The Ukrainian People's Army ( uk, Армія Української Народної Республіки), also known as the Ukrainian National Army (UNA) or as a derogatory term of Russian and

Soviet historiography Soviet historiography is the methodology of history studies by historians in the Soviet Union (USSR). In the USSR, the study of history was marked by restrictions imposed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). Soviet historiography i ...

Petliurovtsy ( uk, Петлюрівці, translit=Petliurivtsi) was the army of the

Ukrainian People's Republic The Ukrainian People's Republic (UPR), or Ukrainian National Republic (UNR), was a country in Eastern Europe that existed between 1917 and 1920. It was declared following the February Revolution in Russia by the First Universal. In March 1 ...

(1917–1921). They were often quickly reorganized units of the former

Imperial Russian Army The Imperial Russian Army (russian: Ру́сская импера́торская а́рмия, tr. ) was the armed land force of the Russian Empire, active from around 1721 to the Russian Revolution of 1917. In the early 1850s, the Russian Ar ...

or newly formed volunteer detachments that later joined the national armed forces. The army lacked a certain degree of uniformity, adequate leadership to keep discipline and morale. Unlike the

Ukrainian Galician Army Ukrainian Galician Army ( uk, Українська Галицька Армія, translit=Ukrayins’ka Halyts’ka Armiya, UHA), was the Ukrainian military of the West Ukrainian National Republic during and after the Polish-Ukrainian War. It w ...

, the Ukrainian People's Army did not manage to evolve a solid organizational structure, and consisted mostly of volunteer units, not regulars.

History

Creation: Military congresses

When the

Tsentralna Rada The Central Council of Ukraine ( uk, Українська Центральна Рада, ) (also called the Tsentralna Rada or the Central Rada) was the All-Ukrainian council (soviet) that united deputies of soldiers, workers, and peasants deputie ...

(Central Rada) came to power in Ukraine in spring of 1917, it was forced to promptly put together an army to defend Ukraine against the

Bolsheviks The Bolsheviks (russian: Большевики́, from большинство́ ''bol'shinstvó'', 'majority'),; derived from ''bol'shinstvó'' (большинство́), "majority", literally meaning "one of the majority". also known in English ...

. Nearly all units of the newly created army were detached from the

. On March 29, 1917 the first organization of military forum the Ukrainian Military Club was organized at the

Kiev Military District The Kiev Military District (; , abbreviated ) was a military district of the Imperial Russian Army and subsequently of the Red Army and Soviet Armed Forces. It was first formed in 1862, and was headquartered in Kiev ( Kyiv) for most of its ...

on the initiative of

Mykola Mikhnovsky Mykola Ivanovych Mikhnovsky ( uk, Мико́ла Іва́нович Міхно́вський; – 3 May 1924) was a Ukrainian independence activist, lawyer and journalist who was one of the early leaders of the Ukrainian nationalist movement ...

. Also during 1917 there were three All-Ukrainian Military Congresses that elected their representatives to the

Central Rada The Central Council of Ukraine ( uk, Українська Центральна Рада, ) (also called the Tsentralna Rada or the Central Rada) was the All-Ukrainian council (soviet) that united deputies of soldiers, workers, and peasants deputie ...

. After the first such congress that took place on May 18–21, 1917 in

Kiev Kyiv, also spelled Kiev, is the capital and most populous city of Ukraine. It is in north-central Ukraine along the Dnieper River. As of 1 January 2021, its population was 2,962,180, making Kyiv the seventh-most populous city in Europe. Ky ...

, the Ukrainian General Military Committee was created.From Bogdanivtsi to the Rebel Army. A brief history of the Ukrainian armed forces in 1917-1921

Ukrayinska Pravda ''Ukrainska Pravda'' ( uk, Українська правда, lit=Ukrainian Truth) is a Ukrainian online newspaper founded by Georgiy Gongadze on 16 April 2000 (the day of the Ukrainian constitutional referendum). Published mainly in Ukrai ...

(6 December 2018) The committee was placed in charge for creation and restructuring of the army. The head of the committee was elected the future first General Secretary of Military Affairs,

Symon Petlyura Symon Vasylyovych Petliura ( uk, Си́мон Васи́льович Петлю́ра; – May 25, 1926) was a Ukrainian politician and journalist. He became the Supreme Commander of the Ukrainian Army and the President of the Ukrainian People' ...

. The next congress, defying a ban placed by the

Russian Provisional Government The Russian Provisional Government ( rus, Временное правительство России, Vremennoye pravitel'stvo Rossii) was a provisional government of the Russian Republic, announced two days before and established immediately ...

, took place on June 18–23, 1917 in Kiev. At this congress the 1st "Universal" of the Central Rada was read and the first elections to that institution took place. The last congress took place on November 2–12, 1917 and also in Kiev. Due to the civil unrest that was initiated by the

across the country also known as the

October Revolution The October Revolution,. officially known as the Great October Socialist Revolution. in the Soviet Union, also known as the Bolshevik Revolution, was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolshevik Party of Vladimir Lenin that was a key mom ...

the congress took longer than its predecessors as it was interrupted for a few days in order to create the first Ukrainian Regiment for the Defense of Revolution (headed by Colonel Yuri Kapkan). The main requests of the congress were proclamation of the Ukrainian Democratic Republic, full Ukrainization of army and navy, and an immediate peace treaty. At the time, the Central Rada did not see the need for a

standing army A standing army is a permanent, often professional, army. It is composed of full-time soldiers who may be either career soldiers or conscripts. It differs from army reserves, who are enrolled for the long term, but activated only during wars or ...

, reinforced by conscription. Instead, a ' Free Cossack' concept (which was no different from a

militia A militia () is generally an army or some other fighting organization of non-professional soldiers, citizens of a country, or subjects of a state, who may perform military service during a time of need, as opposed to a professional force of r ...

) was introduced and ratified in November 1917. Only when the

invaded the

, in December 1917, was the need for a regular standing army appreciated. The new organization was to include; eight infantry

corps Corps (; plural ''corps'' ; from French , from the Latin "body") is a term used for several different kinds of organization. A military innovation by Napoleon I, the formation was first named as such in 1805. The size of a corps varies great ...

and four cavalry

division Division or divider may refer to: Mathematics *Division (mathematics), the inverse of multiplication *Division algorithm, a method for computing the result of mathematical division Military *Division (military), a formation typically consisting ...

s. But these plans were never realized, as the Rada was overthrown in a coup led by

Pavlo Skoropadsky Pavlo Petrovych Skoropadskyi ( uk, Павло Петрович Скоропадський, Pavlo Petrovych Skoropadskyi; – 26 April 1945) was a Ukrainian aristocrat, military and state leader, decorated Imperial Russian Army and Ukrainian Arm ...

, who brought the Hetmanate to power in Ukraine. A temporary peace treaty with the Bolsheviks was also signed on 12 June 1918. Grushevskiy parad

After taking power, the Hetmanate government established its own plans for a standing army. These were to consist of 310,000 military personnel divided into eight territorial corps, with an annual budget of 1,254 million karbovantsi. However, this army did not develop beyond the organizational stage, due to many

dissident A dissident is a person who actively challenges an established political or religious system, doctrine, belief, policy, or institution. In a religious context, the word has been used since the 18th century, and in the political sense since the 20th ...

movements and gross unpopularity of the Hetmanate amongst

peasants A peasant is a pre-industrial agricultural laborer or a farmer with limited land-ownership, especially one living in the Middle Ages under feudalism and paying rent, tax, fees, or services to a landlord. In Europe, three classes of peasants ...

and civilians. In November 1918, the Directorate came to power in Ukraine, bringing with it yet another vision for the structure of the army. During this time, most units simply crossed from the Hetmanate to the Directorate with little organizational change occurring.

War of Independence

The Bolsheviks first invaded the Ukrainian People's Republic in January 1918. After several weeks of battle, the

Red Army The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (Russian language, Russian: Рабо́че-крестья́нская Кра́сная армия),) often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist R ...

overwhelmed the fairly small Ukrainian force, and took

on February 9. This forced the Central Rada to seek help from the

Central powers The Central Powers, also known as the Central Empires,german: Mittelmächte; hu, Központi hatalmak; tr, İttifak Devletleri / ; bg, Централни сили, translit=Tsentralni sili was one of the two main coalitions that fought in W ...

World War I World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll, one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, ...

. After signing the

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (also known as the Treaty of Brest in Russia) was a separate peace treaty signed on 3 March 1918 between Russia and the Central Powers ( Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire), that ended Russi ...

, the Ukrainian Army was to receive assistance in fighting the Red Army. A

German German(s) may refer to: * Germany (of or related to) **Germania (historical use) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law **Ge ...

Austrian Austrian may refer to: * Austrians, someone from Austria or of Austrian descent ** Someone who is considered an Austrian citizen, see Austrian nationality law * Austrian German dialect * Something associated with the country Austria, for example: ...

Operation Faustschlag The Operation Faustschlag ("Operation Fist Punch"), also known as the Eleven Days' War, Mawdsley (2007), p. 35 was a Central Powers offensive in World War I. It was the last major action on the Eastern Front. Russian forces were unable to put ...

offensive removed the Bolsheviks from Kiev in early March, and the Rada government returned to the capital. In April, the Red Army was forced to completely retreat from Ukraine, and a peace treaty was signed.100 years ago Bakhmut and the rest of Donbass liberated

(18 April 2018)Germany Takes Control of Crimea

New York Herald The ''New York Herald'' was a large-distribution newspaper based in New York City that existed between 1835 and 1924. At that point it was acquired by its smaller rival the '' New-York Tribune'' to form the '' New York Herald Tribune''. Hi ...

(18 May 1918)War Without Fronts: Atamans and Commissars in Ukraine, 1917-1919
by Mikhail Akulov,

Harvard University Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1636 as Harvard College and named for its first benefactor, the Puritan clergyman John Harvard, it is the oldest institution of highe ...

, August 2013 (page 102 and 103) The German/Austro-Hungarian victories in Ukraine were due to the apathy of the locals and the inferior fighting skills of Bolsheviks troops compared to their Austro-Hungarian and German counterparts. In December 1918, after the Directorate's coming to power, the army reached its peak at an estimated 100,000 recruits. These armed forces proved to be neither battleworthy nor well-organized. At the time most of

Pavlo Skoropadskyi Pavlo Petrovych Skoropadskyi ( uk, Павло Петрович Скоропадський, Pavlo Petrovych Skoropadskyi; – 26 April 1945) was a Ukrainian aristocrat, military and state leader, decorated Imperial Russian Army and Ukrainian Army ...

Ukrainian State The Ukrainian State ( uk, Українська Держава, translit=Ukrainska Derzhava), sometimes also called the Second Hetmanate ( uk, Другий Гетьманат, translit=Druhyi Hetmanat, link=no), was an anti-Bolshevik government ...

forces changed sides and joined the Directory. In January 1919, Ukraine declared war on

Soviet Russia The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR or RSFSR ( rus, Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика, Rossíyskaya Sovétskaya Federatívnaya Soci ...

, after the latter established a provisional government in

Kharkiv Kharkiv ( uk, Ха́рків, ), also known as Kharkov (russian: Харькoв, ), is the second-largest city and municipality in Ukraine.

, proclaiming the

Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic ( uk, Украї́нська Радя́нська Соціалісти́чна Респу́бліка, ; russian: Украи́нская Сове́тская Социалисти́ческая Респ ...

. Simultaneously, the

West Ukrainian People's Republic The West Ukrainian People's Republic (WUPR) or West Ukrainian National Republic (WUNR), known for part of its existence as the Western Oblast of the Ukrainian People's Republic, was a short-lived polity that controlled most of Eastern Gali ...

had taken

Lviv Lviv ( uk, Львів) is the largest city in Western Ukraine, western Ukraine, and the List of cities in Ukraine, seventh-largest in Ukraine, with a population of . It serves as the administrative centre of Lviv Oblast and Lviv Raion, and is o ...

, thereby beginning a war with the

Second Polish Republic The Second Polish Republic, at the time officially known as the Republic of Poland, was a country in Central and Eastern Europe that existed between 1918 and 1939. The state was established on 6 November 1918, before the end of the First World ...

. In January 1919, the Ukrainian People's Army and the

united United may refer to: Places * United, Pennsylvania, an unincorporated community * United, West Virginia, an unincorporated community Arts and entertainment Films * ''United'' (2003 film), a Norwegian film * ''United'' (2011 film), a BBC Two f ...

, after the

had been completely occupied by Polish forces, and Kiev by Soviet forces.

became the commander in chief of the new Ukrainian Army; this improved the order and discipline in the army.The Army and Independence

The Ukrainian Week ''The Ukrainian Week'' ( uk, Український Тиждень, translit=Ukrainskyi Tyzhden) is an illustrated weekly magazine covering politics, economics and the arts and aimed at the socially engaged Ukrainian-language reader. It provides ...

(12 April 2013) Special inspectors with wide authority were introduced, similar to Bolshevik commissars. The army grew as 35,000 soldiers of central Ukraine were joined by 50,000 Galicians. Having this force, the army of the UNR launched a successful raid on Kiev and

Odessa Odesa (also spelled Odessa) is the third most populous city and municipality in Ukraine and a major seaport and transport hub located in the south-west of the country, on the northwestern shore of the Black Sea. The city is also the administrativ ...

in August 1919. But eventually the united armies suffered severe casualties in their suicidal war against the

Polish army The Land Forces () are the land forces of the Polish Armed Forces. They currently contain some 62,000 active personnel and form many components of the European Union and NATO deployments around the world. Poland's recorded military history stre ...

, Denikin's

Whites White is a racialized classification of people and a skin color specifier, generally used for people of European origin, although the definition can vary depending on context, nationality, and point of view. Description of populations as ...

and the Bolsheviks. An epidemic of

spotted fever A spotted fever is a type of tick-borne disease which presents on the skin. They are all caused by bacteria of the genus '' Rickettsia''. Typhus is a group of similar diseases also caused by ''Rickettsia'' bacteria, but spotted fevers and typhus ...

contributed to this defeat. Therefore, Ukraine signed an armistice with the Entente and later with Poland in May 1919. After failing to capture Kiev on their own, the Ukrainian army signed the Treaty of Warsaw with Poland, in April 1920. Under the treaty, Ukrainian forces fought side by side with Polish forces against Soviet Russia and other Ukrainian 'Red' movements (Denikin, the Germans and the Entente had long since been expelled from Ukraine). Following a decisive failure in the Kiev Offensive, Ukrainian presence only decreased in the seesaw Polish-Soviet war. Until finally the newly founded Soviet Union and Poland signed the

Treaty of Riga The Peace of Riga, also known as the Treaty of Riga ( pl, Traktat Ryski), was signed in Riga on 18 March 1921, among Poland, Soviet Russia (acting also on behalf of Soviet Belarus) and Soviet Ukraine. The treaty ended the Polish–Soviet War. ...

on March 18, 1921, ending the war. The small remnants of the Ukrainian People's army either resorted to

Guerrilla warfare Guerrilla warfare is a form of irregular warfare in which small groups of combatants, such as paramilitary personnel, armed civilians, or irregulars, use military tactics including ambushes, sabotage, raids, petty warfare, hit-and-run ta ...

or joined the Polish Army.

Structure

The headquarters of the Ukrainian Armed forces was called the General Bulawa. The original structure of the army, as designated by the

, planned to organize an optimistic eight infantry corps and four cavalry divisions. But these plans were never realized due to the internal struggle for power in Ukraine. Instead, the army was hastily formed of various armed volunteer units and "

Free Cossacks Free Cossacks ( uk, Вільне козацтво) were Ukrainian Cossacks that were organized as volunteer militia units in the spring of 1917 in the Ukrainian People's Republic. The Free Cossacks are seen as precursors of the modern Ukrainian ...

". But in May 1919 (long after the Directorate assumed power), the Ukrainian people's army was forced to reorganize after its manpower dropped from 100,000 to 15,000 in just five months of warfare with

. According to then Ukrainian politician

Volodymyr Vynnychenko Volodymyr Kyrylovych Vynnychenko ( ua, Володимир Кирилович Винниченко, – March 6, 1951) was a Ukrainian statesman, political activist, writer, playwright, artist, who served as the first Prime Minister of Ukraine. ...

, this dramatic decrease in manpower occurred mainly because of

communist propaganda Communist propaganda is the artistic and social promotion of the ideology of communism, communist worldview, communist society, and interests of the communist movement. While it tends to carry a negative connotation in the Western world, the t ...

. The new, semi-organized structure was made up of five brigade-sized "army groups" and a large number of Free Cossacks: *

Sich Riflemen The Sich Riflemen Halych-Bukovyna Kurin ( uk, Січові Cтрільці з Галичини та Буковини) were one of the first regular military units of the Ukrainian People's Army. The unit operated from 1917 to 1919 and was for ...

, which were disbanded in late 1919 (5,000 servicemen) *Zaporizhtsy group (3,000 servicemen) *Volynska group (4,000 servicemen) * Udovychenko's regiment (1,200 servicemen) *Tutunnyka's group (1,500) In May 1920 in the middle of the Polish-Soviet War, the army was once again forced to reorganize, after its strength more than doubled in size. The new structure included: six

infantry Infantry is a military specialization which engages in ground combat on foot. Infantry generally consists of light infantry, mountain infantry, motorized infantry & mechanized infantry, airborne infantry, air assault infantry, and mar ...

and one

cavalry Historically, cavalry (from the French word ''cavalerie'', itself derived from "cheval" meaning "horse") are soldiers or warriors who fight mounted on horseback. Cavalry were the most mobile of the combat arms, operating as light cavalry in ...

. Each infantry division was to have three

brigade A brigade is a major tactical military formation that typically comprises three to six battalions plus supporting elements. It is roughly equivalent to an enlarged or reinforced regiment. Two or more brigades may constitute a division. ...

s armed with

artillery Artillery is a class of heavy military ranged weapons that launch munitions far beyond the range and power of infantry firearms. Early artillery development focused on the ability to breach defensive walls and fortifications during si ...

, a cavalry

regiment A regiment is a military unit. Its role and size varies markedly, depending on the country, service and/or a specialisation. In Medieval Europe, the term "regiment" denoted any large body of front-line soldiers, recruited or conscript ...

and an

engineer Engineers, as practitioners of engineering, are professionals who Invention, invent, design, analyze, build and test machines, complex systems, structures, gadgets and materials to fulfill functional objectives and requirements while considerin ...

regiment. The single cavalry division had six mounted regiments. The formation of six reserve brigades was also attempted, but this was only partially successful. The reinforcement brigades were later made into an under strength, two brigade machine gun division. Thus, the structure was, as follows: *1st Infantry ''Zaporizhska'' Division *2nd Infantry ''Volynska'' Division *3rd Infantry ''Zalizna'' Division *4th Infantry ''Kyivska'' Division *5th Infantry ''Khersonska'' Division * 6th Sich Rifle DivisionIn honour of the disbanded

*1st Machine Gun Division *1st Cavalry DivisionAbbott, p 19, 20

Ranks and insignia

Following the reformation that took place among the Ukrainian military units the older Russian rank structure and insignia were dropped and replaced with those of the Hetmanate times. Most notable is the introduction of the rank of Otaman that replaced the General ranks of the Russian army. The army headquarters became known as the General Bulawa. The military representative in the

Directorate of Ukraine The Directorate, or Directory () was a provisional collegiate revolutionary state committee of the Ukrainian People's Republic, initially formed on November 13–14, 1918 during a session of the Ukrainian National Union in rebellion against Sk ...

Symon Petliura Symon Vasylyovych Petliura ( uk, Си́мон Васи́льович Петлю́ра; – May 25, 1926) was a Ukrainian politician and journalist. He became the Supreme Commander of the Ukrainian Army and the President of the Ukrainian Peop ...

was given the rank of the Chief Otaman. The new position was introduced by the former Russian General and later Otaman

Oleksander Hrekov Oleksander Petrovych Hrekov ( uk, Олександр Петрович Греков) (4 December 1875 – 2 December 1958) was a general of the Imperial Russian Army, Ukrainian People's Army, military professor and one of the most prominent persona ...

. Ranks (in descending order) since end of 1917: ;General ranks #Otaman Frontu #Otaman Armii #Otaman Korpusu #Otaman Divizii #Otaman Brihady (

Brigadier general Brigadier general or Brigade general is a military rank used in many countries. It is the lowest ranking general officer in some countries. The rank is usually above a colonel, and below a major general or divisional general. When appointe ...

) ;Other officers #Polkovnyk (

Colonel Colonel (abbreviated as Col., Col or COL) is a senior military officer rank used in many countries. It is also used in some police forces and paramilitary organizations. In the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, a colonel was typically in charge ...

) #

Osavul Yesaul, osaul or osavul (russian: есау́л, translit=yesaul, uk, осаву́л, translit=osavul) (from Turkic yasaul - ''chief''), is a post and a rank in the Ukrainian Cossack units. The first records of the rank imply that it was introdu ...

(

Lieutenant colonel Lieutenant colonel ( , ) is a rank of commissioned officers in the armies, most marine forces and some air forces of the world, above a major and below a colonel. Several police forces in the United States use the rank of lieutenant colon ...

) #Kurinny (

Major Major ( commandant in certain jurisdictions) is a military rank of commissioned officer status, with corresponding ranks existing in many military forces throughout the world. When used unhyphenated and in conjunction with no other indicato ...

) # Sotnyk (

Captain Captain is a title, an appellative for the commanding officer of a military unit; the supreme leader of a navy ship, merchant ship, aeroplane, spacecraft, or other vessel; or the commander of a port, fire or police department, election precinct, e ...

) #Pivsotenny (

Lieutenant A lieutenant ( , ; abbreviated Lt., Lt, LT, Lieut and similar) is a commissioned officer rank in the armed forces of many nations. The meaning of lieutenant differs in different militaries (see comparative military ranks), but it is often ...

) ;Enlisted #Bunchuzhny (

Company Sergeant Company Sergeant (CS) (''Sáirsint Complachta'' in Irish) is a non-commissioned officer rank in the Irish Army equivalent to a First Sergeant in the United States Army and Warrant Officer Class 2 in the British Army. The insignia of a Company ...

) #Chotar (

Platoon Sergeant In many militaries, a platoon sergeant is the senior enlisted member of a platoon, who advises and supports the platoon's commanding officer in leading the unit. Singapore In the Singapore Armed Forces, a platoon sergeant serves as the bridge ...

) #Royovyi (

Sergeant Sergeant ( abbreviated to Sgt. and capitalized when used as a named person's title) is a rank in many uniformed organizations, principally military and policing forces. The alternative spelling, ''serjeant'', is used in The Rifles and other ...

) #Kozak (see

Cossacks The Cossacks , es, cosaco , et, Kasakad, cazacii , fi, Kasakat, cazacii , french: cosaques , hu, kozákok, cazacii , it, cosacchi , orv, коза́ки, pl, Kozacy , pt, cossacos , ro, cazaci , russian: казаки́ or ...

) Ranks have altered in June 1918, but only for officers: ;General (Heneral) #Heneralnyi Bunchuzhnyi (

General A general officer is an officer of high rank in the armies, and in some nations' air forces, space forces, and marines or naval infantry. In some usages the term "general officer" refers to a rank above colonel."general, adj. and n.". O ...

) #Heneralnyi Znachkovyi (

Lieutenant general Lieutenant general (Lt Gen, LTG and similar) is a three-star military rank (NATO code OF-8) used in many countries. The rank traces its origins to the Middle Ages, where the title of lieutenant general was held by the second-in-command on th ...

) #Heneralnyi Khorunzhyi (

Major general Major general (abbreviated MG, maj. gen. and similar) is a military rank used in many countries. It is derived from the older rank of sergeant major general. The disappearance of the "sergeant" in the title explains the apparent confusion of ...

) ;non-General #Polkovnyk (

) #Viyskova Starshyna (

) #Sotnyk (

) #Znachkovyi (

) #Khorunzhyi ( 2 Lieutenant)

Main military formations (UPR)

1st Ukrainian Corps The 1st Ukrainian Corps was a Ukrainianized combined–arms military formation created during the Russian Army (1917), "democratization" of the army in Russia in August 1917 based on the 34th Army Corps (Russian Empire), 34th Army Corps of Lieut ...

, former 34th Russian Corps * 2nd Sich Zaporozhian Corps, former 6th Russian Corps * Kurin of Sich Riflemen (not to be confused with the Austrian military formation of

Ukrainian Sich Riflemen Legion of Ukrainian Sich Riflemen (german: Ukrainische Sitschower Schützen; uk, Українські cічові стрільці (УСС), translit=Ukraïnski sichovi stril’tsi (USS)) was a Ukrainian unit within the Austro-Hungarian Army d ...

), formed out of the Austrian prisoners of war interned in Russian concentration camps ** Cavalry Regiment of Sich Riflemen * Khmelnytsky Cossack Regiment (Bohdanivtsi) * Polubotko Cossack Regiment (Polubotkivtsi) * Zaporizhian Corps ** 1st Zaporizhian Infantry Regiment (Hetman Doroshenko IR) ** 2nd Zaporizhian Infantry Regiment ** 3rd Zaporizhian Infantry Regiment (Hetman Khmelnytsky IR) ** 3rd Haidamaka Infantry Regiment ** 1st Zaporizhian Regiment of Haidamaka Cavalry (Kosh Hordienko Cavalry) ** 1st Zaporizhian Engineer Regiment ** 1st Zaporizhian Artillery Regiment ** 1st Zaporizhian Auto-Armor Division ** Cavalry-Mountainous Artillery Division ** Zaporizhian Air-Floating Squadron ** (1 Cavalry Regiment of Black Zaporizhians) *

** Ukrainian Steppe Division (Anti-Bolshevik revolutionary-military unit) * Ukrainian Marines ** 1st Hutsul Marines Regiment ** 2nd Hutsul Marines Regiment ** 3rd Marines Regiment * (Gray-Coats) * * ** Black Haidamaka Kurin ** Red Haidamaka Kurin * 3rd Iron Riflemen Division ** Sich Riflemen Light Artillery Regiment ** Don Cossack Regiment (mounted) * 20th Pavlohrad Cavalry Regiment * 6th Sich Division (former 2nd Division) * Kiev Insurgent Division of Yu.Tyutyunyk *

Ukrainian Navy The Military Naval Forces of the Armed Forces of Ukraine ( uk, Військо́во-морські́ си́ли Збро́йних сил Украї́ни, ВМС ЗСУ) is the maritime forces of Ukraine and one of the five branches of the Ar ...

Ukrainian People's Republic Air Fleet The Air Fleet of the UPR was the air force of the Ukrainian People's Republic in 1917–1921. Aircraft Fighters * Morane-Saulnier Type Nm (3) * Sikorsky S-16 * Nieuport 11 C.1 ''Bebe'' *Nieuport 17 (3) *Nieuport 21 (2) *Nieuport 23 (7) *Nieupo ...

Main military formations (WUPR)

** 1 Galician Corps ** 2 Galician Corps ** 3 Galician Corps

List of generals

* Lieutenant (Poruchik) General Borys Bobrovskyi (1868 – 1918), Major General of the former Imperial Russian Army * Lieutenant General Nikolai Bredov (1873 – 1945), Lieutenant General of the former Imperial Russian Army (brief period in 1918) * Lieutenant (Poruchik) General Serhiy Diadiusha (1870 – 1933), Major General of the former Imperial Russian Army * Lieutenant (Poruchik) General Fedir Kolodiy (1872 – 1920), Major General of the former Imperial Russian Army * Lieutenant (Poruchik) General Pavlo Kudriavtsev (1873 – 1921), Lieutenant Colonel (Voyskovoy Starshina) of the former Imperial Russian Army * Lieutenant (Poruchik) General Mykola Koval-Medzvetskyi (1868 – 1929), Major General of the former Imperial Russian Army * Lieutenant (Poruchik) General Antin Maslinyi (1865 – 1929), Major General of the former Imperial Russian Army * Lieutenant (Poruchik) General Oleksandr Mykhailiv (1868 – ????), Major General of the former Imperial Russian Army * Lieutenant (Poruchik) General

Nikolai Volodchenko Nikolai Gerasimovich Volodchenko (November 20, 1862 – 1945) was a Lieutenant-General of the Imperial Russian Army. In 1917, he was the commander-in-chief of the Southwestern front. Biography Early life, education and career Volodchenko was ...

(1862 – 1945), Lieutenant General of the former Imperial Russian Army * Lieutenant (Poruchik) General Oleksandr Vyshnivskyi (1890 – 1975), Sub-Lieutenant (Podporuchik) of the former Imperial Russian Army * Lieutenant (Poruchik/Znachkovy) General Petro Yeroshevych (1870 – 1945), Major General of the former Imperial Russian Army * Colonel (Polkovnyk) General Sergei Delvig (1866 – 1944), Lieutenant General of the former Imperial Russian Army * Colonel (Polkovnyk) General Oleksiy Galkin (1866 – 1941), Lieutenant General of the former Imperial Russian Army * Colonel (Polkovnyk) General

Mykhailo Omelianovych-Pavlenko Mykhailo Omelianovych-Pavlenko ( uk, Михайло Омелянович Павленко; 8 December 1878 – 29 May 1952) was the Supreme Commander of the Ukrainian Galician Army (UHA) and of the Army of the Ukrainian People's Republic. Lat ...

(1878 – 1952), Colonel of the former Imperial Russian Army * Colonel (Polkovnyk) General

Pavlo Shandruk Pavlo Feofanovich Shandruk ( uk, Павло Шандрук, pl, Pawło Szandruk, February 28, 1889 in Volhynia – February 15, 1979 in Trenton, New Jersey) was a general in the army of the Ukrainian National Republic, a colonel of the ...

(1889 – 1979), Sub-Lieutenant (Podporuchik) of the former Imperial Russian Army * Colonel (Polkovnyk) General Oleksandr Udovychenko (1887 – 1975), Stabskapitän of the former Imperial Russian Army * Colonel (Polkovnyk) General Andriy Vovk (1882 – 1969), Sub-Lieutenant (Podporuchik) of the former Imperial Russian Army * Colonel (Polkovnyk) General

Mykola Yunakiv Mykola Yunakiv ( uk, Микола Юнаків) (December 6, 1871 Chuhuiv, Kharkov Governorate – August 1, 1931 Tarnów, Poland) was a Ukrainian general, military pedagogue. He was a general in the army of the Russian Empire and the Ukrainian ...

(1871 – 1931), Lieutenant General of the former Imperial Russian Army * Colonel (Polkovnyk) General Oleksandr Zahrodskyi (1889 – 1968), Stabskapitän of the former Imperial Russian Army * Colonel (Polkovnyk) General Viktor Zelinskyi (1864 – 1940), Major General of the former Imperial Russian Army * Full (Bunchuzhny) General

Alexander Ragoza Alexander Frantsevich Ragoza (russian: Алекса́ндр Фра́нцевич Рагоза́, uk, Олександр Францевич Рогоза; 20 June .S. 8 June1858 – 29 June 1919), in Ukrainian Oleksandr Frantsevych Rohoza, was ...

(originally Oleksandr Rohoza; 1858 – 1919),

General of the Infantry General of the Infantry is a military rank of a General officer in the infantry and refers to: * General of the Infantry (Austria) * General of the Infantry (Bulgaria) * General of the Infantry (Germany) ('), a rank of a general in the German Imp ...

of the former Imperial Russian Army (in 1918)

References

External links

Ukrainian Encyclopedia

Ukrainian Armies 1914-55 By Peter Abbott, Oleksiy Rudenko (google books)
{{Authority control Military history of Ukraine Military units and formations of Ukraine Disbanded armies Military units and formations established in 1917 Military units and formations disestablished in 1921 Ukrainian People's Republic Ukrainian military formations