Turkestan elm
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The Siberian elm
cultivar A cultivar is a kind of Horticulture, cultivated plant that people have selected for desired phenotypic trait, traits and which retains those traits when Plant propagation, propagated. Methods used to propagate cultivars include division, root a ...
''Ulmus pumila'' 'Pinnato-ramosa' was raised by Georg Dieck, as ''Ulmus pinnato-ramosa'', at the National Arboretum, Zöschen, Germany, from seed collected for him circa 1890 in the Ili valley,
Turkestan Turkestan,; ; ; ; also spelled Turkistan, is a historical region in Central Asia corresponding to the regions of Transoxiana and East Turkestan (Xinjiang). The region is located in the northwest of modern day China and to the northwest of its ...
(then a region of the Russian Empire, now part of Kazakhstan) by the lawyer and amateur naturalist Vladislav E. Niedzwiecki while in exile there.Dieck, G. (1894). ''Neuheiten-Offerten des National-Arboretums zu Zöschen bei Merseburg, 1894/95.''Hansen, N. How to produce that $1000 premium apple, in Minnesota State Hort. Soc. (1900). ''Trees, fruits & flowers of Minnesota''. Vol. 28. 470–1. Forgotten Books, London, 2013.
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(1908) treated it as a variety of Siberian elm, ''U. pumila'' var. ''arborea'' U. pumila L. var. arborea Litwinow, in ''Schedae ad Herbarium Florae Rossicae'' No. 1992, &: 460 (1908) but this taxon was ultimately rejected by
Green Green is the color between cyan and yellow on the visible spectrum. It is evoked by light which has a dominant wavelength of roughly 495570 nm. In subtractive color systems, used in painting and color printing, it is created by a com ...
, who sank the tree as a cultivar: "in modern terms, it does not warrant recognition at this rank but is a variant of '' U. pumila'' maintained and known only in cultivation, and therefore best treated as a cultivar". Herbarium specimens confirm that trees in cultivation in the 20th century as ''U. pumila'' L. var. ''arborea'' Litv. were no different from 'Pinnato-ramosa' (see 'External links'). 'Pinnato-ramosa' is one of a number of elms that have at various times been called 'Turkestan Elm'.Trinajstić, I. (2001). Turkestan elm - Ulmus pinnato-ramosa in 'The Dendroflora of Croatia', ''Šumarski list'' (:''Journal of Forestry'') 9–10, CXXV, 2001; 533–537. That name has also been applied to dense-branched Central Asian elms like ''U. densa'' and 'Androssowii', to ''U. turkestanica'' Regel (which Elwes and Henry confused with 'Pinnato-ramosa' in their Synonymy list but which Regel himself had regarded as a form of field elm), and to ''U. minor'' 'Umbraculifera' (which
Green Green is the color between cyan and yellow on the visible spectrum. It is evoked by light which has a dominant wavelength of roughly 495570 nm. In subtractive color systems, used in painting and color printing, it is created by a com ...
considered synonymous with ''Ulmus turkestanica'' Regel, naming it ''U.'' 'Turkestanica'). The Späth nursery of
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,
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, and the Arboretum national des Barres treated ''U. turkestanica'' Regel as a cultivar distinct from ''U. pinnato-ramosa'' and 'Umbraculifera'.


Description

'Pinnato-ramosa' grows very vigorously, and can ultimately make a large tree, however it also has a straggling, untidy habit, producing long shoots 0.60–0.95 m in length. Dieck also described the unusual arrangement of the branch and shoots: 'The branches are organized in a way that each offshoot lies in the same plane as the main branch or stem, like the quill and filaments of a bird feather'. The cultivar name derives from this pinnate-branched appearance. The tree is chiefly distinguished from ''U. pumila'' by its greater height and more slender leaves. The leaves, which have
pinnate Pinnation (also called pennation) is the arrangement of feather-like or multi-divided features arising from both sides of a common axis. Pinnation occurs in biological morphology, in crystals, such as some forms of ice or metal crystals, and ...
venation, are 4–7 cm in length,
ovate Ovate may refer to: * Ovate (egg-shaped) leaves, tepals, or other botanical parts *Ovate, a type of prehistoric stone hand axe * Ovates, one of three ranks of membership in the Welsh Gorsedd * Vates or ovate, a term for ancient Celtic bards ...
-
lanceolate The following terms are used to describe leaf plant morphology, morphology in the description and taxonomy (biology), taxonomy of plants. Leaves may be simple (that is, the leaf blade or 'lamina' is undivided) or compound (that is, the leaf blade ...
, with double-toothed margins, and finely pointed. File:U. pumila var. arborea.jpg, ''U. pumila'' var. ''arborea'' File:Ulmus pumila 'Turkestan', ex-Spath 1902. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh (2).jpg, Bole of RBGE tree Image:Ulmus pinnato - ramosa (5).JPG, Bark of specimen in University of Belgrade Botanical Garden File:Leaves of Ulmus pumila 'Turkestan'.jpg, Dried leaves from 'Pinnato-ramosa', Edinburgh File:Ulmus pumila 'Turkestan', ex-Spath 1902. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh (1).jpg, Long shoots of 'Pinnato-ramosa'


Pests and diseases

Though resistant to the earlier strain of Dutch elm disease (DED),Clinton, G. P., McCormick, Florence A., ''Dutch elm disease, Graphium ulmi'' (New Haven, 1936), p.737, p.710
/ref> 'Pinnato-ramosa' has not been scientifically tested for resistance to the later strain. Several old specimens have survived unscathed by the disease (see 'Notable trees').


Cultivation

Dieck gave several specimens to the Späth nursery, which exported the tree across Europe, and to the USA. A specimen from Späth, incorrectly listed as ''Ulmus pinnato-racemosa'', was planted at the Dominion Arboretum,
Ottawa Ottawa is the capital city of Canada. It is located in the southern Ontario, southern portion of the province of Ontario, at the confluence of the Ottawa River and the Rideau River. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Gatineau, Quebec, and forms the cor ...
, Canada, in 1898. Some of these trees still survive, notably in the UK, and North America. Clibrans' nursery of
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, Cheshire, supplied the tree in the UK in the early 20th century; the tree was later propagated and marketed by the Hillier & Sons nursery,
Winchester, Hampshire Winchester (, ) is a cathedral city in Hampshire, England. The city lies at the heart of the wider City of Winchester, a local government district, at the western end of the South Downs National Park, on the River Itchen. It is south-west of ...
from 1949, with 48 sold in the period 1962 to 1977, when production ceased.Hillier & Sons (1977). ''Catalogue of Trees & Shrubs''. Hillier, Ampfield, UK.Hillier & Sons ''Sales inventory 1962 to 1977'' (unpublished). Landowners in Italy in the 1930s were advised to plant 'Pinnato-ramosa' to replace native elms lost to the earlier strain of Dutch elm disease. Introduced to Croatia from Italy, 'Pinnato-ramosa' can now be found in many places along the Croatian littoral, where it is known as 'Turkestan Elm'. An ''Ulmus turkestanica'' (listed separately from 'Umbraculifera'), "a compact grower with smallish leaves", appeared in early 20th-century catalogues of the Gembrook or Nobelius Nursery near
Melbourne Melbourne ( , ; Boonwurrung language, Boonwurrung/ or ) is the List of Australian capital cities, capital and List of cities in Australia by population, most populous city of the States and territories of Australia, Australian state of Victori ...
, Australia. 'Pinnato-ramosa' is a rather loosely-branched tree, so the Nobelius introduction may have been ''Ulmus turkestanica '' Regel rather than the Siberian elm cultivar. By the 1930s, when 'Pinnato-ramosa' was being recommended as resistant to early-strain DED, the "Turkestan elm" in nursery lists, as descriptions show, was usually this cultivar, not ''U. turkestanica'' Regel. The Hesse Nursery of Weener, Germany, sold an "''Ulmus turkestanica'' Reg." in this decade, but gave ''U. pumila arborea'' Litv. as a synonym. The tree was included in the early stages of the Dutch elm breeding programme, but was dropped owing to the susceptibility of its flowers, which emerge in early February, to frost.Went, J. (1954). The Dutch Elm Disease – Summary of fifteen years' hybridization and selection work (1937–1952). ''European Journal of Plant Pathology''. 02(1954); 60(2): 109–1276. File:Khiva9.jpg, Pruned ''Ulmus pumila'' var. ''arborea'',
Khiva Khiva ( uz-Latn-Cyrl, Xiva, Хива, ; other names) is a district-level city of approximately 93,000 people in Khorazm Region, Uzbekistan. According to archaeological data, the city was established around 2,500 years ago. In 1997, Khiva celebr ...
, Uzbekistan (2016)


Notable trees

In the UK, one of three trees labelled ''Ulmus pinnato-ramosa'' obtained from Späth in 1902 by the
Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh The Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (RBGE) is a scientific centre for the study of plants, their diversity and conservation, as well as a popular tourist attraction. Founded in 1670 as a physic garden to grow medicinal plants, today it occupies ...
survives (2020), measuring 15 m height × 82 cm d.b.h. in 2004. Though its ''U. pumila'' identity is not in doubt,RBGE Living Collections ''Ulmus pumila'' 'Pinnato-ramosa'
/ref> the tree itself bears the non-specific label ''Ulmus'' 'Pinnato-ramosa' (2020). A specimen at
Mote Park Mote Park is a multi-use public park in Maidstone, Kent. Previously a country estate it was converted to landscaped park land at the end of the 18th century before becoming a municipal park. It includes the former stately home Mote House toget ...
in Kent measured 20 m × 80 cm in 2009.Johnson, O. (ed.). (2011). ''Champion Trees of Britain & Ireland''. 300 pages. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London. Across the Atlantic, a probable 'Pinnato-ramosa' grows in the grounds of the Gillett-Beer Farm, Chicago Road, Warren, a suburb within the Detroit Metropolitan Area; the tree was 45 m tall, with a d.b.h. of 155 cm in 2012

File:Edinburgh Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, Scotland-5Dec2010.jpg, Winter silhouette of RBGE 'Pinnato-ramosa' File:Edinburgh (24420468044).jpg, 'Pinnato-ramosa' in flower, RBGE File:Royal-Botanical-Gardens-Edinburgh.jpg, Emerging leaves of 'Pinnato-ramosa', RBGE File:Burrfields pumila 1 general view from east.jpg, 'Pinnato-ramosa', Portsmouth, UK. 20m height, bole 3.33m girth


Synonymy

*''U. pumila'' var. ''pinnato-ramosa'' *''U. pumila'' var. ''arborea''


Accessions

;North America *
Arnold Arboretum The Arnold Arboretum is a botanical research institution and free public park affiliated with Harvard University and located in the Jamaica Plain and Roslindale, Massachusetts, Roslindale neighborhoods of Boston. Established in 1872, it is the ...
, US. Acc. nos. 925–83, 698–87. * Holden Arboretum, US. Acc. no. 60–317 * New York Botanical Garden, US. Acc. no. 1032/60 ;Europe *
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City Council, UK. National Elm Collectio

Full accession details unknown. *
Darmstadt University of Technology Darmstadt () is a city in the States of Germany, state of Hesse in Germany, located in the southern part of the Frankfurt Rhine Main Area, Rhine-Main-Area (Frankfurt Metropolitan Region). Darmstadt has around 160,000 inhabitants, making it the ...
Botanic Garden,
Darmstadt Darmstadt () is a city in the States of Germany, state of Hesse in Germany, located in the southern part of the Frankfurt Rhine Main Area, Rhine-Main-Area (Frankfurt Metropolitan Region). Darmstadt has around 160,000 inhabitants, making it the ...
, Germany. Some accession details availabl

*
Grange Farm Arboretum The Grange Farm Arboretum is a small private arboretum comprising 3 hectares accommodating over 800 trees, mostly native and ornamental species or cultivars, notably oaks, ashes, walnuts and elms, growing on a calcareous loam.Ostler, J. (2009) ...
, Sutton St James, Spalding,
Lincolnshire Lincolnshire (), abbreviated ''Lincs'', is a Ceremonial counties of England, ceremonial county in the East Midlands and Yorkshire and the Humber regions of England. It is bordered by the East Riding of Yorkshire across the Humber estuary to th ...
, UK. As ''U. pinnato-ramosa''. Acc. no. 1088. * Hergest Croft Gardensbr>
Kington, Herefordshire, Kington,
Herefordshire Herefordshire ( ) is a Ceremonial counties of England, ceremonial county in the West Midlands (region), West Midlands of England, bordered by Shropshire to the north, Worcestershire to the east, Gloucestershire to the south-east, and the Welsh ...
, UK. One tree, as ''U. pinnato-ramosa''; no accession details available. *
Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh The Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (RBGE) is a scientific centre for the study of plants, their diversity and conservation, as well as a popular tourist attraction. Founded in 1670 as a physic garden to grow medicinal plants, today it occupies ...
, UK. As ''U. pinnato-ramosa''. Acc. no. 19021006. (2021 cloned sapling as ''U. pumila'' 'Pinnato-ramosa'; same acc. no.) * Sir Harold Hillier Gardens, Ampfield, UK. Acc. no. 1977.4795 (LM200), Acc. no. 1986.2511 (LM600) * Späth-Arboretum,
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, Germany. Acc. no 02-009. * Strona Arboretumbr>
University of Life Sciences,
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, Poland. Acc. details not known *
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Botanic Garden, Denmark. No details available. * University of Ulm Botanic Garden, Ulm, Germany. Some accession details availabl


Hybrid cultivars

* Ulmus 'Den Haag', Den Haag ('Pinnato-ramosa' × ''Ulmus × hollandica'' 'Belgica'), raised in the Netherlands in 1936.


References


External links


'Turkestan elm - ''Ulmus pinnato-ramosa'' - in the dendroflora of Croatia' ''Šumarski list'', 2001
{{Taxonbar, from=Q7879639 Ulmus Flora of Siberia Trees of Asia Flora of Russia Flora of Western Asia Flora of Croatia Ulmus articles with images Siberian elm cultivar