Uma (known natively as ') is an
Austronesian language spoken in
Central
Central is an adjective usually referring to being in the center of some place or (mathematical) object.
Central may also refer to:
Directions and generalised locations
* Central Africa, a region in the centre of Africa continent, also known a ...
and
South Sulawesi
South Sulawesi ( id, Sulawesi Selatan) is a province in the southern peninsula of Sulawesi. The Selayar Islands archipelago to the south of Sulawesi is also part of the province. The capital is Makassar. The province is bordered by Central Sul ...
, Indonesia.
Phonology
Consonants
Notes:
* acts as a nasal in some respects and causes the nasalization of non-front vowels (e.g., [] 'ten'→ with nasal vowels).
* is realized as retroflex contiguous to non-front vowels.
* is neutralized word-initially, and is the only consonant that can occur in the coda or word-finally.
*In the Lincio variety of Central Uma, is pronounced .
*The semivowel is rare, found mainly in loan words.
*The affricate /tʃ/ is found only following /n/, i.e., in the prenasalized stop /ⁿtʃ/.
Orthographic notes:
* is 'w'
* is 'ny'
* is 'ng'
* is 'y'
* is 'j'
* is 'c'
* is an apostrophe or simply '
ʔ'
Vowels
Pronouns
Notes:
*
ABS refers to pronominals in the
absolutive case
In grammar, the absolutive case (abbreviated ) is the case of nouns in ergative–absolutive languages that would generally be the subjects of intransitive verbs or the objects of transitive verbs in the translational equivalents of nominativ ...
, while
ERG refers to the
ergative and
GEN to the
genitive
In grammar, the genitive case ( abbreviated ) is the grammatical case that marks a word, usually a noun, as modifying another word, also usually a noun—thus indicating an attributive relationship of one noun to the other noun. A genitive can a ...
.
*1P means 'first person,' 2P means 'second person,' and 3P means 'third person.'
*(
SG) means 'singular' and (
PL) means 'plural.' (
PL.ex) means 'plural exclusive' and (
PL.in) means 'plural inclusive.'
*
-means that ∅ is a proclitic.
*
∅
In mathematics, the empty set is the unique set having no elements; its size or cardinality (count of elements in a set) is zero. Some axiomatic set theories ensure that the empty set exists by including an axiom of empty set, while in other ...
means that ∅ is an enclitic.
*In the Tobaku, Tolee', and Winatu dialects, the possessives [] and [] are [] and [] respectively.
*In the Tolee' and Winatu dialects, the absolutives [] and [] are [] and [] respectively. The free forms [] and [] are [] and [] respectively.
Numerals
The cardinal numbers from 1 to 10 are:
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
Classification of Uma varieties
Ethnologue
''Ethnologue: Languages of the World'' (stylized as ''Ethnoloɠue'') is an annual reference publication in print and online that provides statistics and other information on the living languages of the world. It is the world's most comprehensi ...
(17th ed., 2013) recognizes seven dialects of Uma.
*Bana
*Benggaulu (= Bingkolu)
*Kantewu (= Central Uma)
*Aria (= Southern Uma)
*Tobaku (= Ompa, Dompa, Western Uma)
*Tolee' (= Eastern Uma)
*Winatu (= Northern Uma)
Martens (2014) recognized six major dialects of Uma,
noting that the Tori'untu dialect is nearly extinct due to the encroachment of the Kantewu dialect and non-Uma languages.
*Kantewu (= Central)
*Southern
*Tolee'
*Tobaku
*Winatu
*Tori'untu
Martens also identifies two dialects closely related to Uma spoken in the
Pasangkayu Regency.
*
Sarudu
*Benggaulu (= Bingkolu)
References
Bibliography
*
*
{{Languages of Indonesia
Kaili–Pamona languages
Languages of Sulawesi