Upper Sind Frontier
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Upper Sind Frontier District was a district of the
Bombay Presidency The Bombay Presidency or Bombay Province, also called Bombay and Sind (1843–1936), was an administrative subdivision (province) of British India, with its capital in the city that came up over the seven islands of Bombay. The first mainl ...
during British Rule in
colonial India Colonial India was the part of the Indian subcontinent that was occupied by European colonial powers during the Age of Discovery. European power was exerted both by conquest and trade, especially in spices. The search for the wealth and prosper ...
. The district was the northernmost portion of
Sind Sindh (; ; ur, , ; historically romanized as Sind) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan. Located in the southeastern region of the country, Sindh is the third-largest province of Pakistan by land area and the second-largest province ...
and lay between 27°56' and 28° 27' N. and 68° and 69° 44' E., with an area of . It was bounded on the north and west by the Dera Ghazi Khan District of the Punjab and by
Baluchistan Balochistan ( ; bal, بلۏچستان; also romanised as Baluchistan and Baluchestan) is a historical region in Western and South Asia, located in the Iranian plateau's far southeast and bordering the Indian Plate and the Arabian Sea coastline. ...
; on the south by Sukkur District; and on the east by the river Indus. Upper Sind Frontier District Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 24, p. 277.
/ref> It was formerly known as Upper Sindh Frontier district, being the northern most area of the
Sindh Sindh (; ; ur, , ; historically romanized as Sind) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan. Located in the southeastern region of the country, Sindh is the third-largest province of Pakistan by land area and the second-largest province ...
province with the Frontier Crimes Regulations as the law of the land. The Frontier Crimes Regulations were repealed in the year 1952 where-after it was named as Jacobabad district. Nasirabad sub-division of Sibi agency was added to the Jacobabad district on 1st May, 1961, which as present no more in the district.


Terrain

The district was described by the Imperial Gazetteer of India as follows: The District consists of a narrow strip of level plain covered in parts with dense jungle, which, prior to the construction of the Kashmor embankment in 1879-80, was exposed to annual inundations. The embankment now keeps out the physical aspects. flood-water, and cultivation is general. The greatest length from east to west is , and the maximum breadth from north to south . The land itself lies from 170 to above sea-level, being highest on its eastern side near the river Indus, whence it slopes downwards to the west. The south-east extremity of the District consists of high mountains, part of the Kirthar range, the highest peak being Miangun (5,100 ft). These hills and the adjacent flood-swept plain are sparsely inhabited. The northern border of the District is skirted by the Bugti hills, part of the Sulaiman Mountains. Geologically, the District consists of alluvial deposits and desert.


Climate

The climate is remarkable for its intense heat, the greatest in colonial India, its variations in temperature, and the smallness of the rainfall. The hot season extends from April to October. For the remainder of the year the weather is cold and agreeable. In November and March the temperature rises considerably in the daytime, but in the winter nights cold is severe and frost. is frequent. Cool nights are experienced in April and May, after which the full force of the heat is felt, the nights being oppressive and the humidity generally over 70 per cent. During the five years 1900-4, the maximum temperature recorded was , the minimum on the same day being . Shade temperatures over are frequently recorded, and sometimes the thermometer does not fall below for several successive days. After August the nights become cooler, the north-west wind sets in, and by the middle of October the temperature falls considerably. The annual rainfall averages about 3 inches.


Demography

The District contained one town, Jacobabad and 390 villages, according to the 1872 census it has a population of 115,050, in 1881 145,180., in 1891 174,548 - according to the 1901 census the population was 232,045 (89 persons per square mile). The increase was due to immigration from Baluchistan and the Punjab, to fresh lands having been brought under cultivation, and to changes in the area of the District amounting to an addition of about . According to the 1901 census, the chief language was Sindi, which was spoken by 165,110 persons, or 71 per cent of the total. Baluchi and Siraiki were also spoken in all parts of the District. Muslims formed 90 per cent of the total population and Hindus 9 per cent.


Administration

The district, headquartered at the city of Jacobabad, was subdivided into 5 talukas: *
Jacobabad Taluka Jacobabad Tehsil is an administrative subdivision (tehsil) of Jacobabad District, Sindh, Pakistan. It is subdivided into 15 Union Councils, 8 of which comprise the capital Jacobabad History During British rule, the taluka was part of the Uppe ...
*
Thul Thul ( sd, ٺل شهر) is the town of Jacobabad District in the Sindh Province of Pakistan. It is located at 28°14'0N 68°46'0E at an altitude of 59 metres (196 feet). Thul is biggest Tehsil of Sindh; It 10 Police Stations, 3 Town Committees, 1 ...
* Kandhkot *
Kashmor Kashmore or Kashmor ( sd, ڪشمور, ur, ), is a town and the administrative centre of Kashmore District located in the Sindh Province of Pakistan Pakistan ( ur, ), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ( ur, , label=none), is ...
* Shahdadkot


References


Further reading

* {{Sindh-geo-stub Jacobabad District Historical Indian regions History of Sindh Geography of Sindh