140405 Tsu Castle Tsu MIe pref Japan16s3

was a feudal domain under the

Tokugawa shogunate The Tokugawa shogunate (, Japanese 徳川幕府 ''Tokugawa bakufu''), also known as the , was the military government of Japan during the Edo period from 1603 to 1868. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005)"''Tokugawa-jidai''"in ''Japan Encyclopedia ...

Edo period The or is the period between 1603 and 1867 in the history of Japan, when Japan was under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate and the country's 300 regional '' daimyo''. Emerging from the chaos of the Sengoku period, the Edo period was character ...

Japan, located in Ise Province and in

Iga Province was a province of Japan located in what is today part of western Mie Prefecture. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Iga" in . Its abbreviated name was . Iga is classified as one of the provinces of the Tōkaidō. Under the '' Engishiki'' cl ...

in what is part of now modern-day

Tsu, Mie is a city located in Mie Prefecture, Japan. , the city had an estimated population of 274,879 in 127,273 households and a population density of 390 persons per km². The total area of the city is . Although the second largest city in the p ...

. It was centered around

Tsu Castle was a Japanese castle located in the city of Tsu, Mie Prefecture, Japan. During the Edo period, Tsu Castle was home to the Sudo clan, ''daimyō'' of Tsu Domain, who dominated the provinces of Ise and Iga under the Tokugawa shogunate. The castl ...

. Tsu Domain was controlled the '' tozama'' Tōdō clan throughout most of its history.

History

Tsu was known as "Anotsu" during the

Sengoku period The was a period in History of Japan, Japanese history of near-constant civil war and social upheaval from 1467 to 1615. The Sengoku period was initiated by the Ōnin War in 1467 which collapsed the Feudalism, feudal system of Japan under the ...

and was controlled by the Kudo clan, who were originally from

Shinano Province or is an old province of Japan that is now Nagano Prefecture. Shinano bordered on Echigo, Etchū, Hida, Kai, Kōzuke, Mikawa, Mino, Musashi, Suruga, and Tōtōmi Provinces. The ancient capital was located near modern-day Matsumoto, w ...

Oda Nobunaga was a Japanese ''daimyō'' and one of the leading figures of the Sengoku period. He is regarded as the first "Great Unifier" of Japan. Nobunaga was head of the very powerful Oda clan, and launched a war against other ''daimyō'' to unify ...

's invasion of Ise in 1568 was resolved by the Kudo clan adopting Nobunaga's younger brother, Oda Nobukane as heir. Following Nobunaga's death, Nobukane swore fealty to

Toyotomi Hideyoshi , otherwise known as and , was a Japanese samurai and ''daimyō'' (feudal lord) of the late Sengoku period regarded as the second "Great Unifier" of Japan.Richard Holmes, The World Atlas of Warfare: Military Innovations that Changed the Cour ...

, but in 1594 he was transferred to

Ōmi Province was a province of Japan, which today comprises Shiga Prefecture. It was one of the provinces that made up the Tōsandō circuit. Its nickname is . Under the '' Engishiki'' classification system, Ōmi was ranked as one of the 13 "great countr ...

. Hideyoshi assigned the territory to Tomita Tomonobu, with a ''

kokudaka refers to a system for determining land value for taxation purposes under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo-period Japan, and expressing this value in terms of ''koku'' of rice. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005)"Koku"in ''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 54 ...

'' of 50,000 ''koku''. On his death in 1599, he was succeeded by his son, Tomita Nobutaka, who approached

Tokugawa Ieyasu was the founder and first ''shōgun'' of the Tokugawa Shogunate of Japan, which ruled Japan from 1603 until the Meiji Restoration in 1868. He was one of the three "Great Unifiers" of Japan, along with his former lord Oda Nobunaga and fello ...

. He assisted Ieyasu in the invasion of

Aizu is the westernmost of the three regions of Fukushima Prefecture, Japan, the other two regions being Nakadōri in the central area of the prefecture and Hamadōri in the east. As of October 1, 2010, it had a population of 291,838. The princi ...

, but was later defeated at the Battle of Aonutsu Castle by a pro-Toyotomi coalition. Following the 1600

Battle of Sekigahara The Battle of Sekigahara (Shinjitai: ; Kyūjitai: , Hepburn romanization: ''Sekigahara no Tatakai'') was a decisive battle on October 21, 1600 ( Keichō 5, 15th day of the 9th month) in what is now Gifu prefecture, Japan, at the end of ...

, Tokugawa Ieyasu reinstated Tomita Nobukane as ''

daimyō were powerful Japanese magnates, feudal lords who, from the 10th century to the early Meiji period in the middle 19th century, ruled most of Japan from their vast, hereditary land holdings. They were subordinate to the shogun and nominall ...

'' of Tsu Domain, with an increase in ''kokudaka'' to 70,000 ''koku''. He was transferred to

Uwajima Domain 270px, Date Munenari 270px, Uwajima Date Museum was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan, in what is now western Ehime Prefecture on the island of Shikoku. It was centered around Uwajima Castle, and was ruled t ...

in Iyo Province in 1608. The domain was then given to

Tōdō Takatora was a Japanese ''daimyō'' of Tōdō clan from the Azuchi–Momoyama to Edo periods. He rose from relatively humble origins as an ashigaru (a light foot soldier) to become a ''daimyō''. Biography During his lifetime he changed his feudal ...

, with a ''kokudaka'' of 220,000 ''koku''. Although a ''

tozama daimyō was a class of powerful magnates or '' daimyō'' (大名) considered to be outsiders by the ruler of Japan.Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary, ''Tozama daimyō'' were classified in the Tokugawa Shogunate (江戸幕府) as ''daimyō' ...

'', Tōdō Takatora received special treatment from Tokugawa Ieyasu from an early stage, and had been entrusted with the construction of

Edo Castle is a flatland castle that was built in 1457 by Ōta Dōkan in Edo, Toshima District, Musashi Province. In modern times it is part of the Tokyo Imperial Palace in Chiyoda, Tokyo and is therefore also known as . Tokugawa Ieyasu established ...

. He also performed well during the

Siege of Osaka The was a series of battles undertaken by the Japanese Tokugawa shogunate against the Toyotomi clan, and ending in that clan's destruction. Divided into two stages (winter campaign and summer campaign), and lasting from 1614 to 1615, the sie ...

and his holdings were increased with additional territories in

, bringing his total to 270,000 ''koku''. He gained another 50,000 ''koku'' in 1617 in southern Ise, to which he added 3000 ''koku'' in Shimōsa Province which were originally the patrimony of his younger brother. His total holdings of 323,000 ''koku'' were the ninth largest in Japan, excluding the '' shimpan'' Tokugawa and Matsudaira domains. In 1619

Tokugawa Yorinobu was a Japanese ''daimyō'' of the early Edo period. Born under the name Nagatomimaru (長福丸), he was the 10th son of Tokugawa Ieyasu, by his concubine Kageyama-dono. On December 8, 1603, Yorinobu received the fief of Mito, then rated at 20 ...

was transferred to Wakayama Castle, and the 50,000 ''koku'' Tamaru region of southern Ise was transferred from Tsu to

Kii Domain Kii can refer to: History * Kii House, a branch family of the Tokugawa clan that ruled Japan during the Edo era Company * Kii Corporation, a mobile cloud services company (MBaaS) Geography * Kii Channel, a separating Honshū and Shikoku is ...

; however, Tōdō Takatora received equivalent holdings in Yamato and

Yamashiro Province was a province of Japan, located in Kinai. It overlaps the southern part of modern Kyoto Prefecture on Honshū. Aliases include , the rare , and . It is classified as an upper province in the '' Engishiki''. Yamashiro Province included Kyot ...

s in compensation. However, on the retirement of Tōdō Takatsugu in 1669, 50,000 ''koku'' of his holdings were split off to allow his second son to establish a cadet branch of the clan at Hisai Domain. Another 3000 ''koku'' were given to a third son, leaving the 3rd ''daimyō'', Tōdō Takahisa, with an inheritance of 270,950 ''koku''. The domain was often beset by natural disasters, including three large earthquakes, and bad harvests, which kept the domain's finances on precarious footing. A major peasant uprising occurred during the tenure of the 9th ''daimyō'', Tōdō Takamine. The 10th ''daimyō'', Tōdō Takasato succeeded with fiscal reforms, and encouraged forestry and

sericulture Sericulture, or silk farming, is the cultivation of silkworms to produce silk. Although there are several commercial species of silkworms, '' Bombyx mori'' (the caterpillar of the domestic silkmoth) is the most widely used and intensively stud ...

. He also established the han school "Yuzoukan," at Tsu, and the branch "Chouhirodo," in Iga, in which study of the various schools of

Japanese swordsmanship is an umbrella term for all ('' ko-budō'') schools of Japanese swordsmanship, in particular those that predate the Meiji Restoration. Some modern styles of kendo and iaido that were established in the 20th century also included modern forms of ...

were promoted. The situation deteriorated again under the 11th ''daimyō'',

Tōdō Takayuki was the 11th ''daimyō'' of Tsu Domain under the late Edo period Tokugawa shogunate and the 19th hereditary chieftain of the Tōdō clan. Takayuki's sudden betrayal of the Tokugawa forces at the Battle of Toba–Fushimi during the Boshin War w ...

, and natural disasters such as bad harvests and earthquakes occurred one after another, driving the domain deeply into debt. With the start of the

Boshin War The , sometimes known as the Japanese Revolution or Japanese Civil War, was a civil war in Japan fought from 1868 to 1869 between forces of the ruling Tokugawa shogunate and a clique seeking to seize political power in the name of the Imperi ...

, he proclaimed the domain's neutrality, stating that he refused to participate in what he viewed as a private feud between Satsuma and

. However, after the Battle of Toba Fushimi, he was visited by a messenger from

Emperor Meiji , also called or , was the 122nd emperor of Japan according to the traditional order of succession. Reigning from 13 February 1867 to his death, he was the first monarch of the Empire of Japan and presided over the Meiji era. He was the figur ...

, and his local commanders decided to assist the

Satchō Alliance The , or was a powerful military alliance between the feudal domains of Satsuma and Chōshū formed in 1866 to combine their efforts to restore Imperial rule and overthrow the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan. History The name ''Satchō'' () i ...

by attacking the retreating shogunate forces. This contributed greatly to then imperial victory, and greatly demoralized the Tokugawa forces who were shocked at Tsu Domain's sudden defection. The forces of Tsu Domain served in the vanguard of the imperial advance down the Tōkaidō. In 1868, Tōdō Takayuki was appointed imperial governor of Tsu, but there was much local dissatisfaction with his rule and numerous uprisings until his retirement in 1871. The final ''daimyō'', Tōdō Takakiyo, served only a few weeks as imperial governor before the

abolition of the han system The in the Empire of Japan and its replacement by a system of prefectures in 1871 was the culmination of the Meiji Restoration begun in 1868, the starting year of the Meiji period. Under the reform, all daimyos (, ''daimyō'', feudal lord ...

Holdings at the end of the Edo period

As with most domains in the

han system ( ja, 藩, "domain") is a Japanese historical term for the estate of a daimyo in the Edo period (1603–1868) and early Meiji period (1868–1912). Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005)"Han"in ''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 283. or (daimyo domain ...

, Tsu Domain consisted of several discontinuous territories calculated to provide the assigned ''

'', based on periodic

cadastral A cadastre or cadaster is a comprehensive recording of the real estate or real property's metes-and-bounds of a country.Jo Henssen, ''Basic Principles of the Main Cadastral Systems in the World,'/ref> Often it is represented graphically in a cad ...

surveys and projected agricultural yields. * Ise Province **15 villages in Mie District **29 villages in Kawawa District **3 villages in Suzuka District **73 villages in Anō District **56 villages in Ichishi District **33 villages in Iino District **20 villages in Taki District *

**14 villages in Sōraku District *

Yamato Province was a province of Japan, located in Kinai, corresponding to present-day Nara Prefecture in Honshū. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric (2005). "Yamato" in . It was also called . Yamato consists of two characters, 大 "great", and 和 " Wa". At first, th ...

**42 villages in Soekami District **9 villages in Shikijō District **24 villages in Toichi District **59 villages in Yamabe District *

(entire province) **69 villages in Ahai District **26 villages in Yamada District **41 villages in Nabari District **61 villages in Iga District

List of daimyō

Genealogy (simplified)

*Tōdō Torataka, an ''ashigaru.'' ** I.Takatora, 1st ''daimyō'' of Tsu (cr. 1608) (1556–1630; r. 1608–1630) *** II. Takatsugu, 2nd ''daimyō'' of Tsu (1602–1676; r. 1630–1669) **** III. Takahisa, 3rd ''daimyō'' of Tsu (1638–1703; r. 1669–1703). ****Takamichi, 1st ''daimyō'' of Hisai (cr. 1669) (1644–1697) ***** V. Takatoshi, 5th ''daimyō'' of Tsu (1693–1728; r. 1708–1728) **** IV. Takachika, 4th ''daimyō'' of Tsu (1667–1708; r. 1703–1708) **Takakiyo (1585–1640) ***Takahide ****Takaaki (1645–1711) *****Takatake ****** VII. Takaaki, 7th ''daimyō'' of Tsu (1717–1785; r. 1735–1769) ******* VIII. Takanaga, 8th ''daimyō'' of Tsu (1751–1770; r. 1769–1770). ******* IX. Takasato, 9th ''daimyō'' of Tsu (1746–1806; r. 1770–1806) ******** X. Takasawa, 10th ''daimyō'' of Tsu (1781–1825; r. 1806–1824) ********* XI. Takayuki, 11th ''daimyō'' of Tsu (1813–1895; r. 1825–1869) **********Takakiyo, 20th family head, 1st Count (1837–1889; Governor of Tsu: 1869–1871, Count: 1884) ***********Takatsugu, 21st family head, 2nd Count (1884–1943; 21st family head and 2nd Count: 1889–1943) ************Takatei, 22nd family head, 3rd Count (1917–1946; 22nd family head and 3rd Count: 1943–1946) *************Takamasa, 23rd family head, 4th Count (b. 1944; 23rd family head and 4th Count: 1946–1947; 23rd family head: 1947–present) ************** Takahito (b. 1972) ***** VI. Takaharu, 6th ''daimyō'' of Tsu (1710–1735; r. 1728–1735) Genealogy
/ref>

References

{{Domains of Kinki Domains of Japan 1601 establishments in Japan 1871 disestablishments in Japan Ise Province Iga Province History of Mie Prefecture Tsu, Mie

History

Holdings at the end of the Edo period

List of daimyō

Genealogy (simplified)

See also

References