The Vietnamese Martyrs ( Vietnamese: ''Các Thánh Tử đạo Việt Nam'';

French French (french: français(e), link=no) may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to France ** French language, which originated in France, and its various dialects and accents ** French people, a nation and ethnic group identified with Franc ...

: ''Martyrs du Viêt Nam''), also known as the Martyrs of Annam, Martyrs of

Tonkin Tonkin, also spelled ''Tongkin'', ''Tonquin'' or ''Tongking'', is an exonym referring to the northern region of Vietnam. During the 17th and 18th centuries, this term referred to the domain '' Đàng Ngoài'' under Trịnh lords' control, includ ...

and

Cochinchina Cochinchina or Cochin-China (, ; vi, Đàng Trong (17th century - 18th century, Việt Nam (1802-1831), Đại Nam (1831-1862), Nam Kỳ (1862-1945); km, កូសាំងស៊ីន, Kosăngsin; french: Cochinchine; ) is a historical exon ...

, Martyrs of Indochina, or Andrew Dung-Lac and Companions (Anrê Dũng-Lạc và các bạn tử đạo), are

saint In religious belief, a saint is a person who is recognized as having an exceptional degree of holiness, likeness, or closeness to God. However, the use of the term ''saint'' depends on the context and denomination. In Catholic, Eastern Or ...

s on the

General Roman Calendar The General Roman Calendar is the liturgical calendar that indicates the dates of celebrations of saints and mysteries of the Lord (Jesus Christ) in the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church, wherever this liturgical rite is in use. These cel ...

who were

canonized Canonization is the declaration of a deceased person as an officially recognized saint, specifically, the official act of a Christian communion declaring a person worthy of public veneration and entering their name in the canon catalogue of s ...

Pope John Paul II Pope John Paul II ( la, Ioannes Paulus II; it, Giovanni Paolo II; pl, Jan Paweł II; born Karol Józef Wojtyła ; 18 May 19202 April 2005) was the head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 1978 until his ...

. On June 19, 1988, thousands of

Overseas Vietnamese Overseas Vietnamese ( vi, người Việt hải ngoại, or ) refers to Vietnamese people who live outside Vietnam. There are approximately 5 million overseas Vietnamese, the largest community of whom live in the United States. The oldest ...

worldwide gathered at the Vatican for the Celebration of the Canonization of 117 Vietnamese Martyrs, an event chaired by Monsignor Tran Van Hoai. Their

memorial A memorial is an object or place which serves as a focus for the memory or the commemoration of something, usually an influential, deceased person or a historical, tragic event. Popular forms of memorials include landmark objects or works of ...

is on November 24 (although several of these saints have another memorial, having been beatified and on the calendar prior to the canonization of the group).

History

The Vatican estimates the number of Vietnamese martyrs at between 130,000 and 300,000. John Paul II decided to canonize both those whose names are known and unknown, giving them a single feast day. The Vietnamese Martyrs fall into several groupings, those of the Dominican and

Jesuit , image = Ihs-logo.svg , image_size = 175px , caption = ChristogramOfficial seal of the Jesuits , abbreviation = SJ , nickname = Jesuits , formation = , founders ...

missionary era of the 18th century and those killed in the politically inspired persecutions of the 19th century. A representative sample of only 117 martyrs—including 96 Vietnamese, 11 Spanish Dominicans, and ten French members of the

Paris Foreign Missions Society The Society of Foreign Missions of Paris (french: Société des Missions Etrangères de Paris, short M.E.P.) is a Roman Catholic missionary organization. It is not a religious institute, but an organization of secular priests and lay persons de ...

(Missions Etrangères de Paris (MEP))—were beatified on four separate occasions: 64 by

Pope Leo XIII Pope Leo XIII ( it, Leone XIII; born Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci; 2 March 1810 – 20 July 1903) was the head of the Catholic Church from 20 February 1878 to his death in July 1903. Living until the age of 93, he was the second-ol ...

on May 27, 1900; eight by

Pope Pius X Pope Pius X ( it, Pio X; born Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto; 2 June 1835 – 20 August 1914) was head of the Catholic Church from 4 August 1903 to his death in August 1914. Pius X is known for vigorously opposing modernist interpretations of ...

on May 20, 1906; 20 by

on May 2, 1909; and 25 by

Pope Pius XII Pope Pius XII ( it, Pio XII), born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli (; 2 March 18769 October 1958), was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 2 March 1939 until his death in October 1958. Before his e ...

on April 29, 1951. All 117 of these Vietnamese Martyrs were canonized on June 19, 1988. A young Vietnamese Martyr, Andrew of Phú Yên, was beatified in March 2000, by Pope John Paul II. Vietnam martyrs Paul Mi Pierre Duong Pierre Truat 18 December 1838

Vietnam martyrs Paul Mi Pierre Duong Pierre Truat 18 December 1838

The tortures these individuals underwent are considered by the Vatican to be among the worst in the history of Christian martyrdom. The torturers hacked off limbs joint by joint, tore flesh with red hot tongs, and used drugs to enslave the minds of the victims. Christians at the time were branded on the face with the words "tả đạo" (, lit. "Left (Sinister) religion") and families and villages which subscribed to Christianity were obliterated.Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John. ''The Penguin Dictionary of Saints''. 3rd edition. New York:

Penguin Books Penguin Books is a British publishing, publishing house. It was co-founded in 1935 by Allen Lane with his brothers Richard and John, as a line of the publishers The Bodley Head, only becoming a separate company the following year.Théophane Vénard Jean-Théophane Vénard (November 21, 1829 at Saint-Loup-sur-Thouet, Diocese of Poitiers, France – February 2, 1861 in Tonkin, Vietnam) was a French Catholic missionary to Indo-China. He was a member of the Paris Foreign Missions Society ...

inspired the young Saint

Thérèse of Lisieux Thérèse of Lisieux (french: Thérèse de Lisieux ), born Marie Françoise-Thérèse Martin (2 January 1873 – 30 September 1897), also known as Saint Therese of the Child Jesus and the Holy Face (), was a French Catholic Discalced Carmelite ...

to volunteer for the

Carmelite , image = , caption = Coat of arms of the Carmelites , abbreviation = OCarm , formation = Late 12th century , founder = Early hermits of Mount Carmel , founding_location = Mount Ca ...

nunnery at Hanoi, though she ultimately contracted

tuberculosis Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by '' Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but it can also affect other parts of the body. Most infections show no symptoms, ...

and could not go. In 1865 Vénard's body was transferred to his Congregation's church in Paris, but his head remains in Vietnam.
St. Andrew Dung-Lac and his 116 companions
', Attwater dk, Farmer, Lodi, Butler, Den katolske kirke (Catholic Church in Norway) There are several Catholic

parish A parish is a territorial entity in many Christian denominations, constituting a division within a diocese. A parish is under the pastoral care and clerical jurisdiction of a priest, often termed a parish priest, who might be assisted by one or ...

es in the United States, Canada, and elsewhere dedicated to the Martyrs of Vietnam (Holy Martyrs of Vietnam Parishes), one of which is located in Arlington, Texas, in the Dallas-Fort Worth area. Others can be found in

Houston Houston (; ) is the most populous city in Texas, the most populous city in the Southern United States, the fourth-most populous city in the United States, and the sixth-most populous city in North America, with a population of 2,304,580 ...

and

Austin, Texas Austin is the capital city of the U.S. state of Texas, as well as the seat and largest city of Travis County, with portions extending into Hays and Williamson counties. Incorporated on December 27, 1839, it is the 11th-most-populous city ...

Denver Denver () is a consolidated city and county, the capital, and most populous city of the U.S. state of Colorado. Its population was 715,522 at the 2020 census, a 19.22% increase since 2010. It is the 19th-most populous city in the Unit ...

Seattle Seattle ( ) is a seaport city on the West Coast of the United States. It is the seat of King County, Washington. With a 2020 population of 737,015, it is the largest city in both the state of Washington and the Pacific Northwest region o ...

San Antonio ("Cradle of Freedom") , image_map = , mapsize = 220px , map_caption = Interactive map of San Antonio , subdivision_type = Country , subdivision_name = United States , subdivision_type1= State , subdivision_name1 = Texas , subdivision_ ...

, Arlington, Virginia; Richmond, Virginia; and Norcross, Georgia. There are also churches named after individual saints, such as St. Philippe Minh Church in

Saint Boniface, Manitoba St-Boniface (or Saint-Boniface) is a city ward and neighbourhood in Winnipeg. Along with being the centre of the Franco-Manitoban community, it ranks as the largest francophone community in Western Canada. It features such landmarks as the St. B ...

.''Archdiocese of Saint Boniface web-site, Parishes Chaplaincies and Stations, St. Philippe Minh Church, Winnipeg''

The Nguyen Campaign against Catholicism in the 19th century

The Catholic Church in Vietnam was devastated during the Tây Sơn rebellion in the late 18th century. During the turmoil, the missions revived, however, as a result of cooperation between the French Vicar Apostolic Pigneaux de Behaine and Nguyen Anh. After Nguyen's victory in 1802, in gratitude to assistance received, he ensured protection to missionary activities. However, only a few years into the new emperor's reign, there was growing antipathy among officials against Catholicism and missionaries reported that it was purely for political reasons that their presence was tolerated.Jacob Ramsay. "Extortion and Exploitation in the Nguyên Campaign against Catholicism in 1830s–1840s Vietnam". ''

Journal of Southeast Asian Studies The ''Journal of Southeast Asian Studies'' is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering scholarly studies on Southeast Asia (Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, East Timor, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam). It p ...

'', Vol. 35, No. 2 (June 2004), pp. 311–328. Tolerance continued until the death of the emperor and the new emperor Minh Mang succeeding to the throne in 1820. Converts began to be harassed without official edicts in the late 1820s, by local governments. In 1831, the emperor passed new laws on regulations for religious groupings in Viet Nam, and Catholicism was then officially prohibited. In 1832, the first act occurred in a largely Catholic village near Hue, with the entire community being incarcerated and sent into exile in Cambodia. In January 1833, a new kingdom-wide edict was passed calling on Vietnamese subjects to reject the religion of Jesus and required suspected Catholics to demonstrate their renunciation by walking on a wooden cross. Actual violence against Catholics, however, did not occur until the

Lê Văn Khôi revolt The Lê Văn Khôi revolt ( vi, Cuộc nổi dậy Lê Văn Khôi, 1833–1835) was an important revolt in 19th-century Vietnam, in which southern Vietnamese, Vietnamese Catholics, French Catholic missionaries and Chinese settlers under the ...

. During the rebellion, a young French missionary priest named Joseph Marchand was living in sickness in the rebel Gia Dinh citadel. In October 1833, an officer of the emperor reported to the court that a foreign Christian religious leader was present in the citadel. This news was used to justify the edicts against Catholicism, and led to the first executions of missionaries in over 40 years. The first executed was named Francois Gagelin. Marchand was captured and executed as a "rebel leader" in 1835, he was put to death by " slicing". Further repressive measures were introduced in the wake of this episode in 1836. Prior to 1836, village heads had only to simply report to local mandarins about how their subjects had recanted Catholicism; after 1836, officials could visit villages and force all the villagers to line up one by one to trample on a cross and if a community was suspected of harbouring a missionary, militia could block off the village gates and perform a rigorous search; if a missionary was found, collective punishment could be meted out to the entire community. Missionaries and Catholic communities were able to sometimes escape this through bribery of officials; they were also sometimes victims of extortion attempts by people who demanded money under the threat that they would report the villages and missionaries to the authorities. The missionary Father Pierre Duclos said:

with gold bars murder and theft blossom among honest people.

The court became more aware of the problem of the failure to enforce the laws and applied greater pressure on its officials to act; officials that failed to act or those tho who were seen to be acting too slowly were demoted or removed from office (and sometimes were given severe corporal punishment), while those who attacked and killed the Christians could receive promotion or other rewards. Lower officials or younger family members of officials were sometimes tasked with secretly going through villages to report on hidden missionaries or Catholics that had not apostasized. The first missionary arrested during this (and later executed) was the priest

Jean-Charles Cornay Jean-Charles Cornay, (27 February 1809 – 20 September 1837) was a French missionary of the Paris Foreign Missions Society who was martyred in Vietnam. He was executed in Ha Tay, Tonkin, now Vietnam,''A New Dictionary of Saints: East and West'' ...

in 1837. A military campaign was conducted in Nam Dinh after letters were discovered in a shipwrecked vessel bound for Macao. Quang Tri and Quang Binh officials captured several priests along with the French missionary

Bishop A bishop is an ordained clergy member who is entrusted with a position of authority and oversight in a religious institution. In Christianity, bishops are normally responsible for the governance of dioceses. The role or office of bishop is ...

Pierre Dumoulin-Borie in 1838 (who was executed). The court translator, Francois Jaccard, a Catholic who had been kept as a prisoner for years and was extremely valuable to the court, was executed in late 1838; the official who was tasked with this execution, however, was almost immediately dismissed. A priest, Father Ignatius Delgado, was captured in the village of Can Lao (

Nam Định Province Nam Định () ( vi, Tỉnh Nam Định) is a province in the southern part of the Red River Delta region of northern Vietnam. It borders Ninh Bình province to the southwest, Hà Nam province to the northwest, Thái Bình province to the northe ...

), put in a cage on public display for ridicule and abuse, and died of hunger and exposure while waiting for execution

the officer and soldiers that captured him were greatly rewarded (about 3 kg of silver was distributed out to all of them), as were the villagers that had helped to turn him over to the authorities. The bishop Dominic Henares was found in Giao Thuy district of Nam Dinh (later executed); the villagers and soldiers that participated in his arrest were also greatly rewarded (about 3 kg of silver distributed). The priest, Father Joseph Fernandez, and a local priest, Nguyen Ba Tuan, were captured in Kim Song, Nam Dinh; the provincial officials were promoted, the peasants who turned them over were given about 3 kg of silver and other rewards were distributed. In July 1838, a demoted governor attempting to win back his place did so successfully by capturing the priest Father Dang Dinh Vien in Yen Dung, Bac Ninh province. (Vien was executed). In 1839, the same official captured two more priests: Father Dinh Viet Du and Father Nguyen Van Xuyen (also both executed). In Nhu Ly near Hue, an elderly Catholic doctor named Simon Hoa was captured and executed. He had been sheltering a missionary named Charles Delamotte, whom the villagers had pleaded with him to send away. The village was also supposed to erect a shrine for the state-cult, which the doctor also opposed. His status and age protected him from being arrested until 1840, when he was put on trial and the judge pleaded (due to his status in Vietnamese society as both an elder and a doctor) with him to publicly recant; when he refused he was publicly executed. A peculiar episode occurred in late 1839, when a village in Quang Ngai province called Phuoc Lam was victimized by four men who extorted cash from the villagers under threat of reporting the Christian presence to the authorities. The governor of the province had a Catholic nephew who told him about what happened, and the governor then found the four men (caught smoking opium) and had two executed as well as two exiled. When a Catholic lay leader then came to the governor to offer their gratitude (thus perhaps exposing what the governor had done), the governor told him that those who had come to die for their religion should now prepare themselves and leave something for their wives and children; when news of the whole episode came out, the governor was removed from office for incompetence. Many officials preferred to avoid execution because of the threat to social order and harmony it represented, and resorted to use of threats or torture in order to force Catholics to recant. Many villagers were executed alongside priests according to mission reports. The emperor died in 1841, and this offered respite for Catholics. However, some persecution still continued after the new emperor took office. Catholic villages were forced to build shrines to the state cult. The missionary Father Pierre Duclos (quoted above) died in prison in after being captured on the Saigon river in June 1846. The boat he was traveling in, unfortunately contained the money that was set for the annual bribes of various officials (up to 1/3 of the annual donated French mission budget for Cochinchina was officially allocated to 'special needs') in order to prevent more arrests and persecutions of the converts; therefore, after his arrest, the officials then began wide searches and cracked down on the Catholic communities in their jurisdictions. The amount of money that the French mission societies were able to raise made the missionaries a lucrative target for officials that wanted cash, which could even surpass what the imperial court was offering in rewards. This created a cycle of extortion and bribery which lasted for years.

List of Vietnamese Martyrs

Those whose names are known are listed below: ''Please keep in mind that these are the anglicized versions of their names'' * Andrew Dũng-Lạc, Andrew Dung-Lac An Tran, Vietnamese priest * Andrew Thong Kim Nguyen, layman * Andrew Trong Van Tran, layman and soldier * Andrew Tuong Manh Nguyen, layman * Anthony Dich Tien Nguyen, layman * Anthony Quynh Huu Nguyen, layman and doctor * Agnes Thanh-De Thi Le, laywoman * Augustine Schoeffler Dong, MEP, French priest * Augustine Huy Viet Phan, layman and soldier * Augustine Moi Van Nguyen, layman * Bernard Due Van Vu, Vietnamese priest * Celement Ignatius Delgado Y, OP, Spanish bishop * Dominic Cam Van Nguyen, Vietnamese priest * Dominic Dat Dinh, layman and soldier * Dominic Hanh Van Nguyen, OP, Vietnamese priest * Dominic Henares Minh, Spanish bishop * Dominic Huyen Van Tran, layman and fisherman * Dominic Kham Trong Pham, layman and local judge * Dominic Mau Duc Dinh, Vietnamese priest * Dominic Mao Duc Nguyen, layman * Dominic Nhi Duc Nguyen, layman * Dominic Ninh Duy Tran, layman * Dominic Nguyen Huy Nguyen, layman * Dominic Toai Van Tran, layman and fisherman * Dominic Trach-Doai Duc Vu, OP, Vietnamese priest * Dominic Tuoc Dinh Vu, OP, Vietnamese priest * Dominic Uy Van Bui, catechist * Dominic Xuyen Van Nguyen, OP, Vietnamese priest * Emmanuel Phung Van Le, layman * Emmanuel Trieu Van Nguyen, Vietnamese priest * Francis Chieu Van Do, catechist * Francis Gil de Frederich Te, OP, Spanish priest * Francis Isidore Gagelin Kinh, MEP, French priest * Francis Jaccard Phan, MEP, French priest * Francis Trung Van Tran, layman and military officer * Francis Xavier Can Nguyen, catechist * Francis Xavier Mau Trong Ha, catechist * Hyacinth Casteñeda Gia, OP, Spanish priest * James Nam Mai Do, Vietnamese priest * Jerome Hermosilla Vong, OP, Spanish bishop * John Charles Cornay Tan, MEP, French priest * John Dat Viet Doan, Vietnamese priest * John Hoan Trinh Doan, Vietnamese priest * John Louis Bonnard Huong, MEP, French priest * John Baptist Con Ngoc Tran, layman * John Baptist Thanh Van Dinh, catechist * Joseph Mary Díaz Sanjurjo An, OP, Spanish bishop * Joseph Canh Luong Hoang, layman and doctor * Joseph Fernandez Hien, OP, Spanish priest * Joseph Hien Quang Do, Vietnamese priest * Joseph Khang Duy Nguyen, catechist * Joseph Luu Van Nguyen, layman * Joseph Marchand Du, MEP, French priest * Joseph Nghi-Kim Dinh Nguyen, Vietnamese priest * Joseph Thi Dang Le, layman and military officer * Joseph Uyen Dinh Nguyen, Vietnamese priest * Joseph Vien Dinh Dang, Vietnamese priest * Joseph Ta Trong Pham, layman and governor * Joseph Tuc Quang Pham, layman * Joseph Tuan Van Tran, OP, Vietnamese priest * Joseph Tuan Van Tran, layman * Lawrence Ngon Viet Pham, layman and soldier * Lawrence Huong Van Nguyen, Vietnamese priest * Luke Loan Ba Vu, Vietnamese priest * Luke Thin Trong Pham, layman and governor * Martin Tho Ngoc Tran, layman * Martin Thinh Duc Ta, Vietnamese priest * Matthew Alonzo Leciniana Dau, OP, Spanish priest * Matthew Phuong-Dac Van Nguyen, layman * Matthew Gam Van Le, layman and merchant * Melchior García Sampedro Xuyen, OP, Spanish bishop * Michael Hy Dinh Ho, layman and court mandarin * Michael My Huy Nguyen, layman *

Nicholas The Duc Bui The Vietnamese Martyrs ( Vietnamese: ''Các Thánh Tử đạo Việt Nam''; French: ''Martyrs du Viêt Nam''), also known as the Martyrs of Annam, Martyrs of Tonkin and Cochinchina, Martyrs of Indochina, or Andrew Dung-Lac and Companions (Anrê ...

, layman and soldier * Paul Buong Viet Tong, layman and military officer * Paul Duong-Dong Van Vu, layman * Paul Hanh Van Tran, layman * Paul Khoan Khac Pham, Vietnamese priest * Paul Loc Van Le, Vietnamese priest * Paul My Van Nguyen, catechist * Paul Ngan Nguyen, Vietnamese priest * Paul Tinh Bao Le, Vietnamese priest * Peter Almató Binh, OP, Spanish priest * Peter Thuan Van Dinh, layman * Peter Dung Van Dinh, layman * Peter Da Huu Phan, layman and carpenter * Peter Dumoulin-Borie Cao, MEP, French bishop * Peter Duong Van Truong, catechist * Peter Francis Néron Bac, MEP, French priest * Peter Hieu Van Nguyen, catechist * Peter Khanh Hoang, Vietnamese priest * Peter Khoa Dang Vu, Vietnamese priest * Peter Luu Van Nguyen, Vietnamese priest * Peter Qui Cong Doan, Vietnamese priest * Peter Thi Van Truong, Vietnamese priest * Peter Truat Van Vu, catechist * Peter Tu Van Nguyen, OP, Vietnamese priest * Peter Tu Khac Nguyen, catechist * Peter Tuan Ba Nguyen, Vietnamese priest * Peter Tuy Le, Vietnamese priest * Peter Van Van Doan/ John Baptist Van Van Bach, catechist * Philip Minh Van Phan, Vietnamese priest * Simon Hoa Dac Phan, layman and doctor * Stephen Theodore Cuenot The, MEP, French bishop * Stephen Vinh Van Nguyen, layman * Theophanes Vénard Ven, MEP, French priest * Thomas De Van Nguyen, layman * Thomas Du Viet Dinh, Vietnamese priest * Thomas Thien Van Tran, seminarian * Thomas Toan Dinh Dao, catechist * Thomas Khuong Tuc Ngo, Vietnamese priest * Valentine Berriochoa Vinh, OP, Spanish bishop * Vincent Liem Hieu Pham, OP, Vietnamese priest * Vincent Duong Van Pham, layman * Vincent Diem The Nguyen, Vietnamese priest * Vincent Tuong Manh Nguyen, layman and local judge * Vincent Yen Do, OP, Vietnamese priest File:Martyrdom of Joseph Marchand.jpg, Martyrdom of Joseph Marchand, 1835 File:Matyrdom of Saint Pierre Borie 1838 Vietnam.jpg,

Martyrdom A martyr (, ''mártys'', "witness", or , ''marturia'', stem , ''martyr-'') is someone who suffers persecution and death for advocating, renouncing, or refusing to renounce or advocate, a religious belief or other cause as demanded by an externa ...

of Saint Pierre Borie, 24 November 1838,

, Vietnam File:Jean-Charles Cornay.jpg, Martyrdom of

in 1837 File:Jean-Theophane Venard.jpg,

Théophane Vénard Jean-Théophane Vénard (November 21, 1829 at Saint-Loup-sur-Thouet, Diocese of Poitiers, France – February 2, 1861 in Tonkin, Vietnam) was a French Catholic missionary to Indo-China. He was a member of the Paris Foreign Missions Society ...

in chains, martyred in 1861

Causes being promoted

* Andrew of Phú Yên, Jesuit missionary * François Xavier Truong Buu Diep * Marcel Nguyễn Tân Văn, C.Ss.R., Servant of God * Phanxicô Xaviê Nguyễn Văn Thuận, Cardinal

Notes

References

* ''Les Missions Etrangères. Trois siecles et demi d'histoire et d'aventure en Asie'', Editions Perrin, 2008, * ''St. Andrew Dung-Lac & Martyrs'', by Father Robert F. McNamara, Saints Alive and All God's Children Copyright 1980–2010 Rev. Robert F. McNamara and St. Thomas the Apostle Church. * ''Vietnamese Martyr Teaches Quiet Lessons'', by Judy Ball, an AmericanCatholic.org Web site from the Franciscans and St. Anthony Messenger Press.

External links

*
"Saints and Blesseds of Vietnam"
at GCatholic {{DEFAULTSORT:Vietnamese Martyrs * Canonizations by Pope John Paul II Catholic martyrs Executed Vietnamese people History of Catholicism in Vietnam Lists of Christian martyrs Lists of saints

Martyrs A martyr (, ''mártys'', "witness", or , ''marturia'', stem , ''martyr-'') is someone who suffers persecution and death for advocating, renouncing, or refusing to renounce or advocate, a religious belief or other cause as demanded by an external ...

Martyred groups Beatifications by Pope Leo XIII Beatifications by Pope Pius X Beatifications by Pope Pius XII Victims of anti-Catholic violence in Vietnam