The Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt (notated Dynasty XXIX, alternatively 29th Dynasty or Dynasty 29) is usually classified as the fourth Dynasty of the
Ancient Egyptian
Late Period. It was founded after the overthrow of
Amyrtaeus, the only Pharaoh of the
28th Dynasty
The Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt (notated Dynasty XXVIII, alternatively 28th Dynasty or Dynasty 28) is usually classified as the third dynasty of the Ancient Egyptian Late Period. The 28th Dynasty lasted from 404 BC to 398 BC and it includes ...
, by
Nefaarud I
Nefaarud I or Nayfaurud I, better known with his hellenised name Nepherites I, was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh, the founder of the 29th Dynasty in 399 BC.
Reign Accession
It is believed that Nepherites was a general from the deltaic city of Mende ...
in 398 BC, and disestablished upon the overthrow of
Nefaarud II in 380 BC.
History
Nefaarud I founded the 29th Dynasty (according to an account preserved in a
papyrus
Papyrus ( ) is a material similar to thick paper that was used in ancient times as a writing surface. It was made from the pith of the papyrus plant, '' Cyperus papyrus'', a wetland sedge. ''Papyrus'' (plural: ''papyri'') can also refer to ...
in the
Brooklyn Museum
The Brooklyn Museum is an art museum located in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. At , the museum is New York City's second largest and contains an art collection with around 1.5 million objects. Located near the Prospect Heights, Cro ...
) by defeating Amyrtaeus in open battle, and later putting him to death at
Memphis. Nefaarud then made
Mendes
Mendes ( grc-gre, Μένδης, '' gen''.: ), the Greek name of the ancient Egyptian city of Djedet, also known in ancient Egypt as Per-Banebdjedet ("The Domain of the Ram Lord of Djedet") and Anpet, is known today as Tell El-Ruba ( ar, تل ا ...
his capital.
On Nefaarud's death, two rival factions fought for the throne: one behind his son
Muthis
Muthis may have been an ephemeral ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the Twenty-ninth Dynasty.
Biography
He is sometime reported as a son of Nepherites I who ruled for a brief time before being deposed by an usurper, Psammuthes. However, this statem ...
, and the other supporting a usurper
Psammuthes
Psammuthes or Psammuthis,Ray, J. D., 1986: "Psammuthis and Hakoris", ''The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology'', 72: 149-158. was a pharaoh of the Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt during 392/1 BC.
Biography
The place of this king in the dynasty is a m ...
; although Psammuthes was successful, he only managed to reign for a year.
Psammuthes was overthrown by
Hakor
Hakor or Hagar, also known by the hellenized forms Achoris or Hakoris, was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the 29th Dynasty. His reign marks the apex of this feeble and short-lived dynasty, having ruled for 13 years – more than half of its entir ...
, who claimed to be the grandson of Nefaarud I. He successfully resisted
Persian attempts to reconquer Egypt, drawing support from
Athens
Athens ( ; el, Αθήνα, Athína ; grc, Ἀθῆναι, Athênai (pl.) ) is both the capital and largest city of Greece. With a population close to four million, it is also the seventh largest city in the European Union. Athens dominates a ...
(until the
Peace of Antalcidas in 387 BC), and from the rebel king of
Cyprus
Cyprus ; tr, Kıbrıs (), officially the Republic of Cyprus,, , lit: Republic of Cyprus is an island country located south of the Anatolian Peninsula in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Its continental position is disputed; while it is ...
,
Evagoras. Although his son
Nefaarud II became king on his death, the younger Nefaarud was unable to keep hold of his inheritance.
Pharaohs of the 29th Dynasty
Timeline of the 29th Dynasty
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Period = from:-398 till:-370
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from: -398 till: -393 color:PA text:"Nefaarud I
Nefaarud I or Nayfaurud I, better known with his hellenised name Nepherites I, was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh, the founder of the 29th Dynasty in 399 BC.
Reign Accession
It is believed that Nepherites was a general from the deltaic city of Mende ...
(398 BC
__NOTOC__
Year 398 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Tribunate of Potitus, Medullinus, Lactucinus, Fidenas, Camillus and Cornutus (or, less frequently, year 356 ''Ab urbe condita''). Th ...
– 393 BC
__NOTOC__
Year 393 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Potitus and Maluginensis (or, less frequently, year 361 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination 393 BC for this year ha ...
)"
from: -393 till: -393 color:PA text:"Psammuthes
Psammuthes or Psammuthis,Ray, J. D., 1986: "Psammuthis and Hakoris", ''The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology'', 72: 149-158. was a pharaoh of the Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt during 392/1 BC.
Biography
The place of this king in the dynasty is a m ...
(393 BC
__NOTOC__
Year 393 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Potitus and Maluginensis (or, less frequently, year 361 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination 393 BC for this year ha ...
– 393 BC
__NOTOC__
Year 393 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Potitus and Maluginensis (or, less frequently, year 361 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination 393 BC for this year ha ...
)"
from: -393 till: -380 color:PA text:"Hakor
Hakor or Hagar, also known by the hellenized forms Achoris or Hakoris, was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the 29th Dynasty. His reign marks the apex of this feeble and short-lived dynasty, having ruled for 13 years – more than half of its entir ...
(393 BC
__NOTOC__
Year 393 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Potitus and Maluginensis (or, less frequently, year 361 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination 393 BC for this year ha ...
– 380 BC
38 may refer to:
*38 (number), the natural number following 37 and preceding 39
*one of the years 38 BC, AD 38, 1938, 2038
*.38, a caliber of firearms and cartridges
**.38 Special, a revolver cartridge
*'' Thirty-Eight: The Hurricane That Transfor ...
)"
from: -380 till: -380 color:PA text:" Nefaarud II (380 BC
38 may refer to:
*38 (number), the natural number following 37 and preceding 39
*one of the years 38 BC, AD 38, 1938, 2038
*.38, a caliber of firearms and cartridges
**.38 Special, a revolver cartridge
*'' Thirty-Eight: The Hurricane That Transfor ...
– 380 BC
38 may refer to:
*38 (number), the natural number following 37 and preceding 39
*one of the years 38 BC, AD 38, 1938, 2038
*.38, a caliber of firearms and cartridges
**.38 Special, a revolver cartridge
*'' Thirty-Eight: The Hurricane That Transfor ...
)"
barset:skip
References
*.
*.
*. Translated by David Lorton.
*.
*{{citation, last=Traunecker, first=Claude, title=Essai sur l'histoire de la XXIXe dynastie, journal=Bulletin de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale, volume=79, year=1979, pages=395–436, url=http://www.ifao.egnet.net/bifao/Bifao079_art_24.pdf, url-status=dead, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423000522/http://www.ifao.egnet.net/bifao/Bifao079_art_24.pdf, archive-date=2016-04-23.
States and territories established in the 4th century BC
States and territories disestablished in the 4th century BC
29
398 BC
390s BC establishments
4th-century BC establishments in Egypt
380 BC
4th-century BC disestablishments in Egypt