the fallen hero at times passing on to the members of the family.Adiga (2006), p184 Feudal lords were military commanders who held the title ''arasa'' (from the 6th century onwards). These ''arasas'' were either Brahmins or from tribal background and controlled hereditary territories paying periodic tribute to the king.Adiga (2006), p208 The ''velavali'', loyal bodyguards of the royalty were fierce warriors under oath (''vele''). They moved closely with the royal family and were expected to fight for the master and be willing to lay down their lives in the process. If the king died, the ''velavali'' were required to self immolate on the funeral pyre of the master. Thus a close bond existed between the master and the ''velavali'' who was referred to as ''manemaga'' (son of the house)Adiga (2006), pp233-234

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Western Ganga dynasty