An urban guerrilla is someone who fights a
government
A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, generally a state.
In the case of its broad associative definition, government normally consists of legislature, executive, and judiciary. Government i ...
using
unconventional warfare
Unconventional warfare (UW) is broadly defined as "military and quasi-military operations other than conventional warfare" and may use covert forces, subversion, or guerrilla warfare. This is typically done to avoid escalation into conventional ...
or
domestic terrorism in an
urban environment.
Theory and history
The urban guerrilla phenomenon is essentially one of
industrialised society, resting both on the presence of large
urban agglomeration
An urban area, built-up area or urban agglomeration is a human settlement with a high population density and infrastructure of built environment. Urban areas are created through urbanization and are categorized by urban morphology as cities ...
s where hideouts are easy to find and on a theory of
alienation proper to the modern society of
mass consumption
Consumerism is a social and economic order that encourages the acquisition of goods and services in ever-increasing amounts. With the Industrial Revolution, but particularly in the 20th century, mass production led to overproduction—the su ...
.
Michael Collins Michael Collins or Mike Collins most commonly refers to:
* Michael Collins (Irish leader) (1890–1922), Irish revolutionary leader, soldier, and politician
* Michael Collins (astronaut) (1930–2021), American astronaut, member of Apollo 11 and ...
, a commander of the
Irish Republican Army
The Irish Republican Army (IRA) is a name used by various paramilitary organisations in Ireland throughout the 20th and 21st centuries. Organisations by this name have been dedicated to irredentism through Irish republicanism, the belief th ...
(IRA) is often considered to be the father of modern urban guerrilla warfare. In April 1919 an elite assassination unit, known as
The Squad or ''Twelve Apostles'', was created in
Dublin
Dublin (; , or ) is the capital and largest city of Ireland. On a bay at the mouth of the River Liffey, it is in the province of Leinster, bordered on the south by the Dublin Mountains, a part of the Wicklow Mountains range. At the 2016 ...
. The unit was tasked with hunting down and executing British Intelligence operatives in the city; they can be considered one of the first true urban guerrilla units.
Historically guerrilla warfare was a rural phenomenon, it was not until the 1960s that the limitations of this form were clearly demonstrated. The technique was almost entirely ineffective when used outside of the later colonial environment, as was shown by the Cuban-sponsored efforts in Latin America during the 1960s culminating in the ''
foco
A guerilla foco is a small cadre of revolutionaries operating in a nation's countryside. This guerilla organization was popularized by Che Guevara in his book Guerilla Warfare, which was based on his experiences in the Cuban Revolution. Guevara ...
'' campaign headed by
Che Guevara
Ernesto Che Guevara (; 14 June 1928The date of birth recorded on /upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Ernesto_Guevara_Acta_de_Nacimiento.jpg his birth certificatewas 14 June 1928, although one tertiary source, (Julia Constenla, quoted ...
in Bolivia that culminated in his death. The need for the target government to be simultaneously incompetent, iniquitous, and politically isolated was rarely met.
The failure of rural insurgency forced the discontented to find new avenues for action, essentially random terrorism aimed at creating maximum publicity, provoking the targeted regimes into excessive repression and so inciting the general population to join a wider revolutionary struggle. This movement found its mentor in the leader of the ephemeral
Ação Libertadora Nacional
The National Liberation Action (''Ação Libertadora Nacional'', ALN) was a Marxist-Leninist urban guerrilla group in Brazil which fought against the Brazilian military dictatorship instated in 1964. The organization was founded by Carlos Marig ...
,
Carlos Marighela. Before his death in 1969 he wrote the ''
Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla'' which, between the polemics, gave clear advice on strategy and was quickly adopted by others around the world.
Historical examples
However, not all urban political violence can be labeled as ''urban guerrilla''. The
Black Panther Party
The Black Panther Party (BPP), originally the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, was a Marxism-Leninism, Marxist-Leninist and Black Power movement, black power political organization founded by college students Bobby Seale and Huey P. New ...
might not qualify, due to its public nature, although its policy of "self-defense" was interchangeable with a policy of armed struggle in highly policed African-American communities. Similarly the Italian
Autonomia
Autonomism, also known as autonomist Marxism is an anti-capitalist left-wing political and social movement and theory. As a theoretical system, it first emerged in Italy in the 1960s from workerism (). Later, post-Marxist and anarchist tenden ...
movement and the German
Autonomen engaged in urban political violence, but not as urban guerrillas due to their policies of public, mass and non-deadly violence.
In the 1970s BBC comedy "
Citizen Smith
''Citizen Smith'' is a British television sitcom written by John Sullivan, first broadcast from 1977 to 1980.
It starred Robert Lindsay as Walter Henry "Wolfie" Smith, a young Marxist "urban guerrilla" in Tooting, south London, who is attempti ...
" Wolfie Smith, the leader of the fictional "Tooting Popular Front" described himself as an Urban Guerrilla.
Africa
Algeria
FLN
Ethiopia
*
Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party
The Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party (EPRP) ( am, የኢትዮጵያ ሕዝባዊ አብዮታዊ ፓርቲ, Ye-Ītyōṗṗyā Həzbāwī Abyotawi Party), informally known as Ihapa, is the first modern political party in Ethiopia, esta ...
Somalia
*
Hizbul Islam
*
Al-Shabaab
*
Raskamboni Movement
Asia
Bangladesh
*
Crack Platoon during the
1971 Pakistan-Bangladesh War
India
*
Naxalite movement
*
insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir
*
Insurgency in Northeast India
The Insurgency in Northeast India involves multiple armed separatist factions operating in some of India's Northeast India, northeastern states, which are connected to the rest of India by the Siliguri Corridor, a strip of land as narrow as ...
South Korea
*
SKNLF
*
SKSWA
Iran
*
Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas (OIPFG) (formed 1970)
*
People's Mujahedin of Iran
The People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran (PMOI), also known as Mojahedin-e-Khalq (MEK) or Mojahedin-e-Khalq Organization (MKO) ( fa, سازمان مجاهدين خلق ايران, sâzmân-e mojâhedīn-e khalq-e īrân), is an Iranian pol ...
(formed 1970)
Iraq
*
Numerous insurgent forces
Japan
Leftists:
*
*
Japan Revolutionary Communist League (Revolutionary Marxist Faction)
*
Fourth International Japan
*
Red Army Faction
The Red Army Faction (RAF, ; , ),See the section "Name" also known as the Baader–Meinhof Group or Baader–Meinhof Gang (, , active 1970–1998), was a West German far-left Marxist-Leninist urban guerrilla group founded in 1970.
The ...
**
Japanese Red Army
The was a militant communist organization active from 1971 to 2001. It was designated a terrorist organization by Japan and the United States. The JRA was founded by Fusako Shigenobu and Tsuyoshi Okudaira in February 1971 and was most active i ...
(detached from Red Army Faction and Kyoto Partisan in 1971)
**
United Red Army (Remnants of Red Army Faction and the Maoist Revolutionary Left Wing of the Japanese Communist Party merged in 1971
The final days of revolutionary struggle in Japan
/ref>)
* East Asia Anti-Japan Armed Front
The was a Japanese New Left terrorist organization that existed from 1972 to 1975.
The EAAJAF self-identifies as a leftist group which espouses Anti-Japaneseism ideology of revolution against the Japanese state, corporations, and symbols of J ...
Fascists:
* Tatenokai
The or Shield Society was a private militia in Japan dedicated to traditional Japanese values and veneration of the Emperor. It was founded and led by author Yukio Mishima.
Background
The Tatenokai was created on October 5, 1968, recruiting ...
Malaysia
* Malayan Communist Party
The Malayan Communist Party (MCP), officially the Communist Party of Malaya (CPM), was a Marxist–Leninist and anti-imperialist communist party which was active in British Malaya and later, the modern states of Malaysia and Singapore from ...
(PKM)
Lebanon
* Hezbollah
Hezbollah (; ar, حزب الله ', , also transliterated Hizbullah or Hizballah, among others) is a Lebanese Shia Islamist political party and militant group, led by its Secretary-General Hassan Nasrallah since 1992. Hezbollah's parami ...
Palestinian Territories
* Hamas
Hamas (, ; , ; an acronym of , "Islamic Resistance Movement") is a Palestinian Sunni- Islamic fundamentalist, militant, and nationalist organization. It has a social service wing, Dawah, and a military wing, the Izz ad-Din al-Qas ...
*Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine ( ar, الجبهة الشعبية لتحرير فلسطين, translit=al-Jabhah al-Sha`biyyah li-Taḥrīr Filasṭīn, PFLP) is a secular Palestinian Marxist–Leninist and revolutionary so ...
* PLO
*Lehi
Lehi (; he, לח"י – לוחמי חרות ישראל ''Lohamei Herut Israel – Lehi'', "Fighters for the Freedom of Israel – Lehi"), often known pejoratively as the Stern Gang,"This group was known to its friends as LEHI and to its enemie ...
Philippines
* Alex Boncayao Brigade (ABB)
* Red Scorpion Group
* Light A Fire Movement (LAFM)
* Sandigan Army
Turkey
* Revolutionary People's Liberation Party–Front
The Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front ( tr, Devrimci Halk Kurtuluş Partisi-Cephesi or DHKP-C) is a far-left Marxist–Leninist Communist party in Turkey. It was founded in 1978 as Revolutionary Left (Turkish: or ), and has been in ...
(DHKP-C)
* Marxist–Leninist Communist Party (Turkey)
The Marxist–Leninist Communist Party ( tr, Marksist-Leninist Komünist Partisi, abbreviated as ''MLKP'') is an underground Hoxhaist communist party in Turkey. It was founded in 1994, and has been involved in the Rojava conflict since 2012.
...
(MLKP)
* Devrimci Yol
Devrimci Yol (Turkish for "Revolutionary Path", shortly DEV-YOL) was a Turkish political movement (as opposed to a tightly structured organization) with many supporters in trade unions and other professional institutions.TURKEY: BACKGROUND TO D ...
(DEV-YOL)
* Turkish Revolutionary Youth Federation
* Devrimci Karargâh (DK)
* Group of Communities in Kurdistan (KCK)
* Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK)
Europe
Belgium
* Cellules Communistes Combattantes
Cellules Communistes Combattantes (CCC; Communist Combatant Cells, also known as Fighting Communist Cells) was a Communist Belgian urban guerrilla organization.
The cells were active for less than two years in the mid-1980s; primarily engaged ...
(CCC)
* Front Revolutionaire d' Action Prolétarienne (FRAP)
France
* Action Directe - A far-left group.
* - A fascist group.
* FLNC
The National Liberation Front of Corsica ( co, Fronte di liberazione naziunale di a Corsica or ; french: Front de libération nationale corse, abbreviated FLNC) was a militant group that advocates an independent state on the island of Corsica, ...
- A Corsican separatist group.
* Organisation armée secrète
The ''Organisation Armée Secrète'' (OAS, "Secret Armed Organisation") was a far-right French dissident paramilitary organisation during the Algerian War. The OAS carried out terrorist attacks, including bombings and assassinations, in an atte ...
- A far-right group.
Germany
Leftists:
* Movement 2 June
* Red Army Faction
The Red Army Faction (RAF, ; , ),See the section "Name" also known as the Baader–Meinhof Group or Baader–Meinhof Gang (, , active 1970–1998), was a West German far-left Marxist-Leninist urban guerrilla group founded in 1970.
The ...
(RAF)
* Revolutionary Cells (RZ)
Fascists:
* Nationalsozialistischer Untergrund (NSU)
Greece
* Revolutionary Organization 17 November
* Revolutionary Struggle
* Revolutionary Nuclei
Revolutionary Nuclei (RN; , ''Epanastatikoi Pyrines''), also known as Revolutionary Cells, was an armed far-left
Far-left politics, also known as the radical left or the extreme left, are politics further to the left on the left–right po ...
* Sect of Revolutionaries
* Conspiracy of Fire Nuclei
The Conspiracy of Fire Nuclei ( el, Συνωμοσία Πυρήνων της Φωτιάς, Synomosía Pyrínon tis Fotiás, abbrev. SPF), also translated as Conspiracy of Fire Cells or Conspiracy of Cells of Fire, is an anarchist urban guerrill ...
Iceland
* Kópamaros
* X18 (guerilla movement)
Ireland
* Irish Republican Army
The Irish Republican Army (IRA) is a name used by various paramilitary organisations in Ireland throughout the 20th and 21st centuries. Organisations by this name have been dedicated to irredentism through Irish republicanism, the belief th ...
* Irish National Liberation Army
* Provisional Irish Republican Army
The Irish Republican Army (IRA; ), also known as the Provisional Irish Republican Army, and informally as the Provos, was an Irish republican paramilitary organisation that sought to end British rule in Northern Ireland, facilitate Irish reu ...
Italy
Poland
*Combat Organization of the Polish Socialist Party
The Combat Organization of the Polish Socialist Party ( pl, Organizacja Bojowa Polskiej Partii Socjalistycznej, abbreviated ''OBPPS''), also translated as Fighting Organization of the Polish Socialist Party; also known as ''bojówki'' ( paramilita ...
*Rewolucyjni Mściciele
Rewolucyjni Mściciele (Polish for ''Revolutionary Avengers'', also known as ''Grupa Rewolucjonistów Mścicieli'', translated as ''Group of Revolutionaries and Avengers'') was an anarchist movement operating mostly in Łódź in the Piotrków Go ...
Spain
* ETA
Eta (uppercase , lowercase ; grc, ἦτα ''ē̂ta'' or ell, ήτα ''ita'' ) is the seventh letter of the Greek alphabet, representing the close front unrounded vowel . Originally denoting the voiceless glottal fricative in most dialects, ...
* ETA-pm
* Terra Lliure
* MPAIAC, Canary Islands Independence Movement
The Canary Islands Independence Movement (CIIM), also known as the Movement for the Independence and Self-determination of the Canaries Archipelago ( es, Movimiento por la Autodeterminación e Independencia del Archipiélago Canario, MPAIAC), was ...
* GRAPO
* Resistência Galega
* Iraultza
* Comandos Autónomos Anticapitalistas
The Comandos Autónomos Anticapitalistas (CAA or CCAA) ( eu, Komando Autonomo Antikapitalistak; "Autonomous Anticapitalist Commandos") were a Basque armed group in Spain with Autonomist Marxist politics, defined as an anarchistic breakaway of ET ...
* FRAP
* Arxiu
* Exèrcit Popular Català
* Escamots Autònoms d´Alliberament
* Hermanos Quero
* Front d'Alliberament de Catalunya
* Organització de la Lluita Armada
* Exército Guerrilheiro do Povo Galego Ceive
* Liga Armada Galega
* Loita Armada Revolucionaria
* Fuerzas Armadas Guanches
* Andecha Obrera
United Kingdom
* Scottish National Liberation Army
* MAC
* An Gof
* Free Wales Army
* Cornish National Liberation Army
The Cornish National Liberation Army (CNLA) was a short-lived Cornish nationalist paramilitary organisation that threatened to perform acts of vandalism and arson against commercial targets that it considered to be English, in Cornwall. The org ...
*
North America
Canada
* FLQ (Quebec
Quebec ( ; )According to the Canadian government, ''Québec'' (with the acute accent) is the official name in Canadian French and ''Quebec'' (without the accent) is the province's official name in Canadian English is one of the thirte ...
)
* Squamish Five
The Squamish Five (sometimes referred to as the Vancouver Five) were a group of self-styled "urban guerrillas" active in Canada during the early 1980s. Their chosen name was Direct Action. The five were Ann Hansen, Brent Taylor, Juliet Caroli ...
* Wimmin's Fire Brigade
Cuba
* 26th of July Movement
The 26th of July Movement ( es, Movimiento 26 de Julio; M-26-7) was a Cuban vanguard revolutionary organization and later a political party led by Fidel Castro. The movement's name commemorates its 26 July 1953 attack on the army barracks on San ...
(M-26-7)
El Salvador
* FMLN
Nicaragua
* FSLN
The Sandinista National Liberation Front ( es, Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional, FSLN) is a socialist political party in Nicaragua. Its members are called Sandinistas () in both English and Spanish. The party is named after Augusto C ...
United States
* American Indian Movement
The American Indian Movement (AIM) is a Native American grassroots movement which was founded in Minneapolis, Minnesota in July 1968, initially centered in urban areas in order to address systemic issues of poverty, discrimination, and police br ...
* Black Liberation Army
The Black Liberation Army (BLA) was a far-left, black nationalist, underground Black Power revolutionary paramilitary organization that operated in the United States from 1970 to 1981. Composed of former Black Panthers (BPP) and Republic of ...
* Black Panther Party
The Black Panther Party (BPP), originally the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, was a Marxism-Leninism, Marxist-Leninist and Black Power movement, black power political organization founded by college students Bobby Seale and Huey P. New ...
* Border Ruffian
* Brown Berets
The Brown Berets (Spanish: ''Los Boinas Cafés'') is a pro-Chicano paramilitary organization that emerged during the Chicano Movement in the late 1960s. David Sanchez and Carlos Montes co-founded the group modeled after the Black Panther Par ...
* Bushwacker
* Chicano Liberation Front
The Chicano Liberation Front (CLF) was an underground revolutionary group in California, United States, that committed dozens of bombings and arson attacks in the Los Angeles area in the early 1970s. The radical militant group publicly claimed r ...
* Earth Liberation Front
* George Jackson Brigade
* Green Mountain Anarchist Collective
* Jayhawker
* Ku Klux Klan
The Ku Klux Klan (), commonly shortened to the KKK or the Klan, is an American white supremacist, right-wing terrorist, and hate group whose primary targets are African Americans, Jews, Latinos, Asian Americans, Native Americans, and Cat ...
* May 19th Communist Movement
The May 19th Communist Organization (also variously referred to as the May 19 Coalition, May 19 Communist Coalition or M19CO) was a US-based far-left armed terrorist group formed by members of the Weather Underground Organization. The group was ...
* MOVE
Move may refer to:
People
* Daniil Move (born 1985), a Russian auto racing driver
Brands and enterprises
* Move (company), an online real estate company
* Move (electronics store), a defunct Australian electronics retailer
* Daihatsu Move
Go ...
* New Black Panther Party
* The Night Riders
* Quantrill's Raiders
* Red Shirts (United States)
* Republic of Texas (group)
* Sovereign citizen movement
The sovereign citizen movement (also SovCit movement or SovCits) is a loose grouping of litigants, activists, tax protesters, financial scheme promoters and conspiracy theorists, who claim to be answerable only to their particular interpret ...
* Symbionese Liberation Army
* US Organization
US Organization, or Organization Us, is a Black nationalist group in the United States founded in 1965. It was established as a community organization by Hakim Jamal together with Maulana Karenga. It was a rival to the Black Panther Party in Cali ...
* Weather Underground Organization
South America
Argentina
* Montoneros
Montoneros ( es, link=no, Movimiento Peronista Montonero-MPM) was an Argentine left-wing Peronist guerrilla organization, active throughout the 1970s and early 1980s. The name is an allusion to the 19th-century cavalry militias called Montone ...
- A leftist group.
* Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (ERP) - A leftist group.
* Tacuara Nationalist Movement (MNT) - A fascist group.
Brazil
* National Liberation Action (ALN)
* Popular Liberation Movement (Molipo)
* Revolutionary Movement 8th October
8th October Revolutionary Movement (''Movimento Revolucionário 8 de Outubro'', MR8) was a Marxist political organization that took part in armed struggle against the Military dictatorship in Brazil. It was formed in 1964 among college students ...
(MR-8)
* Armed Revolutionary Vanguard Palmares (VAR-Palmares)
* Popular Revolutionary Vanguard (VPR)
Chile
Leftists:
* Lautaro Youth Movement
The Lautaro Youth Movement ( es, Movimiento Juvenil Lautaro, or MJL) also known as MAPU Lautaro was a left-wing armed organization in Chile, founded in 1982 by Guillermo Ossandón.
History
During the Military dictatorship in Chile some memb ...
(MJL)
* Manuel Rodríguez Patriotic Front (FPMR)
* Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionaria (MIR)
Fascists:
* Fatherland and Liberty
The Fatherland and Liberty Nationalist Front ( es, Frente Nacionalista Patria y Libertad or simply , PyL) was a fascistAcademic literature describing FNPL as a fascist movement:
* "Pablo Rodriguez, a lawyer and gremialista, formed the Movimiento ...
(PyL)
Colombia
* 19th of April Movement
The 19th of April Movement ( es, Movimiento 19 de Abril), or M-19, was a Colombian guerrilla organisation movement. After its demobilization it became a political party, the M-19 Democratic Alliance (), or AD/M-19.
The M-19 traced its or ...
(M-19)
* Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia
The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia – People's Army ( es, link=no, Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de ColombiaEjército del Pueblo, FARC–EP or FARC) is a Marxist–Leninist guerrilla group involved in the continuing Colombian confl ...
* National Liberation Army
Uruguay
* Tupamaros
Venezuela
* Fuerzas Armadas de Liberacion Nacional
* Bandera Roja
See also
* Guerrilla warfare
Guerrilla warfare is a form of irregular warfare in which small groups of combatants, such as paramilitary personnel, armed civilians, or irregulars, use military tactics including ambushes, sabotage, raids, petty warfare, hit-and-run ta ...
and unconventional warfare
Unconventional warfare (UW) is broadly defined as "military and quasi-military operations other than conventional warfare" and may use covert forces, subversion, or guerrilla warfare. This is typically done to avoid escalation into conventional ...
* Insurgency
An insurgency is a violent, armed rebellion against authority waged by small, lightly armed bands who practice guerrilla warfare from primarily rural base areas. The key descriptive feature of insurgency is its asymmetric nature: small irr ...
and Counterinsurgency
Counterinsurgency (COIN) is "the totality of actions aimed at defeating irregular forces". The Oxford English Dictionary defines counterinsurgency as any "military or political action taken against the activities of guerrillas or revolutionari ...
* Terrorism
Terrorism, in its broadest sense, is the use of criminal violence to provoke a state of terror or fear, mostly with the intention to achieve political or religious aims. The term is used in this regard primarily to refer to intentional violen ...
, Counter-terrorism
Counterterrorism (also spelled counter-terrorism), also known as anti-terrorism, incorporates the practices, military tactics, techniques, and strategies that governments, law enforcement, business, and intelligence agencies use to combat or ...
and anti-terrorist legislation
Counterterrorism (also spelled counter-terrorism), also known as anti-terrorism, incorporates the practices, military tactics, techniques, and strategies that Government, governments, law enforcement, business, and Intelligence agency, intellig ...
* Propaganda of the deed
Propaganda of the deed (or propaganda by the deed, from the French ) is specific political direct action meant to be exemplary to others and serve as a catalyst for revolution.
It is primarily associated with acts of violence perpetrated by pro ...
* Strategy of tension
A strategy of tension ( it, strategia della tensione) is a policy wherein violent struggle is encouraged rather than suppressed. The purpose is to create a general feeling of insecurity in the population and make people seek security in a strong go ...
* State of exception
A state of exception (german: Ausnahmezustand) is a concept introduced in the 1920s by the German philosopher and jurist Carl Schmitt, similar to a state of emergency (martial law) but based in the sovereign's ability to transcend the rule of law ...
* False flag
A false flag operation is an act committed with the intent of disguising the actual source of responsibility and pinning blame on another party. The term "false flag" originated in the 16th century as an expression meaning an intentional misr ...
attacks
* Molotov cocktail
A Molotov cocktail (among several other names – ''see other names'') is a hand thrown incendiary weapon constructed from a frangible container filled with flammable substances equipped with a fuse (typically a glass bottle filled with fla ...
References
External links
Suggested readings:
*Greene, T.N. (ed) The Guerrilla—and How to Fight Him: Selections From the Marine Corps Gazette. Frederick A. Praeger, 1964.
*Molnar et al., Undergrounds in Insurgent, Revolutionary, and Resistance Warfare. Special Operations Research Office, American University, 1963.
*Oppenheimer, Martin. The Urban Guerrilla. Quadrangle, 1969.
''The Black Bloc Papers: An Anthology of Primary Texts From The North American Anarchist Black Bloc 1988-2005''
by Xavier Massot & David Van Deusen of the Green Mountain Anarchist Collective (NEFAC-VT), Breaking Glass Press, 2010.
''A Communiqué on Tactics and Organization to the Black Bloc, from within the Black Bloc''
by The Green Mountain Anarchist Collective (NEFAC-VT) & Columbus Anti-Racist Action, Black Clover Press, 2001.
''Van Deusen On North American Black Blocs 1996-2001''
by David Van Deusen, The Anarchist Library, 2017.
* Peter Polack, Guerrilla Warfare; Kings of Revolution,Casemate,.
{{Authority control
Terrorism tactics
Guerrilla warfare by type
Revolutions