Turkic, Caucasian, Cossack, and Crimean collaborationism with the Axis powers

Among the approximately one million foreign volunteers and conscripts who served in the Wehrmacht during World War II were ethnic Belgians, Czechs, Dutch, Finns, Danes, French, Hungarians, Norwegians, Poles, Portuguese, Swedes, along with people from Great Britain, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and the Balkans. At least 47,000 Spaniards served in the Blue Division.

Some estimates state anywhere between 600,000 and 1,400,000 Soviet citizens ( Russians and other non-Russian ethnic minorities) joined the Wehrmacht forces as ''Hiwis'' (or '' Hilfswillige'').Audrey L. Alstadt (2013).
The Azerbaijani Turks: Power and Identity under Russian Rule
. p. 187. The Ukrainian collaborationist forces were composed of an estimated number of 180,000 volunteers serving with units scattered all over Europe. Russian émigrés and defectors from the Soviet Union formed the Russian Liberation Army or fought as ''Hilfswillige'' within German units of the Wehrmacht primarily on the Eastern Front. Non-Russians from the Soviet Union formed the Ostlegionen (literally "Eastern Legions"). The ''East Battalions'' comprized a total of 175,000 personnel. These units were all commanded by General Ernst August Köstring. (1876−1953) A lower estimate for the total number of foreign volunteers that served in the entire German armed forces (including the Waffen SS) is 350,000.“SS: Hitler's Foreign Divisions” description

These units were often under the command of German officers and some published their own propaganda newssheets.

List of units

Soviet Union

Croatia

Middle East

* '' Legion Freies Arabien'' (Arab volunteers)
** '' Deutsch-Arabische Lehr-Abteilung'' (Arab volunteers)
** ''Deutsch-Arabisches Bataillon Nr. 845'' (Arab volunteers)
* ''Freiwilligen-Stamm-Regiment 1'' (Turkish volunteers)

Azerbaijani, Georgian and Armenian volunteers

* ''Armenische Legion'' (Armenian volunteers)
* ''Aserbaidschanische Legion'' (Azerbaijani volunteers)
* '' 30. Waffen-Grenadier-Division der SS (Russische Nr. 2)''
* '' Georgische Legion'' (Georgian volunteers)
* ''Freiwilligen-Stamm-Regiment 1'' (Georgian volunteers)
* ''Freiwilligen-Stamm-Regiment 2'' (Armenians & Azerbaijanis)
* '' Sonderverband Bergmann'' (Georgian and Azerbaijani volunteers)
** ''I. Sonderverband Bergmann'' Battalion (Georgian volunteers)
** ''III. Sonderverband Bergmann'' Battalion (Azerbaijani volunteers)
* ''SS-Waffengruppe Georgien'' (Georgian volunteers)
* ''SS-Waffengruppe Armenien'' (Armenian volunteers)
* ''SS-Waffengruppe Aserbaidschan'' (Azeri volunteers)

North Caucasian volunteers

* ''Kaukasisch-Mohammedanische Legion'' (Azerbaijani, Circassian, Daghestani, Chechen, Ingush, and Lezghin volunteer units)
* ''Kaukasischer-Waffen-Verband der SS'' or ''Freiwilligen Brigade Nordkaukasien'' (volunteers from the North Caucasus region)
* '' Nordkaukasische Legion'' ("North Caucasian Legion" volunteers from the North Caucasus region)
* ''Freiwilligen-Stamm-Regiment 1'' (North Caucasian volunteers)
* '' Sonderverband Bergmann'' (North Caucasian volunteers)
** ''II. Sonderverband Bergmann'' Battalion (North Caucasian volunteers)
* ''SS-Waffengruppe Nordkaukasus'' (North Caucasian volunteers; Chechens, Ingush & Dagestani)

Central Asian volunteers

* ''162. (Turkistan) Infanterie-Division'' (Turkestani volunteers)
* ''Muselmanischen SS-Division Neu-Turkistan'' (Turkestani volunteers)
* '' Turkistanische Legion'' (volunteers from Central Asia; Uzbeks, Kazakhs & Turkmen)
* ''Böhler-Brigade'' (Turkestani volunteers)
* ''1. Turkestanisches-Arbeits-Battalion'' (Turkestani volunteers)
* ''2. Turkestanisches-Arbeits-Battalion'' (Turkestani volunteers)
* ''3. Turkestanisches-Arbeits-Battalion'' (Turkestani volunteers)
* ''Osttürkischer Waffen-Verband der SS'' or ''1. Ostmuselmanisches SS-Regiment'' ( Central Asia volunteers)
* ''Turkestanisches-Arbeits-Ersatz-Battalion'' (Turkestani volunteers)
* ''Waffen-Gruppe Turkistan'' (Central Asian volunteers)

Kalmykian volunteers

* ''Kalmüken Verband Dr. Doll'' (Kalmykian volunteers)
* ''Abwehrtrupp 103'' (Kalmykian volunteers)
* ''Kalmücken Legion'' or ''Kalmücken-Kavallerie-Korps'' (Kalmykian volunteers)

Tatar volunteers

* Tatar Legion
* '' SS-Waffengruppe Idel-Ural'' (Turkic volunteers from Volga/Ural area)
* ''Waffen-Gebirgs-Brigade der SS (Tatar Nr. 1)'' (Tatar volunteers)
* ''30. Waffen-Grenadier-Division der SS (Russische Nr. 2)'' (Armenian & Tatar volunteer units)
* ''Wolgatatarische Legion'' (Volga Tatars but also of other volunteers from the region)
* ''Tataren-Gebirgsjäger-Regiment der SS'' (Crimean Tatar volunteers)
* ''Waffen-Gruppe Krim'' (Crimean Tatar volunteers)
* '' Schutzmannschaft Battalion'' (Crimean Tatar volunteers)

Cossack volunteers

* '' 1. Kosaken-Kavallerie-Division'' (volunteers from Cossacks in Cherson, from February 1945 '' XV. SS-Kosaken-Kavallerie-Korps'')
* ''Kosaken-Reiter-Brigade Kaukasus II'' (Caucasus Cossack volunteers)
* ''Kuban-Kosaken-Reiter-Regiment 3'' (Kuban Cossack volunteers)
* ''Don-Kosaken-Reiter-Regiment 5'' ( Don Cossack volunteers)
* ''Terek-Kosaken-Reiter-Regiment 6'' (Terek Cossack volunteers)
* ''Kosaken-Artillerie-Regiment 2'' (Caucasian Cossack volunteers)
* ''Sibirisches Kosaken-Reiter-Regiment 2'' ( Siberian Cossack volunteers)
* ''XV. Kosaken-Kavallerie-Korps'' (Kotelnikovo Cossack volunteers)
* ''Freiwilligen-Stamm-Regiment 5'' (Cossack volunteers)

Caucasian mixed volunteer units

* ''Freiwilligen-Stamm-Division'' (Georgian, Turkish, North Caucasian, Armenian & Azerbaijani volunteers)

Caucasian, Central Asian, Crimean and Ural mixed volunteer units

* ''Waffen-Gruppe Turkistan''
* ''Waffen-Gruppe Idel-Ural''
* ''Waffen-Gruppe Azerbaijan''
* ''Waffen-Gruppe Krim''

Propaganda newspapers for Caucasian and Cossack units

;Azerbaijan
* ''Azerbajçan'' – Azerbaijani Legion

;Kalmykia
* ''Kalmyckij Boec'' ("Kalmyk Soldier") – Kalmyk Cavalry Corps

;Kosaken (Cossack Nation)
* ''Kosaken-Illustrierte'' ("Cossack Illustrated") – 1st Cossack Cavalry Division (trilingual)
* ''La terra dei cosacchi'' ("The Land of the Cossacks") – Cossack units in upper Italy

;Krimtürken (Crimean Tatars)
* ''Kirim'' ("Crimea") – Weekly paper for the Crimean Tatar volunteers, Berlin 1944–1945

;Tataren (Tatar nation)
* ''Deutsch-tatarisches Nachrichtenblatt'' ("German-Tatar News Journal") – Volga Tatar Legion, monthly publication, Berlin 1944–1945 (bilingual)

;Turkestaner (Central Asian nation)
* ''Yeni Türkistan'' ("New Turkestan") – Turkistan Legion
* ''Svoboda'' ("Freedom") – 162nd Turkoman Division
* ''Türk Birligi'' ("Turkish Unity") – ''Osttürkischer Waffen-Verband der SS'', weekly publication, Berlin 1944–1945

German commanders of Central Asian, Caucasian and Cossack units

These German commanders also received honorary military or leading titles between their units at charge; for example Helmuth von Pannwitz received the title of "Ataman" from his Cossack units.

* '' Generalleutnant'' Helmuth von Pannwitz
* '' Oberst'' Hans-Joachim von Schultz
* '' Oberstleutnant'' Günther von Steinsdorff
* ''Oberst'' von Baath
* ''Oberst'' Freiherr von Nolcken
* ''Oberst'' Konstantin Wagner
* ''Sonderführer'' Othmar Rudolf Wyrba a.k.a. "Dr. Doll" (German, Tibetan and Mongolian language expert; leader of the Kalmuck units)
* ''Oberstleutnant'' Pipgorra
* ''Oberst'' Raimund Hoerst
* '' SS-Obersturmbannführer'' Andreas Meyer-Mader
* '' SS-Hauptsturmführer'' Billig
* ''SS-Hauptsturmführer'' Hermann
* '' SS-Sturmbannführer der Reserve'' Franz Liebermann
* ''SS-Hauptsturmführer'' Reiner Olzscha
* ''SS-Hauptsturmführer'' Fürst
* '' SS-Standartenführer'' Harun-el-Raschid Bey (of the central Asian legions; was a German who converted to Islam while serving as an advisor to Enver Pasha)
* ''Generalmajor'' Prof. Dr. Oskar Ritter von Niedermayer
* ''Generalleutnant'' Ralph von Heygendorff

German representative of the Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories

* Otto Bräutigam

Central Asian, Caucasian and Cossack political leaders

* Cossack Ataman General Pyotr Krasnov
* Cossack Ataman General Andrei Shkuro
* Cossack Ataman Vasili Glazkov
* Kalmuk Prince Tundotov

Puppet Governments and Organizations in the USSR

* Provisional Government of Lithuania
* Zuyev Republic
* Belarusian Central Council
* Lokot Autonomy (later Lepel Republic)
* Ukrainian National Government
* Ukrainian National Committee
* Provisional Popular Revolutionary Government of Chechnya-Ingushetia
* Liberation Movement of the Peoples of Russia
** Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia
* North Caucasus National Committee
* Turkestan National Committee
* Patriotic Union Tetri Giorgi
* Cossack Central Office
* National Karachai Committee
* Armenian National Committee
* Kalmyk National Committee
* Simferopol Muslim Committee
* Tatar Committee
* Eastern Turkish Council
* Caucasian Council
* Cossack National Liberation Movement
* Main Board of the Cossack Forces
* Russian Committee in Latvia
* Belarusian Committee (Warsaw)
* Belarusian Committee (Białystok)
* Belarusian Representation
* Belarusian Self-Help Committee
* Belarusian National Center
* Belarusian Cultural Assembly
* Committee to Combat Bolshevism
* Russian Committee
* Caucasian Committee in the General Government
* Commission for Cossacks
* Gathering of the nations enslaved by Russia

Other

See also

* Collaboration with the Axis Powers during World War II
* Georgian uprising on Texel
* Waffen-SS foreign volunteers and conscripts
* Non-Germans in the German armed forces during World War II
* Selbstschutz

References

Bibliography

*

Elizabeth M.F. Grasmeder, "Leaning on Legionnaires: Why Modern States Recruit Foreign Soldiers," International Security (July 2021), Vol 46 (No. 1), pp. 147–195.

Further reading

Elizabeth M.F. Grasmeder, "Leaning on Legionnaires: Why Modern States Recruit Foreign Soldiers," International Security (July 2021), Vol 46 (No. 1), pp. 147–195.
*{{cite book , last1=Edele , first1=Mark , title=Stalins' Defectors: How Red Army Soldiers Became Hitler's Collaborators, 1941-1945 , date=2017 , publisher=Oxford University Press , location=Oxford , isbn=9780198798156

Foreign volunteer units of Nazi Germany
Conscription in Germany
Collaboration with the Axis Powers
Crimea in World War II
History of the Caucasus under the Soviet Union
History of the Cossacks
History of the Turkic peoples