United States
East Timor[2][Note 1]
Ecuador[3][Note 2]
El Salvador[4]
Federated States of Micronesia
Marshall Islands
Palau
Panama[Note 3]
Zimbabwe[Note 4]
3 non-U.S. territories
British Virgin Islands
Caribbean
.svg/400px-Antillas_(orthographic_projection).svg.png)
Caribbean Netherlands
Turks and Caicos Islands
Unofficial user(s)
36 other countries
Afghanistan[Note 5]
Angola
Argentina[Note 6]
The Bahamas[Note 7]
Barbados[Note 8]
Belize
Bolivia
Brazil
Cambodia[Note 9]
Canada
Chile[Note 10]
Colombia[Note 11]
Costa Rica[Note 12]
Dominican Republic
Ethiopia
Guatemala
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Iraq[Note 13]
Jamaica[Note 14]
Laos[Note 15]
Lebanon[Note 16]
Liberia
Mexico[Note 17]
Myanmar[Note 18]
Nicaragua[Note 19]
Paraguay[Note 20]
Peru[Note 21]
Sierra Leone
Somalia[Note 22]
South Africa[Note 23]
Suriname[Note 24]
Trinidad and Tobago
Uruguay[Note 25]
Venezuela[Note 26]
6 non-U.S. territories
Anguilla

Anguilla (UK)[Note 27]
Ascension Island

Ascension Island (UK; de facto)[Note 28]
Bermuda

Bermuda (UK)[Note 29]
British Indian Ocean Territory

British Indian Ocean Territory (de facto[5][6])
Cayman Islands

Cayman Islands (UK; de facto)
Pitcairn Islands

Pitcairn Islands (UK; de facto)[Note 30][7]
2 non-U.S. cities
Cancún, Mexico[Note 31]
Tijuana, Mexico[Note 31]
Issuance
Central bank
Federal Reserve

Federal Reserve System
Website
www.federalreserve.gov
Printer
Bureau of Engraving and Printing
Website
www.moneyfactory.gov
Mint
United States

United States Mint
Website
www.usmint.gov
Valuation
Inflation
2.04% (October 2017)
Source
inflationdata.com
Method
CPI
Pegged by
27 currencies
Aruban florin
Bahamian dollar

Bahamian dollar (at par)
Bahraini dinar

Bahraini dinar (higher value)
Barbadian dollar
Belize

Belize dollar
Bermudian dollar

Bermudian dollar (at par)
Cayman Islands

Cayman Islands dollar (higher value)
Cuban convertible peso (at par)
Djiboutian franc
East
Caribbean
.svg/400px-Antillas_(orthographic_projection).svg.png)
Caribbean dollar
East Timor

East Timor Centavo Coin (at par)
Ecuadorian Centavo Coin (at par)
Eritrean nakfa
Hong Kong
_(_all_claims_hatched).svg/580px-Hong_Kong_in_China_(zoomed)_(_all_claims_hatched).svg.png)
Hong Kong dollar (narrow band)
Iraqi dinar
Jordanian dinar

Jordanian dinar (higher value)
Kuwaiti dinar

Kuwaiti dinar (higher value)
Lebanese pound
Netherlands Antillean guilder
Omani rial

Omani rial (higher value)
Panamanian balboa

Panamanian balboa (at par)
Qatari riyal
Saudi riyal
Trinidad and Tobago

Trinidad and Tobago dollar
United Arab Emirates

United Arab Emirates dirham
Venezuelan bolívar
Zimbabwean Bond Coins and Zimbabwean Bond Notes (at par)
The
United States

United States dollar (sign: $; code: USD; also abbreviated US$ and
referred to as the dollar, U.S. dollar, or American dollar) is the
official currency of the
United States

United States and its insular territories per
the
United States

United States Constitution since 1792. For most practical
purposes, it is divided into 100 smaller cent (¢) units, but
officially it can be divided into 1000 mills (₥). The circulating
paper money consists of
Federal Reserve

Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in
United States

United States dollars (12 U.S.C. § 418).
Since the suspension in 1971[8] of convertibility of paper U.S.
currency into any precious metal, the U.S. dollar is, de facto, fiat
money.[9] As it is the most used in international transactions, the
U.S. dollar is the world's primary reserve currency.[10] Several
countries use it as their official currency, and in many others it is
the de facto currency.[11] Besides the United States, it is also used
as the sole currency in two
British Overseas Territories

British Overseas Territories in the
Caribbean: the
British Virgin Islands

British Virgin Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands. A
few countries use the
Federal Reserve

Federal Reserve Notes for paper money, while
still minting their own coins, or also accept U.S. dollar coins (such
as the
Susan B. Anthony

Susan B. Anthony dollar). As of September 20, 2017, there were
approximately $1.58 trillion in circulation, of which $1.53 trillion
was in
Federal Reserve

Federal Reserve notes (the remaining $50 billion is in the form
of coins).[12]
Contents
1 Overview
2 Etymology
2.1 Nicknames
3
Dollar

Dollar sign
4 History
4.1 Continental currency
4.2 Silver and gold standards
5 Coins
5.1 Collector coins
5.2
Dollar

Dollar coins
5.3 Mint marks
5.3.1 Notes
6 Banknotes
7 Means of issue
8 Value
9 Exchange rates
9.1 Historical exchange rates
9.2 Current exchange rates
10 See also
11 Notes
12 References
13 Further reading
14 External links
14.1 Images of U.S. currency and coins
Overview[edit]
Article I, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution provides that
the Congress has the power "To coin money".[13] Laws implementing this
power are currently codified at 31 U.S.C. § 5112. Section
5112 prescribes the forms in which the
United States

United States dollars should be
issued.[14] These coins are both designated in Section 5112 as "legal
tender" in payment of debts.[14] The
Sacagawea dollar

Sacagawea dollar is one example
of the copper alloy dollar. The pure silver dollar is known as the
American Silver Eagle. Section 5112 also provides for the minting and
issuance of other coins, which have values ranging from one cent to
100 dollars.[14] These other coins are more fully described in Coins
of the
United States

United States dollar.
The Constitution provides that "a regular Statement and Account of the
Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from
time to time".[15] That provision of the Constitution is made specific
by Section 331 of Title 31 of the
United States

United States Code.[16] The sums of
money reported in the "Statements" are currently being expressed in
U.S. dollars (for example, see the 2009 Financial Report of the United
States Government).[17] The U.S. dollar may therefore be described as
the unit of account of the United States.
The word "dollar" is one of the words in the first paragraph of
Section 9 of Article I of the Constitution. There, "dollars" is a
reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary
value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales. In 1792 the U.S.
Congress passed a Coinage Act. Section 9 of that act authorized the
production of various coins, including "DOLLARS OR UNITS—each to be
of the value of a
Spanish milled dollar

Spanish milled dollar as the same is now current,
and to contain three hundred and seventy-one grains and four sixteenth
parts of a grain of pure, or four hundred and sixteen grains of
standard silver". Section 20 of the act provided, "That the money of
account of the
United States

United States shall be expressed in dollars, or
units... and that all accounts in the public offices and all
proceedings in the courts of the
United States

United States shall be kept and had
in conformity to this regulation". In other words, this act designated
the
United States

United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States.
Unlike the Spanish milled dollar, the U.S. dollar is based upon a
decimal system of values. In addition to the dollar the coinage act
officially established monetary units of mill or one-thousandth of a
dollar (symbol ₥), cent or one-hundredth of a dollar (symbol ¢),
dime or one-tenth of a dollar, and eagle or ten dollars, with
prescribed weights and composition of gold, silver, or copper for
each. It was proposed in the mid-1800s that one hundred dollars be
known as a union, but no union coins were ever struck and only
patterns for the $50 half union exist. However, only cents are in
everyday use as divisions of the dollar; "dime" is used solely as the
name of the coin with the value of 10¢, while "eagle" and "mill" are
largely unknown to the general public, though mills are sometimes used
in matters of tax levies, and gasoline prices are usually in the form
of $X.XX9 per gallon, e.g., $3.599, more commonly written as
$3.599⁄10. When currently issued in circulating form,
denominations equal to or less than a dollar are emitted as U.S. coins
while denominations equal to or greater than a dollar are emitted as
Federal Reserve

Federal Reserve notes (with the exception of gold, silver and platinum
coins valued up to $100 as legal tender, but worth far more as
bullion). Both one-dollar coins and notes are produced today, although
the note form is significantly more common. In the past, "paper money"
was occasionally issued in denominations less than a dollar
(fractional currency) and gold coins were issued for circulation up to
the value of $20 (known as the "double eagle", discontinued in the
1930s). The term eagle was used in the
Coinage Act of 1792
.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg.png)
Coinage Act of 1792 for the
denomination of ten dollars, and subsequently was used in naming gold
coins. Paper currency less than one dollar in denomination, known as
"fractional currency", was also sometimes pejoratively referred to as
"shinplasters". In 1854, James Guthrie, then Secretary of the
Treasury, proposed creating $100, $50 and $25 gold coins, which were
referred to as a "Union", "Half Union", and "Quarter Union",[18] thus
implying a denomination of 1 Union = $100.
Series of 1917 $1
United States

United States bill
Today, USD notes are made from cotton fiber paper, unlike most common
paper, which is made of wood fiber. U.S. coins are produced by the
United States

United States Mint. U.S. dollar banknotes are printed by the Bureau of
Engraving and Printing and, since 1914, have been issued by the
Federal Reserve. The "large-sized notes" issued before 1928 measured
7.42 by 3.125 inches (188.5 by 79.4 mm); small-sized notes,
introduced that year, measure 6.14 by 2.61 by 0.0043 inches (155.96 by
66.29 by 0.11 mm). When the current, smaller sized U.S. currency
was introduced it was referred to as Philippine-sized currency because
the
Philippines

Philippines had previously adopted the same size for its legal
currency.
Etymology[edit]
Further information: Dollar
In the 16th century, Count
Hieronymus Schlick of
Bohemia

Bohemia began minting
coins known as Joachimstalers (from German thal, or nowadays usually
Tal, "valley", cognate with "dale" in English), named for Joachimstal,
the valley where the silver was mined (St. Joachim's Valley, now
Jáchymov; then part of the Kingdom of Bohemia, now part of the Czech
Republic).[19] Joachimstaler was later shortened to the German Taler,
a word that eventually found its way into Danish and Swedish as daler,
Norwegian as dalar and daler, Dutch as daler or daalder, Ethiopian as
ታላሪ (talari), Hungarian as tallér, Italian as tallero, and
English as dollar.[19] Alternatively, thaler is said to come from the
German coin
Guldengroschen

Guldengroschen ("great guilder", being of silver but equal
in value to a gold guilder), minted from the silver from Joachimsthal.
The coins minted at Joachimsthal soon lent their name to other coins
of similar size and weight from other places. One such example, was a
Dutch coin depicting a lion, hence its Dutch name leeuwendaler (in
English: lion dollar).
The leeuwendaler was authorized to contain 427.16 grains of .75 fine
silver and passed locally for between 36 and 42 stuivers. It was
lighter than the large-denomination coins then in circulation, thus it
was more advantageous for a Dutch merchant to pay a foreign debt in
leeuwendalers and it became the coin of choice for foreign trade.
The leeuwendaler was popular in the
Dutch East Indies

Dutch East Indies and in the Dutch
New Netherland

New Netherland Colony (New York), and circulated throughout the
Thirteen Colonies

Thirteen Colonies during the 17th and early 18th centuries. It was
also popular throughout Eastern Europe, where it led to the current
Romanian and Moldovan currency being called leu (literally "lion").
Among the English-speaking community, the coin came to be popularly
known as lion dollar – and is the origin of the name
dollar.[20] The modern American-English pronunciation of dollar is
still remarkably close to the 17th-century Dutch pronunciation of
daler.[21]
By analogy with this lion dollar, Spanish pesos – with the same
weight and shape as the lion dollar – came to be known as
Spanish dollars.[21] By the mid-18th century, the lion dollar had been
replaced by the Spanish dollar, the famous "piece of eight", which was
distributed widely in the Spanish colonies in the
New World

New World and in the
Philippines.[22] Eventually, dollar became the name of the first
official American currency.
Nicknames[edit]
See also: Slang terms for money § United States
The colloquialism "buck"(s) (much like the British word "quid"(s, pl)
for the pound sterling) is often used to refer to dollars of various
nations, including the U.S. dollar. This term, dating to the 18th
century, may have originated with the colonial leather trade. It may
also have originated from a poker term.[23] "Greenback" is another
nickname originally applied specifically to the 19th century Demand
Note dollars created by
Abraham Lincoln

Abraham Lincoln to finance the costs of the
Civil War for the North.[24] The original note was printed in black
and green on the back side. It is still used to refer to the U.S.
dollar (but not to the dollars of other countries). Other well-known
names of the dollar as a whole in denominations include "greenmail",
"green" and "dead presidents" (the last because deceased presidents
are pictured on most bills).
A "grand", sometimes shortened to simply "G", is a common term for the
amount of $1,000. The suffix "K" or "k" (from "kilo-") is also
commonly used to denote this amount (such as "$10k" to mean $10,000).
However, the $1,000 note is no longer in general use. A "large" or
"stack", it is usually a reference to a multiple of $1,000 (such as
"fifty large" meaning $50,000). The $100 note is nicknamed "Benjamin",
"Benji", "Ben", or "Franklin" (after Benjamin Franklin), "C-note" (C
being the
Roman numeral

Roman numeral for 100), "Century note" or "bill" (e.g. "two
bills" being $200). The $50 note is occasionally called a "yardstick"
or a "grant" (after President Ulysses S. Grant, pictured on the
obverse). The $20 note is referred to as a "double sawbuck", "Jackson"
(after Andrew Jackson), or "double eagle". The $10 note is referred to
as a "sawbuck", "ten-spot" or "Hamilton" (after Alexander Hamilton).
The $5 note as "Lincoln", "fin", "fiver" or "five-spot". The
infrequently-used $2 note is sometimes called "deuce", "Tom", or
"Jefferson" (after Thomas Jefferson). The $1 note as a "single" or
"buck". The dollar has also been referred to as a "bone" and "bones"
in plural (e.g. "twenty bones" is equal to $20). The newer designs,
with portraits displayed in the main body of the obverse (rather than
in cameo insets), upon paper color-coded by denomination, are
sometimes referred to as "bigface" notes or "Monopoly money".
"Piastre" was the original French word for the U.S. dollar, used for
example in the French text of the
Louisiana

Louisiana Purchase. Calling the
dollar a piastre is still common among the speakers of Cajun French
and
New England

New England French. Modern French uses dollar for this unit of
currency as well. The term is still used as slang for U.S. dollars in
the French-speaking
Caribbean
.svg/400px-Antillas_(orthographic_projection).svg.png)
Caribbean islands, most notably Haiti.
Dollar

Dollar sign[edit]
Main article:
Dollar

Dollar sign
Spanish silver real or peso of 1768
The symbol $, usually written before the numerical amount, is used for
the U.S. dollar (as well as for many other currencies). The sign was
the result of a late 18th-century evolution of the scribal
abbreviation "ps" for the peso, the common name for the Spanish
dollars that were in wide circulation in the
New World

New World from the 16th
to the 19th centuries. These Spanish pesos or dollars were minted in
Spanish America, namely in
Mexico

Mexico City; Potosí, Bolivia; and Lima,
Peru. The p and the s eventually came to be written over each other
giving rise to $.[25][26][27][28]
Another popular explanation is that it is derived from the Pillars of
Hercules on the Spanish Coat of arms of the Spanish dollar. These
Pillars of Hercules

Pillars of Hercules on the silver
Spanish dollar

Spanish dollar coins take the form
of two vertical bars () and a swinging cloth band in the shape of an
"S".
Yet another explanation suggests that the dollar sign was formed from
the capital letters U and S written or printed one on top of the
other. This theory, popularized by novelist
Ayn Rand

Ayn Rand in Atlas
Shrugged,[29] does not consider the fact that the symbol was already
in use before the formation of the United States.[30]
History[edit]
See also: History of the
United States

United States dollar
Obverse of rare 1934 $500
Federal Reserve

Federal Reserve Note, featuring a portrait
of President William McKinley.
Reverse of a $500
Federal Reserve

Federal Reserve Note.
The American dollar coin was initially based on the value and look of
the Spanish dollar, used widely in
Spanish America
.svg/300px-Spanish_speakers_in_the_Americas_(orthographic_projection).svg.png)
Spanish America from the 16th to
the 19th centuries. The first dollar coins issued by the United States
Mint (founded 1792) were similar in size and composition to the
Spanish dollar, minted in
Mexico

Mexico and Peru. The Spanish, U.S. silver
dollars, and later, Mexican silver pesos circulated side by side in
the United States, and the
Spanish dollar

Spanish dollar and
Mexican peso

Mexican peso remained
legal tender until the Coinage Act of 1857. The coinage of various
English colonies also circulated. The lion dollar was popular in the
Dutch
New Netherland

New Netherland Colony (New York), but the lion dollar also
circulated throughout the English colonies during the 17th century and
early 18th century. Examples circulating in the colonies were usually
worn so that the design was not fully distinguishable, thus they were
sometimes referred to as "dog dollars".[31]
The U.S. dollar was first defined by the Coinage Act of 1792, which
specified a "dollar" to be based in the
Spanish milled dollar

Spanish milled dollar and of
371 grains and 4 sixteenths part of a grain of pure or 416 grains
(27.0 g) of standard silver and an "eagle" to be 247 and 4
eighths of a grain or 270 grains (17 g) of gold (again depending
on purity).[32] The choice of the value 371 grains arose from
Alexander Hamilton's decision to base the new American unit on the
average weight of a selection of worn Spanish dollars. Hamilton got
the treasury to weigh a sample of
Spanish dollars

Spanish dollars and the average
weight came out to be 371 grains. A new
Spanish dollar

Spanish dollar was usually
about 377 grains in weight, and so the new U.S. dollar was at a slight
discount in relation to the Spanish dollar.
The same coinage act also set the value of an eagle at 10 dollars, and
the dollar at 1⁄10 eagle. It called for 90% silver alloy coins in
denominations of 1, 1⁄2, 1⁄4, 1⁄10, and 1⁄20
dollars; it called for 90% gold alloy coins in denominations of 1,
1⁄2, 1⁄4, and 1⁄10 eagles. The value of gold or silver
contained in the dollar was then converted into relative value in the
economy for the buying and selling of goods. This allowed the value of
things to remain fairly constant over time, except for the influx and
outflux of gold and silver in the nation's economy.[33]
The early currency of the
United States

United States did not exhibit faces of
presidents, as is the custom now;[34] although today, by law, only the
portrait of a deceased individual may appear on United States
currency.[35] In fact, the newly formed government was against having
portraits of leaders on the currency, a practice compared to the
policies of European monarchs.[36] The currency as we know it today
did not get the faces they currently have until after the early 20th
century; before that "heads" side of coinage used profile faces and
striding, seated, and standing figures from Greek and Roman mythology
and composite Native Americans. The last coins to be converted to
profiles of historic
Americans

Americans were the dime (1946) and the Dollar
(1971).
For articles on the currencies of the colonies and states, see
Connecticut

Connecticut pound,
Delaware

Delaware pound, Georgia pound,
Maryland
.svg/200px-Seal_of_Maryland_(reverse).svg.png)
Maryland pound,
Massachusetts
.svg/600px-Massachusetts_in_United_States_(zoom).svg.png)
Massachusetts pound,
New Hampshire

New Hampshire pound,
New Jersey
.svg/600px-New_Jersey_in_United_States_(zoom).svg.png)
New Jersey pound, New York
pound,
North Carolina

North Carolina pound,
Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania pound,
Rhode Island
.svg/600px-Rhode_Island_in_United_States_(zoom).svg.png)
Rhode Island pound,
South Carolina

South Carolina pound, and
Virginia

Virginia pound.
Continental currency[edit]
Continental One Third
Dollar

Dollar Bill (obverse)
See also: Continental currency
During the
American Revolution
,_by_John_Trumbull.jpg/480px-Declaration_of_Independence_(1819),_by_John_Trumbull.jpg)
American Revolution the thirteen colonies became
independent states. Freed from British monetary regulations, they each
issued
£sd

£sd paper money to pay for military expenses. The Continental
Congress also began issuing "Continental Currency" denominated in
Spanish dollars. The dollar was valued relative to the states'
currencies at the following rates:
5 shillings – Georgia
6 shillings – Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode
Island, Virginia
7 1⁄2 shillings – Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania
8 shillings – New York, North Carolina
32 1⁄2 shillings – South Carolina
Continental currency
-Pennsylvania-18_Jun_1764.jpg/600px-US-Colonial_(PA-115)-Pennsylvania-18_Jun_1764.jpg)
Continental currency depreciated badly during the war, giving rise to
the famous phrase "not worth a continental".[37] A primary problem was
that monetary policy was not coordinated between Congress and the
states, which continued to issue bills of credit. Additionally,
neither Congress nor the governments of the several states had the
will or the means to retire the bills from circulation through
taxation or the sale of bonds.[38] The currency was ultimately
replaced by the silver dollar at the rate of 1 silver dollar to 1000
continental dollars.
Silver and gold standards[edit]
From 1792, when the
Mint Act
.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg.png)
Mint Act was passed, the dollar was defined as
371.25 grains (24.056 g) of silver. The gold coins that were minted
were not given any denomination and traded for a market value relative
to the Congressional standard of the silver dollar. 1834 saw a shift
in the gold standard to 23.2 grains (1.50 g), followed by a
slight adjustment to 23.22 grains (1.505 g) in 1837 (16:1
ratio).[citation needed]
In 1862, paper money was issued without the backing of precious
metals, due to the Civil War. Silver and gold coins continued to be
issued and in 1878 the link between paper money and coins was
reinstated. This disconnection from gold and silver backing also
occurred during the War of 1812. The use of paper money not backed by
precious metals had also occurred under the Articles of Confederation
from 1777 to 1788. With no solid backing and being easily
counterfeited, the continentals quickly lost their value, giving rise
to the phrase "not worth a continental". This was a primary reason for
the "No state shall... make any thing but gold and silver coin a
tender in payment of debts" clause in article 1, section 10 of the
United States

United States Constitution.
In order to finance the War of 1812, Congress authorized the issuance
of Treasury Notes, interest-bearing short-term debt that could be used
to pay public dues. While they were intended to serve as debt, they
did function "to a limited extent" as money. Treasury Notes were again
printed to help resolve the reduction in public revenues resulting
from the
Panic of 1837

Panic of 1837 and the Panic of 1857, as well as to help
finance the
Mexican–American War

Mexican–American War and the Civil War.
In addition to Treasury Notes, in 1861, Congress authorized the
Treasury to borrow $50 million in the form of Demand Notes, which did
not bear interest but could be redeemed on demand for precious metals.
However, by December 1861, the Union government's supply of specie was
outstripped by demand for redemption and they were forced to suspend
redemption temporarily. The following February, Congress passed the
Legal Tender Act of 1862, issuing
United States

United States Notes, which were not
redeemable on demand and bore no interest, but were legal tender,
meaning that creditors had to accept them at face value for any
payment except for public debts and import tariffs. However, silver
and gold coins continued to be issued, resulting in the depreciation
of the newly printed notes through Gresham's Law. In 1869, Supreme
Court ruled in
Hepburn v. Griswold

Hepburn v. Griswold that Congress could not require
creditors to accept
United States

United States Notes, but overturned that ruling
the next year in the Legal Tender Cases. In 1875, Congress passed the
Specie Payment Resumption Act, requiring the Treasury to allow US
Notes to be redeemed for gold after January 1, 1879. The Treasury
ceased to issue
United States

United States Notes in 1971.
The
Gold Standard Act
.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg.png)
Gold Standard Act of 1900 abandoned the bimetallic standard and
defined the dollar as 23.22 grains (1.505 g) of gold, equivalent
to setting the price of 1 troy ounce of gold at $20.67. Silver coins
continued to be issued for circulation until 1964, when all silver was
removed from dimes and quarters, and the half dollar was reduced to
40% silver. Silver half dollars were last issued for circulation in
1970. Gold coins were confiscated by
Executive Order 6102
.jpg/440px-NNC-US-1907-G$20-Saint_Gaudens_(Arabic).jpg)
Executive Order 6102 issued in
1933 by Franklin Roosevelt. The gold standard was changed to 13.71
grains (0.888 g), equivalent to setting the price of 1 troy ounce
of gold at $35. This standard persisted until 1968.
Between 1968 and 1975, a variety of pegs to gold were put in place,
eventually culminating in a sudden end, on August 15, 1971, to the
convertibility of dollars to gold later dubbed the Nixon Shock. The
last peg was $42.22 per ounce[citation needed] before the U.S. dollar
was allowed to freely float on currency markets.
According to the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, the largest note it
ever printed was the $100,000 Gold Certificate, Series 1934. These
notes were printed from December 18, 1934, through January 9, 1935,
and were issued by the Treasurer of the
United States

United States to Federal
Reserve Banks only against an equal amount of gold bullion held by the
Treasury. These notes were used for transactions between Federal
Reserve Banks and were not circulated among the general public.
Coins[edit]
Main article: Coins of the
United States

United States dollar
Official
United States

United States coins have been produced every year from 1792
to the present.
Denomination
Common name
Front
Reverse
Portrait and design date
Reverse motif and design date
Weight
Diameter
Material
Edge
Circulation
Cent
1¢
penny
Abraham Lincoln
Union Shield
2.5 g
(0.088 oz)
0.75 in
(19.05 mm)
97.5% Zn
2.5% Cu
plain
Wide
Five-Cent
5¢
nickel
Thomas Jefferson
Monticello
5 g
(0.176 oz)
0.835 in
(21.21 mm)
75% Cu
25% Ni
plain
Wide
Dime
10¢
dime
Franklin D. Roosevelt
olive branch, torch, oak branch
0.08 oz
(2.268 g)
0.705 in
(17.91 mm)
91.67% Cu
8.33% Ni
118 reeds
Wide
Quarter Dollar
25¢
quarter
George Washington
Various; five designs per year
0.2 oz
(5.67 g)
0.955 in
(24.26 mm)
91.67% Cu
8.33% Ni
119 reeds
Wide
Half Dollar
50¢
half
John F. Kennedy
Presidential Seal
0.4 oz
(11.34 g)
1.205 in
(30.61 mm)
91.67% Cu
8.33% Ni
150 reeds
Limited
Dollar

Dollar coin
$1
dollar coin, golden dollar
Profile of
Sacagawea

Sacagawea with her child, Jean Baptiste Charbonneau
Bald eagle
.jpg/440px-About_to_Launch_(26075320352).jpg)
Bald eagle in flight (2000–2008), Various; new design per year
0.286 oz
(8.10 g)
1.043 in
(26.50 mm)
88.5% Cu
6% Zn
3.5% Mn
2% Ni
Lettered
Limited
Discontinued coin denominations include:
Half cent: 1⁄2¢, 1793–1857
Fugio Cent: 1¢, 1787
Two-cent piece: 2¢, 1863–1873
Three-cent bronze: 3¢, 1863 (not circulated)
Three-cent nickel: 3¢, 1865–1889
Trime: 3¢, 1851–1873
Half dime: 5¢, 1792–1873
Twenty-cent piece: 20¢, 1875–1878
Gold dollar: $1.00, 1849–1889
Quarter eagle: $2.50, 1792–1929
Three-dollar piece: $3.00, 1854–1889
Stella: $4.00, (not circulated)
Half eagle: $5.00, 1795–1929, minted as a commemorative
1986–present
Eagle: $10.00, minted as a commemorative 1984–2003
Double eagle: $20.00, 1849–1933, 2009
Half-union: $50.00, 1877 (pattern only), 1915 (Panama–Pacific
International Exposition coin)
Union: $100.00, 2015 (High relief; not circulated)
Collector coins for which everyday transactions are non-existent.[39]
American Eagles originally were not available from the Mint for
individuals but had to be purchased from authorized dealers. In 2006
The Mint began direct sales to individuals of uncirculated bullion
coins with a special finish, and bearing a "W" mintmark.
American Silver Eagle

American Silver Eagle $1 (1 troy ounce) silver bullion coin
1986–present
American Gold Eagle

American Gold Eagle $5 (1⁄10 troy oz), $10 (1⁄4 troy oz),
$25 (1⁄2 troy oz), and $50 (1 troy oz) Gold bullion coin
1986–present
American Platinum Eagle

American Platinum Eagle ($10, $25, $50, and $100 platinum coin)
1997–present
United States

United States commemorative coins—special issue coins
$50.00 (Half Union) 1915
Presidential Proofs (see below) 2007–present
Technically, all these coins are still legal tender at face value,
though some are far more valuable today for their numismatic value,
and for gold and silver coins, their precious metal value. From 1965
to 1970 the
Kennedy half dollar

Kennedy half dollar was the only circulating coin with any
silver content, which was removed in 1971 and replaced with
cupronickel. However, since 1992, the
U.S. Mint

U.S. Mint has produced special
Silver Proof Sets in addition to the regular yearly proof sets with
silver dimes, quarters, and half dollars in place of the standard
copper-nickel versions. In addition, an experimental $4.00 (Stella)
coin was also minted in 1879, but never placed into circulation, and
is properly considered to be a pattern rather than an actual coin
denomination.
The $50 coin mentioned was only produced in 1915 for the
Panama-Pacific International Exposition (1915)

Panama-Pacific International Exposition (1915) celebrating the opening
of the
Panama

Panama Canal. Only 1,128 were made, 645 of which were
octagonal; this remains the only U.S. coin that was not round as well
as the largest and heaviest U.S. coin ever produced.
A $100 gold coin was produced in High relief during 2015, although it
was primarily produced for collectors, not for general
circulation.[40]
From 1934 to present, the only denominations produced for circulation
have been the familiar penny, nickel, dime, quarter, half dollar and
dollar. The nickel is the only coin still in use today that is
essentially unchanged (except in its design) from its original
version. Every year since 1866, the nickel has been 75% copper and 25%
nickel, except for 4 years during
World War II

World War II when nickel was needed
for the war.
Due to the penny's low value, some efforts have been made to eliminate
the penny as circulating coinage.[41][42]
Collector coins[edit]
The
United States

United States Mint produces Proof Sets specifically for collectors
and speculators. Silver Proofs tend to be the standard designs but
with the dime, quarter, and half dollar containing 90% silver.
Starting in 1983 and ending in 1997, the Mint also produced proof sets
containing the year's commemorative coins alongside the regular coins.
Another type of proof set is the Presidential
Dollar

Dollar Proof Set where
four special $1 coins are minted each year featuring a president.
Because of budget constraints and increasing stockpiles of these
relatively unpopular coins, the production of new Presidential dollar
coins for circulation was suspended on December 13, 2011, by U.S.
Treasury Secretary Timothy F. Geithner. Future minting of such coins
will be made solely for collectors.[43]
2007 had George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and James
Madison
2008 had James Monroe, John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, and Martin
Van Buren
2009 had William Henry Harrison, John Tyler, James K. Polk, and
Zachary Taylor
2010 had Millard Fillmore, Franklin Pierce, James Buchanan, and
Abraham Lincoln
2011 had Andrew Johnson, Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, and
James A. Garfield
2012 had Chester Arthur,
Grover Cleveland
.jpg/440px-Grover_Cleveland_-_NARA_-_518139_(cropped).jpg)
Grover Cleveland (1st term), Benjamin
Harrison, and
Grover Cleveland
.jpg/440px-Grover_Cleveland_-_NARA_-_518139_(cropped).jpg)
Grover Cleveland (2nd term)
2013 had William McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft and
Woodrow Wilson
2014 had Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge, Herbert Hoover, and
Franklin D. Roosevelt
2015 had Harry S Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, and
Lyndon B. Johnson
2016 had Richard M. Nixon, Gerald R. Ford and Ronald Reagan.
Dollar

Dollar coins[edit]
Main article: Coins of the
United States

United States dollar
The first
United States

United States dollar was minted in 1794. Known as the
Flowing Hair Dollar, contained 416 grains of "standard silver" (89.25%
silver and 10.75% copper), as specified by Section 13[44] of the
Coinage Act of 1792. It was designated by Section 9 of that Act as
having "the value of a Spanish milled dollar".
Dollar

Dollar coins have not been very popular in the United States.[45]
Silver dollars were minted intermittently from 1794 through 1935; a
copper-nickel dollar of the same large size, featuring President
Dwight D. Eisenhower, was minted from 1971 through 1978. Gold dollars
were also minted in the 19th century. The
Susan B. Anthony dollar

Susan B. Anthony dollar coin
was introduced in 1979; these proved to be unpopular because they were
often mistaken for quarters, due to their nearly equal size, their
milled edge, and their similar color. Minting of these dollars for
circulation was suspended in 1980 (collectors' pieces were struck in
1981), but, as with all past U.S. coins, they remain legal tender. As
the number of Anthony dollars held by the
Federal Reserve

Federal Reserve and
dispensed primarily to make change in postal and transit vending
machines had been virtually exhausted, additional Anthony dollars were
struck in 1999. In 2000, a new $1 coin, featuring Sacagawea, (the
Sacagawea

Sacagawea dollar) was introduced, which corrected some of the problems
of the Anthony dollar by having a smooth edge and a gold color,
without requiring changes to vending machines that accept the Anthony
dollar. However, this new coin has failed to achieve the popularity of
the still-existing $1 bill and is rarely used in daily transactions.
The failure to simultaneously withdraw the dollar bill and weak
publicity efforts have been cited by coin proponents as primary
reasons for the failure of the dollar coin to gain popular
support.[46]
In February 2007, the U.S. Mint, under the Presidential $1 Coin Act of
2005,[47] introduced a new $1 U.S. Presidential dollar coin. Based on
the success of the "50 State Quarters" series, the new coin features a
sequence of presidents in order of their inaugurations, starting with
George Washington, on the obverse side. The reverse side features the
Statue of Liberty. To allow for larger, more detailed portraits, the
traditional inscriptions of "E Pluribus Unum", "In God We Trust", the
year of minting or issuance, and the mint mark will be inscribed on
the edge of the coin instead of the face. This feature, similar to the
edge inscriptions seen on the British £1 coin, is not usually
associated with U.S. coin designs. The inscription "Liberty" has been
eliminated, with the
Statue of Liberty

Statue of Liberty serving as a sufficient
replacement. In addition, due to the nature of U.S. coins, this will
be the first time there will be circulating U.S. coins of different
denominations with the same president featured on the obverse (heads)
side (Lincoln/penny, Jefferson/nickel, Franklin D. Roosevelt/dime,
Washington/quarter, Kennedy/half dollar, and Eisenhower/dollar).
Another unusual fact about the new $1 coin is
Grover Cleveland
.jpg/440px-Grover_Cleveland_-_NARA_-_518139_(cropped).jpg)
Grover Cleveland will
have two coins with two different portraits issued due to the fact he
was the only U.S. President to be elected to two non-consecutive
terms.[48]
Early releases of the Washington coin included error coins shipped
primarily from the Philadelphia mint to Florida and Tennessee banks.
Highly sought after by collectors, and trading for as much as $850
each within a week of discovery, the error coins were identified by
the absence of the edge impressions "E PLURIBUS UNUM IN GOD WE TRUST
2007 P". The mint of origin is generally accepted to be mostly
Philadelphia, although identifying the source mint is impossible
without opening a mint pack also containing marked units. Edge
lettering is minted in both orientations with respect to "heads", some
amateur collectors were initially duped into buying "upside down
lettering error" coins.[49] Some cynics also erroneously point out
that the
Federal Reserve

Federal Reserve makes more profit from dollar bills than
dollar coins because they wear out in a few years, whereas coins are
more permanent. The fallacy of this argument arises because new notes
printed to replace worn out notes, which have been withdrawn from
circulation, bring in no net revenue to the government to offset the
costs of printing new notes and destroying the old ones. As most
vending machines are incapable of making change in banknotes, they
commonly accept only $1 bills, though a few will give change in dollar
coins.
Mint marks[edit]
Mint
Mint mark
Metal minted
Year established
Current status
Denver
D
All metals
1906
Facility open
Philadelphia
P or none[a]
All metals
1792
Facility open
San Francisco
S
All metals
1854
Facility open (proof only)
West Point
W or none[b]
Gold, Silver and Platinum
1973
Facility open (bullion only)
Carson City
CC
Gold and Silver
1870
Facility closed, 1893[c]
Charlotte
C
Gold only
1838
Facility closed, 1861
Dahlonega
D[d]
Gold only
1838
Facility closed, 1861
Manila[e]
M or none[f]
All metals
1920
Facility closed, 1922; re-opened 1925–1941
New Orleans
O
Gold and Silver
1838
Facility closed, 1861; re-opened 1879–1909[g]
Notes[edit]
^ The letter "P" is used for the Philadelphia mint mark on all coins
(except cents) released from 1980 onward. Before this it had only been
used on silver Jefferson nickels from 1942 to 1945.
^ Between 1973 and 1986 there was no mint mark (these coins are
indistinguishable from coins produced at the
Philadelphia Mint

Philadelphia Mint from
1973 to 1980); after 1988 the letter "W" was used for coinage, except
for the 2009 Ultra High Relief Double Eagle.
^ It is now the home of the Nevada State Museum, which still strikes
commemorative medallions with the "CC" mint mark (most recently in
2014 commemorating the Nevada Sesquicentennial), using former mint's
the original coin press.
^ Although the mint mark "D" has been used by two separate mints, it
is easy to distinguish between the two, as any 19th century
coinage is Dahlonega, and any 20th or 21st century coins are
Denver.
^ During the period in which this mint branch was operational, The
Philippines

Philippines was an insular territory and then commonwealth of the
U.S.; it was the first (and to date only) U.S. branch mint located
outside the Continental United States.
^ The letter "M" was used for the Manila mint mark on all coins
released from 1925 onward; before this it had produced its coins with
no mintmark.
^ During the Civil War, this mint operated under the control of the
State of
Louisiana

Louisiana (February 1861) and the Confederate States of
America (March 1861) until it ran out of bullion later in that
year; some Half Dollars have been identified as being the issue of the
State of
Louisiana

Louisiana and the Confederacy.
Banknotes[edit]
Main article:
Federal Reserve

Federal Reserve Note
Denomination
Front
Reverse
Portrait
Reverse motif
First series
Latest series
Circulation
One Dollar
George Washington
Great Seal of the United States
Series 1935
Series 2017[50]
Wide
Two Dollars
Thomas Jefferson
Trumbull's Declaration of Independence
Series 1976
Series 2013
Limited
Five Dollars
Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln Memorial
Series 2006
Series 2013
Wide
Ten Dollars
Alexander Hamilton
U.S. Treasury
Series 2004A
Series 2013
Wide
Twenty Dollars
Andrew Jackson
White House
Series 2004
Series 2013
Wide
Fifty Dollars
Ulysses S. Grant
United States

United States Capitol
Series 2004
Series 2013
Wide
One Hundred Dollars
Benjamin Franklin
Independence Hall
Series 2009
Series 2013
Wide
The U.S. Constitution provides that Congress shall have the power to
"borrow money on the credit of the United States".[51] Congress has
exercised that power by authorizing
Federal Reserve

Federal Reserve Banks to issue
Federal Reserve

Federal Reserve Notes. Those notes are "obligations of the United
States" and "shall be redeemed in lawful money on demand at the
Treasury Department of the United States, in the city of Washington,
District of Columbia, or at any
Federal Reserve

Federal Reserve bank".[52] Federal
Reserve Notes are designated by law as "legal tender" for the payment
of debts.[53] Congress has also authorized the issuance of more than
10 other types of banknotes, including the
United States

United States Note[54] and
the
Federal Reserve

Federal Reserve Bank Note. The
Federal Reserve Note

Federal Reserve Note is the only
type that remains in circulation since the 1970s.
Currently printed denominations are $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $50, and
$100. Notes above the $100 denomination stopped being printed in 1946
and were officially withdrawn from circulation in 1969. These notes
were used primarily in inter-bank transactions or by organized crime;
it was the latter usage that prompted President
Richard Nixon

Richard Nixon to issue
an executive order in 1969 halting their use. With the advent of
electronic banking, they became less necessary. Notes in denominations
of $500, $1,000, $5,000, $10,000, and $100,000 were all produced at
one time; see large denomination bills in U.S. currency for details.
With the exception of the $100,000 bill (which was only issued as a
Series 1934 Gold Certificate and was never publicly circulated; thus
it is illegal to own), these notes are now collectors' items and are
worth more than their face value to collectors.
Though still predominantly green, post-2004 series incorporate other
colors to better distinguish different denominations. As a result of a
2008 decision in an accessibility lawsuit filed by the American
Council of the Blind, the
Bureau of Engraving and Printing

Bureau of Engraving and Printing is planning
to implement a raised tactile feature in the next redesign of each
note, except the $1 and the current version of the $100 bill. It also
plans larger, higher-contrast numerals, more color differences, and
distribution of currency readers to assist the visually impaired
during the transition period.[55]
Means of issue[edit]
The monetary base consists of coins and
Federal Reserve

Federal Reserve Notes in
circulation outside the
Federal Reserve

Federal Reserve Banks and the U.S. Treasury,
plus deposits held by depository institutions at Federal Reserve
Banks. The adjusted monetary base has increased from approximately 400
billion dollars in 1994, to 800 billion in 2005, and over 3000 billion
in 2013.[56] The amount of cash in circulation is increased (or
decreased) by the actions of the
Federal Reserve

Federal Reserve System. Eight times a
year, the 12-person
Federal Open Market Committee

Federal Open Market Committee meets to determine
U.S. monetary policy.[57] Every business day, the Federal Reserve
System engages in
Open market operations

Open market operations to carry out that monetary
policy.[58] If the
Federal Reserve

Federal Reserve desires to increase the money
supply, it will buy securities (such as
U.S. Treasury

U.S. Treasury Bonds)
anonymously from banks in exchange for dollars. Conversely, it will
sell securities to the banks in exchange for dollars, to take dollars
out of circulation.[59]
When the
Federal Reserve

Federal Reserve makes a purchase, it credits the seller's
reserve account (with the Federal Reserve). This money is not
transferred from any existing funds—it is at this point that the
Federal Reserve

Federal Reserve has created new high-powered money. Commercial banks
can freely withdraw in cash any excess reserves from their reserve
account at the Federal Reserve. To fulfill those requests, the Federal
Reserve places an order for printed money from the U.S. Treasury
Department.[60] The Treasury Department in turn sends these requests
to the
Bureau of Engraving and Printing

Bureau of Engraving and Printing (to print new dollar bills)
and the Bureau of the Mint (to stamp the coins).
Usually, the short-term goal of open market operations is to achieve a
specific short-term interest rate target. In other instances, monetary
policy might instead entail the targeting of a specific exchange rate
relative to some foreign currency or else relative to gold. For
example, in the case of the
United States

United States the
Federal Reserve

Federal Reserve targets
the federal funds rate, the rate at which member banks lend to one
another overnight. The other primary means of conducting monetary
policy include: (i)
Discount window

Discount window lending (as lender of last
resort); (ii) Fractional deposit lending (changes in the reserve
requirement); (iii) Moral suasion (cajoling certain market players to
achieve specified outcomes); (iv) "Open mouth operations" (talking
monetary policy with the market).
Value[edit]
Buying power of one U.S. dollar compared to 1774 USD
Year
Equivalent buying power
1774
$1.00
1780
$0.59
1790
$0.89
1800
$0.64
1810
$0.66
1820
$0.69
1830
$0.88
1840
$0.94
1850
$1.03
1860
$0.97
Year
Equivalent buying power
1870
$0.62
1880
$0.79
1890
$0.89
1900
$0.96
1910
$0.85
1920
$0.39
1930
$0.47
1940
$0.56
1950
$0.33
1960
$0.26
Year
Equivalent buying power
1970
$0.20
1980
$0.10
1990
$0.06
2000
$0.05
2007
$0.04
2008
$0.04
2009
$0.04
2010
$0.035
2011
$0.034
2012
$0.03
U.S. Consumer Price Index, starting from 1913
The 6th paragraph of Section 8 of Article 1 of the U.S. Constitution
provides that the U.S. Congress shall have the power to "coin money"
and to "regulate the value" of domestic and foreign coins. Congress
exercised those powers when it enacted the Coinage Act of 1792. That
Act provided for the minting of the first U.S. dollar and it declared
that the U.S. dollar shall have "the value of a Spanish milled dollar
as the same is now current".[61]
The table to the right shows the equivalent amount of goods that, in a
particular year, could be purchased with $1. The table shows that from
1774 through 2012 the U.S. dollar has lost about 97.0% of its buying
power.[62]
The decline in the value of the U.S. dollar corresponds to price
inflation, which is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and
services in an economy over a period of time.[63] A consumer price
index (CPI) is a measure estimating the average price of consumer
goods and services purchased by households. The
United States

United States Consumer
Price Index, published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, is a measure
estimating the average price of consumer goods and services in the
United States.[64] It reflects inflation as experienced by consumers
in their day-to-day living expenses.[65] A graph showing the U.S. CPI
relative to 1982–1984 and the annual year-over-year change in CPI is
shown at right.
The value of the U.S. dollar declined significantly during wartime,
especially during the American Civil War, World War I, and World War
II.[66] The Federal Reserve, which was established in 1913, was
designed to furnish an "elastic" currency subject to "substantial
changes of quantity over short periods", which differed significantly
from previous forms of high-powered money such as gold, national bank
notes, and silver coins.[67] Over the very long run, the prior gold
standard kept prices stable—for instance, the price level and the
value of the U.S. dollar in 1914 was not very different from the price
level in the 1880s. The
Federal Reserve

Federal Reserve initially succeeded in
maintaining the value of the U.S. dollar and price stability,
reversing the inflation caused by the First World War and stabilizing
the value of the dollar during the 1920s, before presiding over a 30%
deflation in U.S. prices in the 1930s.[68]
Under the
Bretton Woods system

Bretton Woods system established after World War II, the
value of gold was fixed to $35 per ounce, and the value of the U.S.
dollar was thus anchored to the value of gold. Rising government
spending in the 1960s, however, led to doubts about the ability of the
United States

United States to maintain this convertibility, gold stocks dwindled as
banks and international investors began to convert dollars to gold,
and as a result the value of the dollar began to decline. Facing an
emerging currency crisis and the imminent danger that the United
States would no longer be able to redeem dollars for gold, gold
convertibility was finally terminated in 1971 by President Nixon,
resulting in the "Nixon shock".[69]
The value of the U.S. dollar was therefore no longer anchored to gold,
and it fell upon the
Federal Reserve

Federal Reserve to maintain the value of the U.S.
currency. The Federal Reserve, however, continued to increase the
money supply, resulting in stagflation and a rapidly declining value
of the U.S. dollar in the 1970s. This was largely due to the
prevailing economic view at the time that inflation and real economic
growth were linked (the Phillips curve), and so inflation was regarded
as relatively benign.[69] Between 1965 and 1981, the U.S. dollar lost
two thirds of its value.[62]
In 1979, President Carter appointed
Paul Volcker
.jpg/440px-Alan_Greenspan,_Paul_Volcker_and_Ben_Bernanke_-_2014_(13896577879).jpg)
Paul Volcker Chairman of the
Federal Reserve. The
Federal Reserve

Federal Reserve tightened the money supply and
inflation was substantially lower in the 1980s, and hence the value of
the U.S. dollar stabilized.[69]
Over the thirty-year period from 1981 to 2009, the U.S. dollar lost
over half its value.[62] This is because the
Federal Reserve

Federal Reserve has
targeted not zero inflation, but a low, stable rate of
inflation—between 1987 and 1997, the rate of inflation was
approximately 3.5%, and between 1997 and 2007 it was approximately 2%.
The so-called "Great Moderation" of economic conditions since the
1970s is credited to monetary policy targeting price stability.[70]
There is ongoing debate about whether central banks should target zero
inflation (which would mean a constant value for the U.S. dollar over
time) or low, stable inflation (which would mean a continuously but
slowly declining value of the dollar over time, as is the case now).
Although some economists are in favor of a zero inflation policy and
therefore a constant value for the U.S. dollar,[68] others contend
that such a policy limits the ability of the central bank to control
interest rates and stimulate the economy when needed.[71]
Exchange rates[edit]
Historical exchange rates[edit]
Currency
.png/200px-Claudius_II_coin_(colourised).png)
Currency units per U.S. dollar, averaged over the year
19702
19802
19852
19902
1993
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015[72]
Euro
—
—
—
—
—
0.9387
1.0832
1.1171
1.0578
0.8833
0.8040
0.8033
0.7960
0.7293
0.6791
0.7176
0.6739
0.7178
0.7777
0.7530
0.7520
0.9015
Japanese yen
357.6
240.45
250.35
146.25
111.08
113.73
107.80
121.57
125.22
115.94
108.15
110.11
116.31
117.76
103.39
93.68
87.78
79.70
79.82
97.60
105.74
121.05
Pound sterling
8s 4d
=0.4167
0.4484[73]
0.8613[73]
0.6207
0.6660
0.6184
0.6598
0.6946
0.6656
0.6117
0.5456
0.5493
0.5425
0.4995
0.5392
0.6385
0.4548
0.6233
0.6308
0.6393
0.6066
0.6544
Canadian dollar
1.081
1.168
1.321
1.1605
1.2902
1.4858
1.4855
1.5487
1.5704
1.4008
1.3017
1.2115
1.1340
1.0734
1.0660
1.1412
1.0298
0.9887
0.9995
1.0300
1.1043
1.2789
Mexican peso
0.01250–0.026501
2.801
2.671
2.501
3.1237
9.553
9.459
9.337
9.663
10.793
11.290
10.894
10.906
10.928
11.143
13.498
12.623
12.427
13.154
12.758
13.302
15.837
Renminbi

Renminbi yuan
2.46
1.7050
2.9366
4.7832
5.7620
8.2783
8.2784
8.2770
8.2771
8.2772
8.2768
8.1936
7.9723
7.6058
6.9477
6.8307
6.7696
6.4630
6.3093
6.1478
6.1620
6.2840
Indian rupee
7.56
8.000
12.38
16.96
31.291
43.13
45.00
47.22
48.63
46.59
45.26
44.00
45.19
41.18
43.39
48.33
45.65
46.58
53.37
58.51
62.00
64.1332
Singapore dollar
—
—
2.179
1.903
1.6158
1.6951
1.7361
1.7930
1.7908
1.7429
1.6902
1.6639
1.5882
1.5065
1.4140
1.4543
1.24586
1.2565
1.2492
1.2511
1.2665
1.3748
South African rand
0.7182
0.7780
2.2343[74]
2.5600
3.2729
6.1191
6.9468
8.6093
10.5176
7.5550
6.4402
6.3606
6.7668
7.0477
8.2480
8.4117
7.3159
7.2510
8.2014
9.6436
10.8420
12.7759
Notes:
1.
Mexican peso

Mexican peso values prior to 1993 revaluation
2. Value at the start of the year
Sources:
US: Last 4 years, 2009–2012, 2005–2008, 2001–2004, 1997–2000,
1993–1996, all available years[75]
Multiple countries: 2004–present
Australia: 1970–present
China: 1974–1991, 1993–1995
Mexico: 1976–1991
Canada: 1977–1991
Current exchange rates[edit]
Current USD exchange rates
From Google Finance:
AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY RUB INR CNY
From Yahoo! Finance:
AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY RUB INR CNY
From XE:
AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY RUB INR CNY
From OANDA:
AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY RUB INR CNY
From fxtop.com:
AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY RUB INR CNY
See also[edit]
Government of the
United States

United States portal
Numismatics
.png/200px-Claudius_II_coin_(colourised).png)
Numismatics portal
Coins of the
United States

United States dollar
Counterfeit
United States

United States currency
Federal Reserve

Federal Reserve Note
International use of the U.S. dollar
Large denominations of
United States

United States currency
Series (
United States

United States currency)
Strong dollar policy
U.S.
Dollar

Dollar Index
Notes[edit]
^ Alongside
East Timor

East Timor centavo coins
^ Alongside Ecuadorian centavo coins
^ Alongside
Panamanian balboa

Panamanian balboa coins
^ Official currency for Zimbabwean government transactions
^
United States

United States dollars, Iranian rials, and Pakistani rupees are
widely accepted.
^ Used heavily for large purchases.
^
Bahamian dollar

Bahamian dollar tied at a 1:1 rate to the
United States

United States dollar, both
are accepted interchangeably.
^
Barbadian dollar

Barbadian dollar tied at about 2:1, both the accepted. Visiting
Barbados

Barbados FAQ: What is the local currency?, Invest Barbados
^ Alongside the Cambodian riel
^ Alongside the Chilean peso
^ Alongside the Colombian peso
^ Alongside the Costa Rican colón
^
Iraqi dinar

Iraqi dinar tied at about 2:1, both accepted.
^ Alongside the Jamaican dollar
^ Alongside the Lao kip
^ The
United States

United States dollar is widely used alongside the Lebanese pound
at a fixed exchange rate of 1:1,500
^ Alongside the Mexican peso
^ The
United States

United States dollar is widely used alongside the Burmese kyat
^ The
United States

United States dollar is widely used alongside the Nicaraguan
córdoba
^ The
United States

United States dollar is widely used alongside the Paraguayan
guarani
^ The
United States

United States dollar is widely used alongside the Peruvian sol
^ The
United States

United States dollar is widely used alongside the Somali
shilling
^ The
United States

United States dollar is widely used alongside the South African
rand
^ The
United States

United States dollar is widely used alongside the Surinamese
dollar
^ The
United States

United States dollar is widely used alongside the Uruguayan peso
^ The
United States

United States dollar is widely used alongside the Venezuelan
bolívar
^ Alongside the East
Caribbean
.svg/400px-Antillas_(orthographic_projection).svg.png)
Caribbean dollar
^ Alongside the Saint Helena pound
^ Alongside the Bermudian dollar
^ Alongside the New Zealand dollar
^ a b The
United States

United States dollar is widely used by locals.
References[edit]
^ nichol, Mark. "50 Slang Terms for Money". dailywritingtips.com.
Retrieved May 31, 2016.
^ "Central Bank of Timor-Leste". Retrieved Mar 22, 2017. The official
currency of Timor-Leste is the
United States

United States dollar, which is legal
tender for all payments made in cash.
^ "Ecuador". CIA World Factbook. October 18, 2010. Retrieved October
27, 2010. The dollar is legal tender
^ "El Salvador". CIA World Factbook. October 21, 2010. Retrieved
October 27, 2001. The US dollar became El Salvador's currency in
2001
^ FCO country profile Archived June 10, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
^ "
British Indian Ocean Territory

British Indian Ocean Territory Currency".
Wwp.greenwichmeantime.com. March 6, 2013. Retrieved May 5, 2013.
^ "demtullpitcairn.com" (PDF). www.demtullpitcairn.com.
^ "Nixon Ends Convertibility of US Dollars to Gold and Announces
Wage/Price Controls".
Federal Reserve

Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond. Retrieved
September 25, 2017.
^ "Is U.S. currency still backed by gold?". Board of Governors of the
Federal Reserve

Federal Reserve System. Retrieved September 25, 2017.
^ "The Implementation of
Monetary

Monetary Policy – The Federal Reserve
in the International Sphere" (PDF). Retrieved August 24, 2010.
^ Benjamin J. Cohen, The Future of Money, Princeton University Press,
2006, ISBN 0-691-11666-0; cf. "the dollar is the de facto
currency in Cambodia", Charles Agar,
Frommer's Vietnam, 2006,
ISBN 0-471-79816-9, p. 17
^ "How much U.S. currency is in circulation?". Federal Reserve.
Retrieved November 10, 2017.
^ "Paragraph 5 of Section 8 of Article 1 of the Constitution of the
United States

United States of America". Topics.law.cornell.edu. Retrieved August
24, 2010.
^ a b c "Section 5112 of Title 31 of the
United States

United States Code".
Retrieved March 16, 2010.
^ "Paragraph 7 of Section 9 of Article 1 of the Constitution of the
United States

United States of America". Topics.law.cornell.edu. Retrieved August
24, 2010.
^ "Section 331 of Title 31 of the
United States

United States Code".
Law.cornell.edu. August 6, 2010. Retrieved August 24, 2010.
^ "2009 Financial Report of the
United States

United States Government" (PDF).
Retrieved August 24, 2010.
^ Mehl, B. Max. "
United States

United States $50.00 Gold Pieces, 1877", in Star Rare
Coins Encyclopedia and Premium Catalogue (20th edition, 1921)
^ a b National Geographic. June 2002. p. 1. Ask US.
^ "Dutch Colonial – Lion Dollar". Coins.lakdiva.org. Retrieved
May 5, 2013.
^ a b "etymologiebank.nl". etymologiebank.nl. Retrieved May 5,
2013.
^ Julian, R.W. (2007). "All About the Dollar". Numismatist: 41.
^ "Buck". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved November 10,
2011.
^ "Paper Money Glossary". Littleton Coin Company. Retrieved November
7, 2011.
^ Cajori, Florian ([1929]1993). A History of Mathematical Notations
(Vol. 2). New York: Dover, 15–29. ISBN 0-486-67766-4
^ Aiton, Arthur S. and Benjamin W. Wheeler (May 1931). "The First
American Mint", The Hispanic American Historical Review 11 (2), 198
and note 2 on 198.
^ Nussbaum, Arthur (1957). A History of the Dollar. New York: Columbia
University Press. p. 56. The dollar sign, $, is connected with
the peso, contrary to popular belief, which considers it to be an
abbreviation of 'U.S.' The two parallel lines represented one of the
many abbreviations of 'P,' and the 'S' indicated the plural. The
abbreviation '$.' was also used for the peso, and is still used in
Argentina.
^ "What is the origin of the $ Sign?" Archived May 5, 2015, at the
Wayback Machine., U.S.
Bureau of Engraving and Printing

Bureau of Engraving and Printing website
^ Rand, Ayn. Atlas Shrugged. 1957. Signet. 1992. p628
^ James, James Alton (1970) [1937]. Oliver Pollock: The Life and Times
of an Unknown Patriot. Freeport: Books for Libraries Press.
p. 356. ISBN 978-0-8369-5527-9.
^ "The Lion Dollar: Introduction". Coins.nd.edu. Retrieved August 24,
2010.
^ Mint, U.S. "Coinage Act of 1792". U.S. treasury.
^ See [1].
^ "
United States

United States Dollar". OANDA. Retrieved December 19, 2013.
^ "Engraving and printing currency and security documents:Article b".
Legal Information Institute. Retrieved December 19, 2013.
^ Matt Soniak (July 22, 2011). "On the Money: Everything You Ever
Wanted to Know About Coin Portraits". Mental Floss. Retrieved December
19, 2013.
^ Newman, Eric P. (1990). The Early Paper Money of America (3 ed.).
Iola, Wisconsin: Krause Publications. p. 17.
ISBN 0-87341-120-X.
^ Wright, Robert E. (2008). One Nation Under Debt: Hamilton,
Jefferson, and the History of What We Owe. New York, New York:
McGraw-Hill. pp. 50–52. ISBN 978-0-07-154393-4.
^ "IRS Court Case Shakes the Foundations of the Debt Money System".
Beyondmoney.net. November 8, 2007. Retrieved August 24, 2010.
^ "2015 $100 American Liberty High Relief Gold Coin Photos". July 31,
2015.
^ Christian Zappone (July 18, 2006). "Kill-the-penny bill introduced".
CNN Money. Retrieved February 13, 2016.
^ Weinberg, Ali (February 19, 2013). "Penny pinching: Can Obama manage
elimination of one-cent coin?". NBC News. Retrieved February 13,
2016.
^ "The
United States

United States Mint Coins and Medals Program". Department of the
Treasury. Retrieved August 1, 2012.
^ "Section 13 of the Coinage Act of 1792". Memory.loc.gov. Retrieved
August 24, 2010.
^ CNN Money Congress tries again for a dollar coin. Written by Gordon
T. Anderson. Published April 25, 2005.
^ "Report to the Subcommittee on Treasury and General Government,
Committee on Appropriations, U.S. Senate" (PDF). USGAO. Retrieved May
5, 2013.
^ Pub. L. No. 109-145, 119 Stat. 2664 (December 22, 2005).
^ The
United States

United States Mint. "The
United States

United States Mint Pressroom".
Usmint.com. Retrieved August 24, 2010.
^ Godless Dollars[dead link]
^ "USPaperMoney.Info: Series 2017 $1". www.uspapermoney.info.
^ "Paragraph 2 of Section 8 of Article 1 of the United States
Constitution". Topics.law.cornell.edu. Retrieved August 24,
2010.
^ "Section 411 of Title 12 of the
United States

United States Code".
Law.cornell.edu. June 22, 2010. Retrieved August 24, 2010.
^ "Section 5103 of Title 31 of the
United States

United States Code".
Law.cornell.edu. August 6, 2010. Retrieved August 24, 2010.
^ "Section 5115 of Title 31 of the
United States

United States Code".
Law.cornell.edu. August 6, 2010. Retrieved August 24, 2010.
^ See
Federal Reserve Note

Federal Reserve Note for details and references
^ "St. Louis Adjusted
Monetary

Monetary Base".
Federal Reserve

Federal Reserve Bank of St.
Louis. Retrieved May 3, 2013.
^ "The Federal Reserve's Beige Book". The
Federal Reserve

Federal Reserve Bank of
Minneapolis. Archived from the original on December 5, 2007. Retrieved
January 6, 2008.
^ Davies, Phil. "Right on Target". Archived from the original on
December 18, 2007. Retrieved January 7, 2008.
Federal Reserve

Federal Reserve Bank of
Minneapolis
^ "Open Market Operations".
Federal Reserve

Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
Retrieved January 11, 2008.
Open market operations

Open market operations enable the Federal
Reserve to affect the supply of reserve balances in the banking
system.
^ "Fact Sheets:
Currency
.png/200px-Claudius_II_coin_(colourised).png)
Currency & Coins".
United States

United States Department of the
Treasury. Archived from the original on January 11, 2008. Retrieved
January 22, 2008.
^ "Section 9 of the Coinage Act of 1792". Memory.loc.gov. Retrieved
August 24, 2010.
^ a b c "Measuring Worth – Purchasing Power of Money in the
United States

United States from 1774 to 2010". Retrieved April 22, 2010.
^
Olivier Blanchard

Olivier Blanchard (2000). Macroeconomics (2nd ed.), Englewood
Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-013306-X
^ "Consumer Price Index Frequently Asked Questions". Retrieved July
17, 2010.
^ "Consumer Price Index Frequently Asked Questions". Retrieved July
17, 2010.
^ Milton Friedman, Anna Jacobson Schwartz. A monetary history of the
United States, 1867–1960. p. 546.
ISBN 978-0691003542.
^ Friedman 189–190
^ a b "Central Banking—Then and Now". Retrieved July 17, 2010.
^ a b c "Controlling Inflation: A Historical Perspective" (PDF).
Archived from the original (PDF) on December 7, 2010. Retrieved July
17, 2010.
^ "
Monetary

Monetary Credibility, Inflation, and Economic Growth". Retrieved
July 17, 2010.
^ "U.S.
Monetary

Monetary Policy: The Fed's Goals". Retrieved July 17,
2010.
^ "Historical Exchange Rates
Currency
.png/200px-Claudius_II_coin_(colourised).png)
Currency Converter - TransferMate".
www.transfermate.com.
^ a b 1970–1992 Archived October 13, 2008, at the Wayback Machine..
1980 derived from AUD–USD=1.1055 and AUD–GBP=0.4957 at end of Dec
1979: 0.4957/1.1055=0.448394392; 1985 derived from AUD–USD=0.8278
and AUD–GBP=0.7130 at end of Dec 1984: 0.7130/0.8278=0.861319159
^ "Exchange Rates Between the
United States

United States
Dollar

Dollar and the South
African Rand". Measuring Worth. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
^ "FRB: Foreign Exchange Rates – G.5A; Release Dates". Board of
Governors of the
Federal Reserve

Federal Reserve System. Retrieved July 23,
2014.
Further reading[edit]
Prasad, Eswar S. (2014). The
Dollar

Dollar Trap: How the U.S. Dollar
Tightened Its Grip on Global Finance. Princeton, NJ: Princeton
University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-16112-9.
External links[edit]
Find more about
United States

United States dollarat's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Wikimedia Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Learning resources from Wikiversity
U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing
U.S.
Currency
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Currency and Coin Outstanding and in Circulation
U.S.
Currency
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Currency Education Program page with images of all current
banknotes
American
Currency
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Currency Exhibit at the San Francisco
Federal Reserve

Federal Reserve Bank
Relative values of the U.S. dollar, from 1774 to present
Historical
Currency
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Currency Converter
Summary of BEP Production Statistics
U.S.
Currency
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Currency tracking experiment
50 Factors that Affect the Value of the U.S. Dollar – Currency
Trading.net
Askar Akaev forecasts the collapse of U.S. dollar in December 2012
Live exchange rates
Currency
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Currency exchange rates updated every 60 seconds
Images of U.S. currency and coins[edit]
U.S.
Currency
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Currency Education Program: Banknotes
U.S. Mint: Image Library
Historical and current banknotes of the
United States

United States (in English) (in
German)
Links to related articles
v
t
e
Coinage of the United States
Cent (1¢)
Fugio Cent

Fugio Cent (1787)
Chain (1793)
Wreath (1793)
Liberty Cap (1793–96)
Draped Bust

Draped Bust (1796–1807)
Classic Head

Classic Head (1808–14)
Matron Head

Matron Head (1816–39)
Large cent

Large cent (Braided Hair) (1835–57; 1868)
Flying Eagle cent

Flying Eagle cent (1856–58)
Indian Head (1859–1909)
Lincoln cent

Lincoln cent (1909–present)
1943 steel cent
1955 doubled die cent
1974 aluminum cent
Nickel

Nickel (5¢)
Half dime
Flowing Hair (1794–95)
Draped Bust

Draped Bust (1796–97, 1800–05)
Capped Bust
.jpg/400px-1831-5C_(clashed_reverse_die).jpg)
Capped Bust (1829–37)
Seated Liberty (1837–73)
Shield (1866–83)
Liberty Head (1883–1913)
Buffalo (1913–38)
Jefferson (1938–present)
Dime (10¢)
Disme (1792)
Draped Bust

Draped Bust (1796–1807)
Capped Bust
.jpg/400px-1831-5C_(clashed_reverse_die).jpg)
Capped Bust (1809–37)
Seated Liberty (1837–91)
Barber (1892–1916)
Mercury (1916–45)
Roosevelt (1946–present)
Quarter dollar (25¢)
Draped Bust

Draped Bust (1796–1807)
Capped Bust
.jpg/400px-1831-5C_(clashed_reverse_die).jpg)
Capped Bust (1815–39)
Seated Liberty (1839–91)
Barber (1892–1916)
Standing Liberty (1916–30)
Washington (1932–1998)
50 State Quarters

50 State Quarters (1999–2008)
District of Columbia and
United States

United States Territories Quarters (2009)
America the Beautiful Quarters

America the Beautiful Quarters (2010–present)
Half dollar

Half dollar (50¢)
Flowing Hair (1794–95)
Draped Bust

Draped Bust (1796–1807)
Capped Bust
.jpg/400px-1831-5C_(clashed_reverse_die).jpg)
Capped Bust (1807–39)
Seated Liberty (1839–91)
Barber (1892–1915)
Walking Liberty (1916–47)
Franklin (1948–63)
Kennedy (1964–present)
Dollar

Dollar ($1)
Flowing Hair (1794–95)
Draped Bust

Draped Bust (1795–1804)
1804 (1834, c. 1858–60)
Gobrecht (1836–39)
Seated Liberty (1840–73)
Gold (1849–89)
Trade (1873–85)
Morgan (1878–1904; 1921)
Peace (1921–35)
Eisenhower (1971–78)
Susan B. Anthony

Susan B. Anthony (1979–81; 1999)
Silver Eagle (1986–present)
Sacagawea

Sacagawea (2000–present)
Presidential (2007–16)
Gold
Turban Head eagle
.jpg/950px-NNC-US-1795-G$10-Turban_Head_(small_eagle).jpg)
Turban Head eagle (1795–1804)
Half eagle
.jpg/550px-NNC-US-1795-G$5-Turban_Head_(heraldic_eagle).jpg)
Half eagle (1795–1929)
Eagle (1795–1933)
Quarter eagle
.jpg/550px-NNC-US-1796-G$2½-Turban_Head_(no_stars).jpg)
Quarter eagle (1796–1929)
Gold dollar
.jpg/950px-NNC-US-1849-G$1-Liberty_head_(Ty1).jpg)
Gold dollar (1849–89)
Three-dollar piece

Three-dollar piece (1854–89)
Liberty Head double eagle
.jpg/950px-NNC-US-1849-G$20-Liberty_Head_(Twenty_D.).jpg)
Liberty Head double eagle (1849–1907)
Double eagle
.jpg/600px-NNC-US-1849-G$20-Liberty_Head_(Twenty_D.).jpg)
Double eagle (1849–1933)
Saint-Gaudens double eagle
.jpg/950px-NNC-US-1907-G$20-Saint_Gaudens_(Arabic).jpg)
Saint-Gaudens double eagle (1907–33)
Indian Head eagle
.jpg/950px-NNC-US-1907-G$10-Indian_Head_(no_motto).jpg)
Indian Head eagle (1907–33)
Indian Head gold pieces

Indian Head gold pieces (1908–29)
Gold Eagle (1986–present)
Gold Buffalo (2006–present)
First Spouse gold bullion coins (2007–16)
Commemorative
Early
(1892–1954)
Columbian half dollar

Columbian half dollar (1892–93)
Isabella quarter

Isabella quarter (1893)
Lafayette dollar

Lafayette dollar (1900)
Louisiana

Louisiana Purchase Exposition dollar (1903)
Lewis and Clark Exposition dollar

Lewis and Clark Exposition dollar (1904–05)
Panama–Pacific commemorative coins

Panama–Pacific commemorative coins (1915)
McKinley Birthplace Memorial dollar

McKinley Birthplace Memorial dollar (1916–17)
Illinois Centennial half dollar

Illinois Centennial half dollar (1918)
Maine Centennial half dollar

Maine Centennial half dollar (1920)
Pilgrim Tercentenary half dollar

Pilgrim Tercentenary half dollar (1920–21)
Missouri Centennial half dollar

Missouri Centennial half dollar (1921)
Alabama Centennial half dollar

Alabama Centennial half dollar (1921)
Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar

Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar (1923)
Huguenot-Walloon half dollar

Huguenot-Walloon half dollar (1924)
Stone Mountain Memorial half dollar

Stone Mountain Memorial half dollar (1925)
Lexington-Concord Sesquicentennial half dollar

Lexington-Concord Sesquicentennial half dollar (1925)
California Diamond Jubilee half dollar
.png/440px-California_half_dollar_obverse_(transparent).png)
California Diamond Jubilee half dollar (1925)
Fort Vancouver Centennial half dollar

Fort Vancouver Centennial half dollar (1925)
United States

United States Sesquicentennial coinage (1926)
Oregon Trail Memorial half dollar
.jpg/440px-1939-D_50C_Oregon_(obv).jpg)
Oregon Trail Memorial half dollar (1926–39)
Vermont Sesquicentennial half dollar

Vermont Sesquicentennial half dollar (1927)
Hawaii Sesquicentennial half dollar

Hawaii Sesquicentennial half dollar (1928)
Texas Centennial half dollar

Texas Centennial half dollar (1934–38)
Hudson Sesquicentennial half dollar

Hudson Sesquicentennial half dollar (1935)
Connecticut

Connecticut Tercentenary half dollar (1935)
California Pacific International Exposition half dollar

California Pacific International Exposition half dollar (1935–36)
Rhode Island
.svg/600px-Rhode_Island_in_United_States_(zoom).svg.png)
Rhode Island Tercentenary half dollar (1936)
Cincinnati Musical Center half dollar
.png/440px-1936_50C_Cincinnati_(obv).png)
Cincinnati Musical Center half dollar (1936)
Cleveland Centennial half dollar

Cleveland Centennial half dollar (1936)
Bridgeport half dollar (1936)
Elgin, Illinois, Centennial half dollar
_Centennial_half_dollar_obverse.jpg/440px-Elgin_(Illinois)_Centennial_half_dollar_obverse.jpg)
Elgin, Illinois, Centennial half dollar (1936)
Modern
(1982–present)
Los Angeles XXIII Olympiad dollar

Los Angeles XXIII Olympiad dollar (1984)
Eisenhower commemorative dollar

Eisenhower commemorative dollar (1990)
Library of Congress ten dollar coin (2000)
John Marshall commemorative dollar (2005)
Marine Corps 230th Anniversary silver dollar

Marine Corps 230th Anniversary silver dollar (2005)
Boy Scouts of America centennial silver dollar

Boy Scouts of America centennial silver dollar (2010)
Patterns
Two-cent billon
_(rev).jpg/440px-1836_P2C_Two_Cents_(Judd-52)_(rev).jpg)
Two-cent billon (1836)
Three-cent bronze

Three-cent bronze (1863)
Stella (1879–80)
Half-union
_Reverse.jpg/440px-1877_$50_Fifty_Dollar_pattern_(Judd-1547,_Pollock-1720)_Reverse.jpg)
Half-union (1877)
Other
Half cent (1793–1857)
Two-cent piece (1864–73)
Three-cent silver
.jpg/440px-1858_3CS_(obv).jpg)
Three-cent silver (1851–73)
Three-cent nickel

Three-cent nickel (1865–89)
Twenty-cent piece (1875–78)
United States

United States Bicentennial coinage (1975–76)
Platinum Eagle (1997–present)
Palladium Eagle (2017–present)
America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins

America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins (2010–present)
Norse-American medal

Norse-American medal (1925)
v
t
e
Currencies of Africa
North
Algerian dinar
Egyptian pound
Euro
Plazas de soberanía
Libyan dinar
Mauritanian ouguiya
Moroccan dirham
Sahrawi peseta

Sahrawi peseta (unrecognized)
Sudanese pound
Tunisian dinar
Central
Angolan kwanza
Burundian franc
Central African CFA franc
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Republic of the Congo
Equatorial Guinea
Gabon
Congolese franc
Rwandan franc
East
Comorian franc
Djiboutian franc
Eritrean nakfa
Ethiopian birr
Kenyan shilling
Seychellois rupee
Somali shilling
Somaliland shilling

Somaliland shilling (unrecognized)
South Sudanese pound
Tanzanian shilling
Ugandan shilling
South
Botswana pula
British pound sterling
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
Zimbabwe
Euro
French Southern and Antarctic Lands
Mayotte
Réunion
Zimbabwe
Lesotho

Lesotho loti
Malagasy ariary
Malawian kwacha
Mauritian rupee
Mozambican metical
Namibian dollar
Saint Helena pound
South African rand
Lesotho
Namibia
Swaziland
Zimbabwe
Swazi lilangeni
U.S. dollar
Zimbabwe
Zambian kwacha
Zimbabwean dollar
.jpg/504px-Zimbabwe_fourth_dollar_-_$500_Obverse_(2009).jpg)
Zimbabwean dollar (defunct due to hyperinflation since April 2009)
Zimbabwean bond coins

Zimbabwean bond coins (since 18 December 2014 - denominated in U.S.
Cents)
Zimbabwean bond notes

Zimbabwean bond notes (since 28 November 2016 - denominated in U.S.
Dollars)
West
Cape Verdean escudo
Euro
Canary Islands
Madeira
Gambian dalasi
Ghanaian cedi
Guinean franc
Liberian dollar
Nigerian naira
São Tomé and Príncipe dobra
Sierra Leonean leone
West African CFA franc
Benin
Burkina Faso
Guinea-Bissau
Ivory Coast
Mali
Niger
Senegal
Togo
v
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e
Currencies of Asia
Central
Kazakhstani tenge
Kyrgyzstani som
Tajikistani somoni
Turkmenistan manat
Uzbekistani soʻm
East
Chinese yuan
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Dollar

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Half dollar
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Zimbabwean bond coins
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United States

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United States

United States currency
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