Walter Arnold Kaufmann (July 1, 1921 – September 4, 1980) was a

German German(s) may refer to: * Germany (of or related to) ** Germania (historical use) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law **Ge ...

- American philosopher,

translator Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. The English language draws a terminological distinction (which does not exist in every language) between ''transl ...

, and

poet A poet is a person who studies and creates poetry. Poets may describe themselves as such or be described as such by others. A poet may simply be the creator ( thinker, songwriter, writer, or author) who creates (composes) poems ( oral or wri ...

. A prolific

author An author is the writer of a book, article, play, mostly written work. A broader definition of the word "author" states: "''An author is "the person who originated or gave existence to anything" and whose authorship determines responsibility f ...

, he wrote extensively on a broad range of subjects, such as authenticity and

death Death is the irreversible cessation of all biological functions that sustain an organism. For organisms with a brain, death can also be defined as the irreversible cessation of functioning of the whole brain, including brainstem, and brain ...

moral philosophy Ethics or moral philosophy is a branch of philosophy that "involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior".''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' The field of ethics, along with aesthetics, concerns ...

and

existentialism Existentialism ( ) is a form of philosophical inquiry that explores the problem of human existence and centers on human thinking, feeling, and acting. Existentialist thinkers frequently explore issues related to the meaning, purpose, and valu ...

theism Theism is broadly defined as the belief in the existence of a supreme being or deities. In common parlance, or when contrasted with '' deism'', the term often describes the classical conception of God that is found in monotheism (also referred ...

and atheism,

Christianity Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth. It is the world's largest and most widespread religion with roughly 2.38 billion followers representing one-third of the global pop ...

and

Judaism Judaism ( he, ''Yahăḏūṯ'') is an Abrahamic, monotheistic, and ethnic religion comprising the collective religious, cultural, and legal tradition and civilization of the Jewish people. It has its roots as an organized religion in t ...

, as well as philosophy and

literature Literature is any collection of written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially prose fiction, drama, and poetry. In recent centuries, the definition has expanded to include ...

. He served more than 30 years as a

professor Professor (commonly abbreviated as Prof.) is an academic rank at universities and other post-secondary education and research institutions in most countries. Literally, ''professor'' derives from Latin as a "person who professes". Professors ...

Princeton University Princeton University is a private research university in Princeton, New Jersey. Founded in 1746 in Elizabeth as the College of New Jersey, Princeton is the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the ...

. He is renowned as a

scholar A scholar is a person who pursues academic and intellectual activities, particularly academics who apply their intellectualism into expertise in an area of study. A scholar can also be an academic, who works as a professor, teacher, or researc ...

and translator of

Friedrich Nietzsche Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (; or ; 15 October 1844 – 25 August 1900) was a German philosopher, prose poet, cultural critic, philologist, and composer whose work has exerted a profound influence on contemporary philosophy. He began his ...

. He also wrote a 1965 book on

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (; ; 27 August 1770 – 14 November 1831) was a German philosopher. He is one of the most important figures in German idealism and one of the founding figures of modern Western philosophy. His influence extends ...

and published a translation of Goethe's ''Faust'', and

Martin Buber Martin Buber ( he, מרטין בובר; german: Martin Buber; yi, מארטין בובער; February 8, 1878 – June 13, 1965) was an Austrian Jewish and Israeli philosopher best known for his philosophy of dialogue, a form of existentialism ...

's ''

I and Thou ''Ich und Du'', usually translated as ''I and Thou'', is a book by Martin Buber, published in 1923, and first translated from German to English in 1937. Premise Buber's main proposition is that we may address existence in two ways: # The attit ...

''.

Biography

Walter Kaufmann was born in Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany, on 1 July 1921. Corngold, Stanley �
Introduction"
in

by STANLEY CORNGOLD, Princeton University Press, 2019, pp. 1–10. Kaufmann was raised a

Lutheran Lutheranism is one of the largest branches of Protestantism, identifying primarily with the theology of Martin Luther, the 16th-century German monk and Protestant Reformers, reformer whose efforts to reform the theology and practice of the Cathol ...

. At age 11, finding that he believed neither in the

Trinity The Christian doctrine of the Trinity (, from 'threefold') is the central dogma concerning the nature of God in most Christian churches, which defines one God existing in three coequal, coeternal, consubstantial divine persons: God th ...

nor in the divinity of

Jesus Jesus, likely from he, יֵשׁוּעַ, translit=Yēšūaʿ, label= Hebrew/ Aramaic ( AD 30 or 33), also referred to as Jesus Christ or Jesus of Nazareth (among other names and titles), was a first-century Jewish preacher and religiou ...

, he converted to

. Kaufmann subsequently discovered that his grandparents were all Jewish. Being both descended from Jews and a convert to Judaism placed Kaufmann in real danger in the rabidly antisemitic

Nazi Germany Nazi Germany (lit. "National Socialist State"), ' (lit. "Nazi State") for short; also ' (lit. "National Socialist Germany") (officially known as the German Reich from 1933 until 1943, and the Greater German Reich from 1943 to 1945) was ...

. In 1939 Kaufmann emigrated to the United States and began studying at

Williams College Williams College is a private liberal arts college in Williamstown, Massachusetts. It was established as a men's college in 1793 with funds from the estate of Ephraim Williams, a colonist from the Province of Massachusetts Bay who was kill ...

Stanley Corngold Stanley Alan Corngold (born 1934) is an American literary scholar. He is an emeritus professor of German and comparative literature at Princeton University. Biography Corngold was born in Brooklyn in 1934. In 1957, he received his B.A. from Colum ...

records that there he "abandoned his commitment to Jewish ritual while developing a deeply critical attitude toward all established religions." Kaufmann graduated from Williams College in 1941, then went to

Harvard University Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1636 as Harvard College and named for its first benefactor, the Puritan clergyman John Harvard, it is the oldest institution of high ...

, receiving an MA degree in Philosophy in 1942. His studies were, however, interrupted by the war. He enlisted with the

US Army Air Force The United States Army Air Forces (USAAF or AAF) was the major land-based aerial warfare service component of the United States Army and ''de facto'' aerial warfare service branch of the United States during and immediately after World War II ...

, was placed at Camp Ritchie and is one of many

Ritchie Boys The Ritchie Boys were a special collection of soldiers, with sizable numbers of German-Austrian recruits, of Military Intelligence Service officers and enlisted men of World War II who were trained at Camp Ritchie in Washington County, Maryland. ...

who would go on to serve as interrogators for the

Military Intelligence Service The Military Intelligence Service ( ja, アメリカ陸軍情報部, ''America Rikugun Jōhōbu'') was a World War II U.S. military unit consisting of two branches, the Japanese American unit (described here) and the German-Austrian unit based ...

in Europe. Kaufmann specifically performed interrogations in Germany. Kaufmann became a citizen of the United States in 1944. In 1947 he was awarded his PhD by Harvard. His dissertation, written in under a year, was titled "Nietzsche's Theory of Values." That same year he joined the Philosophy Department at Princeton University. And, although he would hold visiting appointments in both the US and abroad, he would remain based at Princeton for the rest of his academic career. His students over the years included Nietzsche scholars

Frithjof Bergmann Frithjof Harold Bergmann (24 December 1930 – 23 May 2021) was a German professor of philosophy at the University of Michigan, where he taught courses on existentialism, continental philosophy, Hegel, and Marx. He was known for the concept o ...

Richard Schacht Richard Schacht (born 1941) is an American philosopher and professor emeritus at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. He is a noted expert on the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche, is the editor of ''International Nietzsche Studies'', an ...

Ivan Soll Ivan Soll (born ''Albert Ivan Soll''; born March 1938) is an American philosopher who is a Professor Emeritus in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Wisconsin–Madison in the United States. He taught at UW from 1965 until his ret ...

and

Alexander Nehamas Alexander Nehamas ( el, Αλέξανδρος Νεχαμάς; born 22 March 1946) is a Greek-born American philosopher. He is a professor of philosophy and comparative literature and the Edmund N. Carpenter II Class of 1943 Professor in the Humani ...

. Kaufmann died, aged 59, on 4 September 1980.

Philosophical work

In a 1959 article in '' Harper's Magazine'', he summarily rejected all religious values and practice, especially the liberal

Protestantism Protestantism is a branch of Christianity that follows the theological tenets of the Protestant Reformation, a movement that began seeking to reform the Catholic Church from within in the 16th century against what its followers perceived to b ...

of continental Europe that began with

Schleiermacher Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher (; 21 November 1768 – 12 February 1834) was a German Reformed theologian, philosopher, and biblical scholar known for his attempt to reconcile the criticisms of the Enlightenment with traditional ...

and culminated in the writings of Paul Tillich and

Rudolf Bultmann Rudolf Karl Bultmann (; 20 August 1884 – 30 July 1976) was a German Lutheran theologian and professor of the New Testament at the University of Marburg. He was one of the major figures of early-20th-century biblical studies. A prominent criti ...

. In their place, he praised moralists such as the biblical

prophets In religion, a prophet or prophetess is an individual who is regarded as being in contact with a divine being and is said to speak on behalf of that being, serving as an intermediary with humanity by delivering messages or teachings from the s ...

, the

Buddha Siddhartha Gautama, most commonly referred to as the Buddha, was a wandering ascetic and religious teacher who lived in South Asia during the 6th or 5th century BCE and founded Buddhism. According to Buddhist tradition, he was born in L ...

, and

Socrates Socrates (; ; –399 BC) was a Greek philosopher from Athens who is credited as the founder of Western philosophy and among the first moral philosophers of the ethical tradition of thought. An enigmatic figure, Socrates authored no te ...

. He argued that

critical analysis Critical thinking is the analysis of available facts, evidence, observations, and arguments to form a judgement. The subject is complex; several different definitions exist, which generally include the rational, skeptical, and unbiased analy ...

and the acquisition of

knowledge Knowledge can be defined as Descriptive knowledge, awareness of facts or as Procedural knowledge, practical skills, and may also refer to Knowledge by acquaintance, familiarity with objects or situations. Knowledge of facts, also called pro ...

were liberating and empowering forces. He forcefully criticized the fashionable

liberal Protestantism Liberal Christianity, also known as Liberal Theology and historically as Christian Modernism (see Catholic modernism and Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy), is a movement that interprets Christianity, Christian teaching by taking into co ...

of the 20th century as filled with contradictions and evasions, preferring the austerity of the book of Job and the Jewish existentialism of

. Kaufmann discussed many of these issues in his 1958 ''Critique of Religion and Philosophy''. Kaufmann wrote a good deal on the

of Søren Kierkegaard and

Karl Jaspers Karl Theodor Jaspers (, ; 23 February 1883 – 26 February 1969) was a German-Swiss psychiatrist and philosopher who had a strong influence on modern theology, psychiatry, and philosophy. After being trained in and practicing psychiatry, Jaspe ...

. Kaufmann had great admiration for Kierkegaard's passion and his insights on freedom,

anxiety Anxiety is an emotion which is characterized by an unpleasant state of inner turmoil and includes feelings of dread over anticipated events. Anxiety is different than fear in that the former is defined as the anticipation of a future threat wh ...

, and

individualism Individualism is the moral stance, political philosophy, ideology and social outlook that emphasizes the intrinsic worth of the individual. Individualists promote the exercise of one's goals and desires and to value independence and self-reli ...

.Kaufmann, W (1980).''Discovering the Mind: Goethe, Kant, and Hegel.'' New York: McGraw-Hill Co., p.26 Kaufmann wrote: "Nobody before Kierkegaard had seen so clearly that the freedom to make a fateful decision that may change our character and future breeds anxiety." Although Kaufmann did not share Kierkegaard's religious outlook and was critical of his

Protestant theology Protestantism is a branch of Christianity that follows the theological tenets of the Protestant Reformation, a movement that began seeking to reform the Catholic Church from within in the 16th century against what its followers perceived to b ...

, Kaufmann was nevertheless sympathetic and impressed with the depth of Kierkegaard's thinking: Kaufmann edited the anthology ''Existentialism from Dostoevsky to Sartre''. Kaufmann disliked

Martin Heidegger Martin Heidegger (; ; 26 September 188926 May 1976) was a German philosopher who is best known for contributions to phenomenology, hermeneutics, and existentialism. He is among the most important and influential philosophers of the 20th ce ...

's thinking, along with his unclear writing. Kaufmann is renowned for his translations and exegesis of

Nietzsche Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (; or ; 15 October 1844 – 25 August 1900) was a German philosopher, prose poet, cultural critic, philologist, and composer whose work has exerted a profound influence on contemporary philosophy. He began his car ...

, whom he saw as gravely misunderstood by English speakers, as a major early

existentialist Existentialism ( ) is a form of philosophical inquiry that explores the problem of human existence and centers on human thinking, feeling, and acting. Existentialist thinkers frequently explore issues related to the meaning, purpose, and value ...

, and as an unwitting precursor, in some respects, to Anglo-American analytic philosophy. Michael Tanner called Kaufmann's commentaries on Nietzsche "obtrusive, self-referential, and lacking insight", but Llewellyn Jones wrote that Kaufmann's "fresh insights into ... Nietzsche ... can deepen the insights of every discriminating student of literature," and ''

The New Yorker ''The New Yorker'' is an American weekly magazine featuring journalism, commentary, criticism, essays, fiction, satire, cartoons, and poetry. Founded as a weekly in 1925, the magazine is published 47 times annually, with five of these issues ...

'' wrote that Kaufmann "has produced what may be the definitive study of Nietzsche's ... thought—an informed, scholarly, and lustrous work." In his '' Nietzsche: Philosopher, Psychologist, Antichrist'' (1950) Kaufmann wrote that Kaufmann also sympathized with Nietzsche's acerbic criticisms of Christianity. However, Kaufmann faulted much in Nietzsche, writing that "my disagreements with ietzscheare legion." Regarding style, Kaufmann argued that Nietzsche's ''

Thus Spoke Zarathustra ''Thus Spoke Zarathustra: A Book for All and None'' (german: Also sprach Zarathustra: Ein Buch für Alle und Keinen), also translated as ''Thus Spake Zarathustra'', is a work of philosophical fiction written by German philosopher Friedrich Niet ...

'', for example, is in parts badly written, melodramatic, or verbose, yet concluded that the book "is not only a mine of ideas, but also a major work of literature and a personal triumph." Kaufmann described his own

ethic Ethics or moral philosophy is a branch of philosophy that "involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior".''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' The field of ethics, along with aesthetics, concerns ma ...

and his own philosophy of living in his books, including ''The Faith of a Heretic'' (1961) and ''Without Guilt and Justice: From Decidophobia to Autonomy'' (1973). In the former work he advocated living in accordance with what he proposed as the four cardinal virtues: "humbition" (a fusion of

humility Humility is the quality of being humble. Dictionary definitions accentuate humility as a low self-regard and sense of unworthiness. In a religious context humility can mean a recognition of self in relation to a deity (i.e. God), and subsequent ...

and ambition),

love Love encompasses a range of strong and positive emotional and mental states, from the most sublime virtue or good habit, the deepest interpersonal affection, to the simplest pleasure. An example of this range of meanings is that the love o ...

, courage, and

honesty Honesty or truthfulness is a facet of moral character that connotes positive and virtuous attributes such as integrity, truthfulness, straightforwardness, including straightforwardness of conduct, along with the absence of lying, cheating, theft ...

Partial bibliography

Original works

* (1950) '' Nietzsche: Philosopher, Psychologist, Antichrist'' * (1958) '' Critique of Religion and Philosophy'' * (1959) '' From Shakespeare to Existentialism'' * (1961) '' The Faith of a Heretic'' * (1962) '' Cain and Other Poems'' * (1965) '' Hegel: A Reinterpretation'' * (1968) '' Tragedy and Philosophy'' * (1973) ''Without Guilt and Justice: From Decidophobia to Autonomy'' * (1976) ''Existentialism, Religion, and Death: Thirteen Essays'' * (1976) '' Religions in Four Dimensions'' * (1977) ''The Future of the Humanities'' * (1978) ''Man's Lot: A Trilogy'', consisting of ** ''Life at the Limits'' ** ''Time is an Artist'' ** ''What is Man?'' * ** vol. 1 ''Goethe, Kant, and Hegel'' ** vol. 2 ''Nietzsche, Heidegger, and Buber'' ** vol. 3 ''Freud Versus Adler and Jung''

Translations

* (1958) ''Judaism and Christianity, essays by

Leo Baeck Leo Baeck (23 May 1873 – 2 November 1956) was a 20th-century German rabbi, scholar, and theologian. He served as leader of Reform Judaism in his native country and internationally, and later represented all German Jews during the Nazi er ...

'' * (1963) ''

Goethe Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832) was a German poet, playwright, novelist, scientist, statesman, theatre director, and critic. His works include plays, poetry, literature, and aesthetic criticism, as well as tr ...

Faust Faust is the protagonist of a classic German legend based on the historical Johann Georg Faust ( 1480–1540). The erudite Faust is highly successful yet dissatisfied with his life, which leads him to make a pact with the Devil at a crossroa ...

'' (

Part One Part, parts or PART may refer to: People *Armi Pärt (born 1991), Estonian handballer * Arvo Pärt (born 1935), Estonian classical composer *Brian Part (born 1962), American child actor *Dealtry Charles Part (1882–1961), sheriff (1926–1927) a ...

and selections from Part Two) * (1965) ''Hegel: Texts and Commentary'' * (1970) ''

'', by

* (1975) '' Twenty-Five German poets'' an extended version of '' Twenty German Poets'' (1962) As written or published by

in chronological order: * ''

The Birth of Tragedy ''The Birth of Tragedy Out of the Spirit of Music'' (german: Die Geburt der Tragödie aus dem Geiste der Musik) is a 1872 work of dramatic theory by the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche. It was reissued in 1886 as ''The Birth of Tragedy, Or ...

Or: Hellenism And Pessimism'' * ''

The Gay Science ''The Gay Science'' (german: Die fröhliche Wissenschaft), sometimes translated as ''The Joyful Wisdom'' or ''The Joyous Science'', is a book by Friedrich Nietzsche published in 1882, and followed by a second edition in 1887 after the completio ...

: With a Prelude in Rhymes and an Appendix of Songs'' * ''

: A Book for All and None'' * ''

Beyond Good and Evil ''Beyond Good and Evil: Prelude to a Philosophy of the Future'' (german: Jenseits von Gut und Böse: Vorspiel einer Philosophie der Zukunft) is a book by philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche that covers ideas in his previous work ''Thus Spoke Zarathu ...

: Prelude to a Philosophy of the Future'' * ''

On the Genealogy of Morals ''On the Genealogy of Morality: A Polemic'' (german: Zur Genealogie der Moral: Eine Streitschrift) is an 1887 book by German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche. It consists of a preface and three interrelated treatises ('Abhandlungen' in German) that ...

'' (with R. J. Hollingdale) * '' The Case of Wagner'' ''A Musician's Problem'' * ''

Twilight of the Idols ''Twilight of the Idols, or, How to Philosophize with a Hammer'' (german: link=no, Götzen-Dämmerung, oder, Wie man mit dem Hammer philosophiert) is a book by Friedrich Nietzsche, written in 1888, and published in 1889. Genesis ''Twilight of th ...

'' ''How One Philosophizes with a Hammer'' * '' The Antichrist'' * '' Nietzsche contra Wagner'' * '' Ecce Homo: How One Becomes What One Is'' * '' The Will to Power'' (with R. J. Hollingdale)

Anthologies/edited works

* (1954) '' The Portable Nietzsche''. Viking. * (1968) '' Basic Writings of Nietzsche'', designed to complement the preceding. * (1961) '' Religion from Tolstoy to Camus'', a companion to the preceding. * (1961) ''Philosophic Classics'', in two volumes: ** ''v. I:'' '' Thales to Ockham,'' ''v. II'': ''Bacon to Kant'' * (1968) '' Basic Writings of Nietzsche'', designed to complement the preceding. * (1970) '' Hegel's Political Philosophy'' * (1975) '' Existentialism from Dostoevsky to Sartre''

Articles, book chapters, and introductions

* 'Nietzsche's Admiration for Socrates", ''

Journal of the History of Ideas The ''Journal of the History of Ideas'' is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering intellectual history and the history of ideas, including the histories of philosophy, literature and the arts, natural and social sciences, religion, an ...

'', v. 9, October 1948, pp. 472–491. Earlier version: "Nietzsche's Admiration for Socrates" (Bowdoin Prize, 1947; pseud. David Dennis) * "Goethe and the History of Ideas", ''Journal of the History of Ideas'', v. 10, October 1949, pp. 503–516. * "The Hegel Myth and Its Method", ''

Philosophical Review ''The Philosophical Review'' is a quarterly journal of philosophy edited by the faculty of the Sage School of Philosophy at Cornell University and published by Duke University Press (since September 2006). Overview The journal publishes original ...

'' v.60, No. 4 (October 1951), pp. 459–486. * Review of ''Nietzsche and Christian Ethics'' by R. Motson Thompson, ''Philosophical Review'' v. 61, no. 4 (October 1952), pp. 595–599. * "Hegel's Early Antitheological Phase", ''Philosophical Review'' v. 63, no. 1 (January 1954), pp. 3–18. * "Nietzsche and Rilke", ''

Kenyon Review ''The Kenyon Review'' is a literary magazine based in Gambier, Ohio, US, home of Kenyon College. ''The Review'' was founded in 1939 by John Crowe Ransom, critic and professor of English at Kenyon College, who served as its editor until 1959. ' ...

'', XVII (1955), pp. 1–23. * "Toynbee and Superhistory", ''

Partisan Review ''Partisan Review'' (''PR'') was a small-circulation quarterly "little magazine" dealing with literature, politics, and cultural commentary published in New York City. The magazine was launched in 1934 by the Communist Party USA–affiliated Joh ...

'', vol. 22, no. 4, Fall 1955, pp. 531–541. Reprinted in * "A Hundred Years after Kierkegaard", ''Kenyon Review'', XVIII, pp. 182–211. * "Jaspers' Relation to Nietzsche", in Paul Schilpps, ed., ''The Philosophy of Karl Jaspers'' (New York: Tudor, 1957), pp. 407–436. *
The Faith of a Heretic
, '' Harper's Magazine'', February 1959, pp. 33–39. Reprinted in ''Existentialism, Religion, and Death'' (New York: New American Library, 1976). * "Existentialism and Death", ''

Chicago Review ''Chicago Review'' is a literary magazine founded in 1946 and published quarterly in the Humanities Division at the University of Chicago. The magazine features contemporary poetry, fiction, and criticism, often publishing works in translation and ...

'', XIII, 1959, pp. 73–93, also in Herman Feifel (ed.) ''The Meaning of Death'', New York: The Blakiston Division / McGraw-Hill, 1959, Revised version printed in ''Existentialism, Religion, and Death'' (New York: New American Library, 1976). * Preface to ''Europe and the Jews: The Pressure of Christendom on the People of Israel for 1900 Years'', 2d ed, by Malcolm Hay. Boston: Beacon Press, 1961. * "A Philosopher's View", in ''Ethics and Business: Three Lectures''. University Park, Pa., 1962, pp. 35–54. Originally presented at a seminar sponsored by the College of Business Administration of the Pennsylvania State University on March 19, 1962. * "Nietzsche Between Homer and Sartre: Five Treatments of the Orestes Story", ''Revue Internationale de Philosophie'' v. 18, 1964, pp. 50–73. * "Nietzsche in the Light of his Suppressed Manuscripts", ''

Journal of the History of Philosophy The ''Journal of the History of Philosophy'' is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal. It was established in 1963 after the Eastern Division of the American Philosophical Association passed a motion to this effect in 1957. The journal is publi ...

'' v. 2, October 1964, pp. 205–226. * "Buber's Religious Significance", from ''The Philosophy of Martin Buber'', ed. P. A. Schilpp and Maurice Friedman (London: Cambridge University Press, 1967) Reprinted in ''Existentialism, Religion, and Death'' (New York: New American Library, 1976). * "The Reception of Existentialism in the United States", ''Midway'', vol. 9 (1) (Summer 1968), pp. 97–126. Reprinted in ''Existentialism, Religion, and Death'' (New York: New American Library, 1976). * Foreword to ''Frau Lou: Nietzsche's Wayward Disciple'', by Rudolph Binion. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1969. * Introductory essay, ''Alienation''

, Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday, 1970 * "The Future of Jewish Identity", ''The Jerusalem Post Magazine'' August 1, 1969, pp. 607. Reprinted in ''Congressional Bi-Weekly'', April 3, 1970; in ''Conservative Judaism'', Summer 1970; in ''New Theology'' no. 9, 1972, pp. 41–58, and in ''Existentialism, Religion, and Death'' (New York: New American Library, 1976.) * Foreword to ''An Introduction to Hegel's Metaphysics'', by

. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1969. * "The Origin of Justice", ''

Review of Metaphysics ''The Review of Metaphysics'' is a peer-reviewed academic journal of philosophy. It was established by Paul Weiss and the first issue was published in September 1947. The journal's primary sponsor is and has been The Catholic University of Ameri ...

'' v. 23, December 1969, pp. 209–239. * "Beyond Black and White", ''Midway'', v. 10(3) (Winter 1970), pp. 49–79. Also ''Survey'' no. 73 (Autumn 1969), pp. 22–46. Reprinted in ''Existentialism, Religion, and Death'' (New York: New American Library, 1976). * "Hegel's Ideas about Tragedy" in ''New Studies in Hegel's Philosophy'', ed. Warren E. Steinkraus (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1971), pp. 201–220. * "The Death of God and the Revaluation", in Robert Solomon, ed., Nietzsche: A Collection of Critical Essays (New York: Anchor Press, 1973), pp. 9–28. * "The Discovery of the Will to Power", in Robert Solomon, ed., ''Nietzsche: A Collection of Critical Essays'' (New York: Anchor Press, 1973), pp. 226–242. * Foreword in ''Truth and Value in Nietzsche: A Study of His Metaethics and Epistemology'' by John T. Wilcox. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1974 * "Nietzsche and Existentialism", ''Symposium: A Quarterly Journal in Modern Foreign Literatures'', v. 28(1) (Spring 1974), pp. 7–16. Reprinted in ''Existentialism, Religion, and Death'' (New York: New American Library, 1976). * "Hegel's Conception of Phenomenology" in ''Phenomenology and Philosophical Understanding'', Edo Pivcevič, ed., pp. 211–230 (1975). * "Unknown Feuerbach Autobiography", ''

Times Literary Supplement ''The Times Literary Supplement'' (''TLS'') is a weekly literary review published in London by News UK, a subsidiary of News Corp. History The ''TLS'' first appeared in 1902 as a supplement to '' The Times'' but became a separate publication ...

'' 1976 (3887): 1123–1124. * "A Preface to Kierkegaard", in Søren Kierkegaard, ''The Present Age and Of the Difference Between a Genius and an Apostle'', trans. Alexander Dru, Harper Torchbooks, pp. 9–29. Reprinted in ''Existentialism, Religion, and Death'' (New York: New American Library, 1976). * "On Death and Lying", Reprinted in ''Existentialism, Religion, and Death'' (New York: New American Library, 1976). * "Letter on Nietzsche", ''Times Literary Supplement'' 1978 (3960): 203. * "Buber's Failures and Triumph", ''Revue Internationale de Philosophie'' v. 32, 1978, pp. 441–459. * "Buber: Of His Failures and Triumph", ''

Encounter Encounter or Encounters may refer to: Film *''Encounter'', a 1997 Indian film by Nimmala Shankar * ''Encounter'' (2013 film), a Bengali film * ''Encounter'' (2018 film), an American sci-fi film * ''Encounter'' (2021 film), a British sci-fi film * ...

'' 52(5): 31–38 1979. * Reply to letter, ''Encounter'' 55(4): 95 1980. * "Art, Tradition, and Truth", ''Partisan Review'', XVII, pp. 9–28.

Sound recordings

"Prof. Kaufmann discusses Sartre, Jaspers, Heidegger, Kierkegaard"
* "Kierkegaard and the Crisis in Religion
Part 1 of 3 Lectures
* "Nietzsche and the Crisis in Philosophy
Part 2 of 3 Lectures
* "Sartre and the Crisis in Morality
Part 3 of 3 Lectures
* "Oedipus Rex" * "Homer and the Birth of Tragedy" * "Aeschylus and the Death of Tragedy" * "The Power of the Single Will" * "Three Satanic Interludes, Or, 'How To Go To Hell'" * "The Will to Power Reexamined"

Notes and references

External links

Walter Kaufmann Web Project
with useful links to his work and life.
Selected works of Walter Kaufmann.
*, *
Grateful student adds a memorial for Kaufmann to Chapel wall
'

Princeton Alumni Weekly The ''Princeton Alumni Weekly'' (''PAW'') is a magazine published for the alumni of Princeton University Princeton University is a private research university in Princeton, New Jersey. Founded in 1746 in Elizabeth as the College of New ...

, 2013
Works by and about Walter Kaufmann.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaufmann, Walter 1921 births 1980 deaths 20th-century American male writers 20th-century American non-fiction writers 20th-century American philosophers 20th-century essayists 20th-century German male writers 20th-century German non-fiction writers 20th-century German philosophers 20th-century German translators Jewish American atheists American male essayists American male non-fiction writers United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II American translators Anthologists Atheist philosophers Continental philosophers Critical theorists Critics of Christianity Critics of religions Cultural critics Epistemologists Existentialists Former Lutherans Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States German male essayists German male non-fiction writers German male writers Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni Hegel scholars Historians of philosophy Jewish American academics Jewish existentialists Jewish philosophers Metaphilosophers Metaphysicians Metaphysics writers Moral philosophers Nietzsche scholars Ontologists Writers from Freiburg im Breisgau Phenomenologists Philosophers of art Philosophers of culture Philosophers of economics Philosophers of education Philosophers of ethics and morality Philosophers of history Philosophers of Judaism Philosophers of literature Philosophers of love Philosophers of mind Philosophers of psychology Philosophers of religion Philosophy academics Philosophy writers Political philosophers Princeton University faculty American social commentators German social commentators Social critics Social philosophers Theorists on Western civilization Translators of Friedrich Nietzsche Translators of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Williams College alumni Writers about activism and social change Writers about religion and science Converts to Judaism from Lutheranism Ritchie Boys

Biography

Philosophical work

Partial bibliography

Original works

Translations

Anthologies/edited works

Articles, book chapters, and introductions

Sound recordings

See also

Notes and references

Further reading

Biographies

Critical assessments

External links